Transcript Explorers of the New World

Explorers of the New World
EQ: Why did the Spanish, English, and French
explore and settle North America?
Christopher Columbus
► For
one of the most
famous explorers, it is
surprising how little is
actually known of him.
► For instance, no one
really knows what he
looked like. This
painting is just a guess.
True or False?
► Columbus
discovered America in 1492 while
trying to prove that the world is round.
► Columbus
Fact:
was trying to find a route to India.
Navigators had known that the world was
round for hundreds of years before Columbus.
GULF STREAM
TRADE WINDS
DANGEROUS SILK ROAD
Columbus’s idea of the world
►Columbus
never set foot on what we call “America.”
He explored a series of islands that historians believe
to be the Bahamas. However, no one is sure which
island he explored first.
More about Columbus…
► Columbus
made a total of 4 voyages to the
“New World.”
► On his second voyage, he used 17 ships and
1200 men to conquer “Hispaniola.” (present
day Haiti and Dominican Republic)
► He introduced horses to the New World
► He was the first person to take tobacco back to
Europe from the New world
► He was the first person to send natives back to
Europe as slaves.
The “not so good” stuff:
►
When Columbus returned to the Caribbean for his second
voyage, he brought with him soldiers, horses, swords, wardogs, and other implements of war.
►
Columbus required that each adult over 14 years of age was
expected to deliver a hawks bell full of gold every three months, or
25 pounds of spun cotton. If this tribute was not observed, they had
their hands cut off and were left to bleed to death.
► Here
are some accounts, based on the
eyewitness testimony of a Spanish priest:
►
In one day, the Spanish dismembered, beheaded, or raped
3000 people.
►They
made bets as to who, with one sweep of his
sword, could cut a person in half.
►The
Spanish cut off the legs of children who ran from them.
►
They loosed dogs that 'devoured an Indian like a hog, at
first sight, in less than a moment.' They used nursing
infants for dog food.
► Eight
million people -- virtually the entire
native population of Hispaniola -- was
exterminated by torture, murder, forced
labor, starvation, disease and despair.
The Controversy
We are all taught that Columbus is a hero.
BUT
He waged war against and brutalized the
native people, took their land, and sent them
to Europe as slaves.
What should we believe?
The harsh reality
► Columbus,
whether he is a hero or a villain,
opened up half of the planet for exploration.
He set off a huge race between nations to
colonize the “uncharted” parts of the world
and reap the benefits of having new
territories.
► Within just a few years, other countries
were sending explorers to the “New World.”
The so-called New World
►A
businessman from Italy, Amerigo Vespucci,
claimed to have been with Columbus on one of the
voyages. Vespucci claimed that he believed that
there were new continents to be explored, and he
claims to have created the phrase “New World.”
► In truth, Vespucci was a pickle salesman, and
there is no evidence, other than his own words,
that Vespucci was with Columbus.
►So
what’s the big deal?
The big deal….
► Is
this map.
A Swiss map maker in 1507 called the newly
discovered land “America” in honor of Amerigo
Vespucci. The name stuck.
Results of Columbus’s exploration
► Discovered
“New World” (North America)
► Called the natives “Indians”
► Brought horses to the New World
► Introduced tobacco to Europe
► Conquered Hispaniola
► Started European exploration
The Battle for Land
► Part
of the deal Columbus made with his
financial backers is that he would claim the
lands he found in the name of Spain.
► Other countries scrambled to claim their
own land.
► Religious leaders didn’t want countries of
the same religious beliefs fighting with each
other, but they didn’t want countries with
different religious beliefs getting the new
land.
Catholic vs. Protestant
► Catholics
are Christian
► Catholics view the
Pope as the link
between God and
humans.
► If a country’s leader
was Catholic, the
country was too.
► Catholic countries were
Spain & Portugal
► Protestants
are Christian
► Protestants don’t believe
humans need a person
to be a link to God.
► If
a country’s leader was
Protestant, the country
was too.
► Protestant countries
were England & France
Lines of Demarcation
► To
keep Spain and Portugal (two Catholic
countries) from fighting about newly discovered
land, the Pope created an imaginary line that
granted land to each country.
► Any new lands found to the East of it went to
Portugal, and any new lands found to West of it
went to Spain.
► Look at the following map. Why do you think
Portugal might not be happy with the Pope’s line
(the orange one)?
The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
► To
help protect its shipping lanes around Africa,
and to help give it a better chance of gaining new
lands, Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas
with Spain, moving the Pope’s line of demarcation
700 miles west.
► What language is spoken in most of South
America today? What language is spoken in Brazil
today? Why?
► Brazil was Portugal’s only territory in the New
World. That is why Portuguese is spoken in Brazil,
and Spanish is spoken in the rest of South
America.
John Cabot
► John
Cabot, in 1497, sailed from England to
explore the New World.
► In his first voyage, he explored the coast of
what is now Canada and New England.
► In his second voyage, in 1498, he explored
the coast as far south as present day South
Carolina (some experts think even Florida).
► England claimed that, since Cabot
represented England, everything he sailed
past belonged to England!
The Argument
► Is
it enough to simply sail past some land,
or stick a flag in the sand, to claim a
territory?
► The countries of Europe agreed that, in
order to actually claim a land as territory,
the land must be colonized.
Results of Cabot’s exploration
► Established
England’s claim to the New
World
► The idea of “colonization” began
Juan Ponce de León
► In
1513, Ponce de León landed on the Eastern
coast of present day Florida. He thought he had
landed on a large island, and he named it “La
Florida” in honor of Easter.
► He was in search of two things that were rumored
to be there:
► A city of gold
► A fountain that would make people young, the
“fountain of youth.”
A Quick Message from Florida
► Yes,
there really IS a “Fountain of Youth” in
Florida.
Ponce (continued)
► Instead
of a fabled “Fountain of Youth” with
magical powers, Ponce de León found a
smelly spring of water flowing from the
earth with no magical properties (except the
ability to rake in money from tourists a few
hundred years later!)
► He
never found a city of gold.
Trip #2 to La Florida
► In
1521, he led an expedition to colonize the west
coast of Florida. Taking two ships with 50 horses and
200 men, the group landed on Florida’s west coast
and met immediate resistance from the natives. Ponce
was wounded by an arrow and he, along with his
entire force, withdrew to Havana, Cuba, where he
died.
► Juan
Ponce de León is credited with being “the first
Spaniard to step foot on the continent of North
America.”
Results of Ponce de Leon’s
exploration
► 1st
Spaniard to set foot on the North
American mainland
► Named Florida
► Did not find the fountain of youth
Click here for a short film about Ponce de
Leon.
Giovanni de Verrazano
► Even
though Verrazzano was born in what is
now present-day Italy, he was raised in
France and served in the French naval
service.
► He set out in 1524 to find a passage to Asia
that would go north of the North American
continent. Since no one had really explored
farther north, he had no idea of what he
faced.
► After
he reached the Caribbean Islands, he then
sailed on to the coast of North America.
► He arrived first at present-day North Carolina,
then headed north all the way in to present-day
New York Harbor.
► He sailed up the Hudson River (realized it was a
dead end), and the voyage continued north Cape
Cod, Maine, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.
► To the French, this voyage established a French
claim to these lands, but at the time it was
regarded as a failure because the passage to the
East was not found.
► He was later killed in a confrontation with Natives
off the coast of South America.
Results of Verrazzano’s exploration
► Established
France’s claim to the New World
Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón
► Historians
think that Ayllón can be given credit for
being the first European to start a settlement in
North America, around 1526.
► He left the island of Hispaniola with 600 settlers -men, women, children, and African slaves. His
goal was to start a settlement in La Florida (the
Spanish name for all of what is now the American
Southeast) in the name of Spain.
► Why would he want to do this you think?
September 29, 1526
► On
September 29, 1526, Ayllón’s group landed in what
is present day McIntosh County, GA., after
abandoning a camp farther north.
► The group began building homes and establishing
friendly connections with the Native Americans in the
region.
► Their settlement would be called “San Miguel de
Gualdape.”
Disaster Strikes
► Ten
days after the ships land, Ayllón
becomes ill and dies.
► Because of cold weather, crops fail, settlers
become ill and death becomes common.
► Revolt and panic breaks out.
► The slaves revolt.
► The Indians attack.
► San Miguel de Gualdape is abandoned.
Only 150 people (of the original 600) make
it back to Hispaniola alive.
Results of Ayllon’s exploration
► 1st
European to set foot in Georgia (even
though no one including the writers of your
textbook seem to know this!)
► Unsuccessful attempt at settlement (San
Miguel de Gualdape)
Hernando de Soto
► Click
on the above link to learn the background of
De Soto
► In 1539, De Soto led a force of 600 men to a site
near present-day Tampa to begin a search for
gold and other valuables. They marched into the
interior and wintered near present-day
Tallahassee, Florida.
Hernando De Soto
► Click
on the picture below.
► In
1540, the force moved northward into the
areas that would become Georgia and the
Carolinas, and then circled into Tennessee and
down to Alabama.
► Resistance
from native tribes was common,
stemming from the Spaniards’ practices of
taking Indian food supplies, destroying their
homes and forcing captives into slavery.
► De Soto was wounded in one encounter
with the natives. However, De Soto decided
not to tell his men that ships were waiting
in the Gulf of Mexico if they needed them.
He wanted to keep going.
► In
the spring of 1541, De Soto and his men crossed
the Mississippi River, perhaps near present-day
Memphis, and are credited with being the first
Europeans to view the Mississippi River. (click on picture)
► Pushing
westward, De Soto and his men followed
the Arkansas River into the area that would
become Oklahoma. They were disappointed with
their inability to find treasure and turned back
toward the Mississippi. On this leg of the trip, De
Soto became ill from a fever and died.
► His death was a threat to the existence of the
small army, since the Spaniards had told the
hostile natives that De Soto was immortal!
► De Soto’s remains were placed in a hollowed out
tree trunk, fitted with weights and cast into the
river.
► Despite
their leader's passing, the soldiers again
pressed westward, following the Red River into
northern Texas. No evidence of gold was
encountered and the soldiers returned to the
Mississippi, constructed rafts and floated out into
the Gulf. By the time the explorers found Spanish
settlements along the eastern coast of Mexico,
only about one-half of the original group
remained.
Results of De Soto’s exploration
► Considered
a failure because they did not find
gold or riches
► Brought horses, pigs, war dogs, diseases
► caused death and destruction to Native
Americans
► 1st European to see the Mississippi River
► Explored the entire Southeast (considered by
most to be the first to set foot in Georgia)
► Journals provide information about Native
American culture and the land of the
southeast.
Map activity
► Trace
the southeastern North America
expedition of Hernando De Soto on a United
States map. (textbook p. 108)
Jean Ribault & Pedro Menéndez
The French Challenge
&
the Spanish Response
France’s Explorers
► France
secretly started a
colony to compete with
Spain for gold.
► Jean Ribault settled a
group of French
Hugeunots near the
GA/FL border in 1564 at
Fort Caroline.
Fort Caroline
► The
French settlers were
protestants called
Huguenots who did not
get along with the
Catholic Spanish.
► Spain discovered and
destroyed the fort and
killed most of the settlers
including Ribault.
► The French left and
settled the interior of
North America.
► France
had almost given up on colonizing La
Florida, when a group of French Protestants called
Huguenots insisted that France enter the race.
► Their leader sent Jean Ribault to La Florida for the
sole purpose of establishing a permanent
settlement in 1562.
► Using sailing instructions from Verrazano's voyage
of North America, Ribault reached the Florida
coast near present-day Cape Canaveral on April
30, 1562. He sailed northward to the mouth of a
wide river the Spanish called "the St. Johns", but
Ribault renamed it "the River of May." He landed
on a small river island, which he called "Mayport."
►
►
Here Ribault constructed a five-sided column featuring a bronze
shield bearing the coat-of-arms of Queen Catherine, the King of
France’s mother, who had opposed the mission (she was
Catholic).
Curious Timucuans visited the Huguenot encampment. The
French presented the Timucuans with gowns of blue
embroidery. In return, the natives stocked the French with
maize, beans, cucumbers, and fish. Ribault wrote glowingly of
the friendliness of the contact.
Charles Fort
►
►
Before returning to Europe, Ribault stopped at the Broad River,
near present-day Parris Island, South Carolina, just north of
Savannah. He called the spot "Port Royal" and built a log
blockhouse, he named "Charlesfort,“ the first European fort in
North America.
Later, when a Spanish expedition was sent to destroy the fort,
they found the fort deserted.
Ft. Caroline
Two years later, a group of Huguenots arrived at the mouth
of “The River of May” and built a three-sided fort they
called Fort Caroline.
► Fort
Caroline was an unusual colony. Not all the
settlers were Huguenots. There were some Catholics.
The colony included soldiers, tailors, brewers, an
artist, a physician, and an astronomer. What the
colony lacked was a minister and enough experienced
soldiers to protect it.
Farming proved difficult. The restless young men stole
the fort's longboat and sailed out the mouth of the St.
Johns to plunder Spanish gold ships.
Results of Ribault’s exploration
► Established
Charles Fort in South Carolina,
but it was not successful
► Built Fort Caroline
PEDRO MENENDEZ de AVILES
► Pedro
Menendez de Aviles was a skilled sailor, a
wealthy supporter of Spain, and a staunch Catholic,
all qualities needed to take control of Florida.
► In August of 1565, Menendez's attack fleet reached
the mouth of the St. Johns, only to discover that
Ribault's five ships were blocking the entrance.
Menendez withdrew to a deep and protected harbor
he had seen on August 28, 1565, St. Augustine's
day.
► He started a camp in the place he called "St.
Augustine", not knowing he would be starting the
oldest continuous settlement in the United States.
It became used as an important military base for
Spain.
► Jean
Ribault realized he had to be daring to
confront the Spanish so he set sail to attack the
Spanish while they unloaded supplies.
Unfortunately for Ribault, a sudden storm pushed
his fleet past St. Augustine's protected harbor.
Most of the French ships crashed on the Atlantic
shore near present-day Daytona Beach.
► Menendez, realizing the French were caught in a
storm south of St. Augustine, decided to start his
own surprise attack, an overland march to Fort
Caroline. He left his fleet guarding the entrance
to St. Augustine, while he sent five hundred
professional soldiers through the swamplands of
Northeast Florida. Despite a driving rain storm and
waist deep water, the troops marched north for
three days.
► The
men thought their leader was insane, but
Menendez's plan worked perfectly. He had a
French traitor as an informant. They reached Fort
Caroline in the early morning and discovered the
fortress unprepared for any landside attack.
► The Spanish rushed the defenseless garrison on
three sides. Most of the French were not trained
soldiers and quickly deserted their positions. The
Spanish killed 142 French before the survivors
surrendered. The Spanish lost one soldier.
Menendez renamed the fort “San Mateo.”
► Ribault's
forces, crushed on the Daytona
Beaches, had no other option but to march
northward in hopes of attacking St. Augustine.
The effort might have succeeded if they were
not stopped at Matanzas Inlet, the southern
entrance to St. Augustine Harbor. Without tools
and sufficient lumber, the French could not
cross the waterway.
► Menendez
found the worn French on the south side of
the Inlet. Some rich Frenchmen offered payment for
their lives, but Menendez refused. He brought Ribault
across the Inlet in a rowboat and accepted formal
surrender. Ten Frenchmen at a time were brought
across the waterway, and with their hands tied behind
them, marched behind sand dunes to be executed.
► When
it was Ribault's turn to die, he told
Menendez he was proud to be a Lutheran.
Only ten Catholic French and six cabin boys
were spared from the ordeal. The Inlet
became known as "Mantanzas" or
"massacre" Inlet.
Spanish Missions
► The
key to Spain’s success in the New
World wasn’t soldiers, guns or war dogs, it
was the “missions.”
► A “mission” is a small church that is built to
serve as a base for spreading a religion.
Missions are run by “friars,” (Catholic priests
or missionaries).
► The missions served as places where the
Indians could be taught religion, Spanish,
and how to write.
Georgia’s Two Spanish Provinces
► The
coast of Georgia was divided into two
“provinces” to help organize the missions.
► Guale (“Wal-lee”) was to the north, between
modern-day Savannah and the Altamaha
Rivers
► Guale is the name the Spanish gave to the
eastern coast of Georgia.
► Mocama was to the south, between the
Altamaha and St. Mary’s Rivers.
By 1665, there were 38 Spanish missions
serving 25,000 Native Americans.
Natives and European Religion
► In
1566, Menendez sailed up the coast from
St. Augustine to find a place to build more
missions.
► He left a garrison of soldiers on Cumberland
Island and sailed north to meet the Guale
king on St. Catherine’s Island.
► On St. Catherine’s, he erected a cross and
held 4 days of religious instruction.
► Father
Antonio Sedeno and
► Brother Domingo Baez
► Established a mission called
► Santa Catalina de Guale
► On St. Catherine’s Island
► Sedeno
dies of malaria
► Baez stays for 16 months
► In
all, 4 children and 3 adults were converted
► Missionary
work grinds to a halt.
The Juanillo Rebellion
► In
1597, Don Juanillo, a Guale Indian, was
next in line to become chief.
► The problem with the local friars was that
Juanillo had two wives.
► One of the friars declared that Juanillo was
“unfit” to be chief and appointed another
Indian.
► Juanillo
gets angry:
► Kills the friar
► Tells other Guales to rebel against the
missions
► One
by one the missions fall until Mocama
Indians help.
► Five friars had been executed, though.
Result’s of Menendez’s exploration
► Founded
St. Augustine, Spain’s first
successful settlement in North America
► Many missions in the barrier islands (St.
Catherines) and along the coast of Georgia
and Florida
Sir Francis Drake
► Francis
Drake was one of the most famous men of
his age, having won royal favor and amassed a
fortune from preying on Spanish ships and ports.
► Drake received his first command in 1567 and
sailed on a slave-trading venture in the Caribbean.
The small fleet was attacked by Spanish ships;
many English lives were lost and Drake's hatred of
Spain deepened. In 1570 and 1571, he headed
successful trading voyages to the West Indies, but
he altered his path in 1572 when he turned his
attention to “privateering.”
Privateer or Pirate?
► What
►A
is the difference?
pirate is someone who raids robs and
pillages.
► A privateer is someone who raids, robs, and
pillages with a government’s backing.
► In
1585, Drake returned to sea, conducted
a series of raids against Spanish positions in
the Caribbean, then attacked and burned
the Spanish fort town of St. Augustine in
Florida in 1586.
England’s Exploration
► England
defeated the Spanish
armada for control of the
seas in 1588.
► They became a powerful
nation and took control of the
seas.
► For the next 20 years, Spain
and England have “unofficial”
war until a treaty is signed.
► England saw North America
as a place to start profitable
colonies.
Impact of the British
► The
British encouraged pirates to raid
Spanish missions.
► The British set up trade with local tribes and
encouraged disagreements between
missionaries and Indians
► Because of continual uprisings many Indians
moved away from the missions.
► By 1685 all missions had been abandoned.
Results of Drake’s exploration
► Attacked
and
burned St.
Augustine
► An unofficial war
between Spain and
England continued
for the next 20
years.
Remember that
September 19th is
national talk like
a pirate day!
(Seriously, look it
up.)
NO NOTES:
► The
last Spanish
mission, located on
St. Catherines
Island was
destroyed by
pirates in 1684
after 120 years of
Spanish control.
interesting fact
England
► Roanoke
(now Great Britain as of 1607)
Island, NC, ► 1607
led by Sir Walter
 The Virginia Company
Raleigh fails in
started the colony at
1585….. others
Jamestown
succeed
►1st successful British
colony
►nearly failed until John
Rolfe encouraged
settlers to grow tobacco
for a profit.
English (British) colonies
►Over
the next 100 years Great Britain
establishes 12 colonies along the
coast of North America.
Examples
► Plymouth, MA- settled in 1620 exported
furs, fish and rum.
► Charleston SC- settled in 1670 grew rice
and indigo.
Columbian Exchange
(John Green)
► http://www.tubechop.com/watch/3578466
► http://www.tubechop.com/watch/3578476
Georgia (NOT YET!)
►A
colony called Azilia was
planned for present day
Georgia in 1717 but was
never built. It was
considered too dangerous
by investors.
► Fort King George is built in
1721(in what will become
Georgia) to help protect
South Carolina from the
Spanish in Florida and the
French along the Gulf
coast. It doesn’t last long.
Words to Know (left side assignment)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Conquistador: Spanish explorers who conquered for
gold and glory.
Indigo: A plant used to produce blue dye.
Missions: fortified churches set up to convert Native
Indians to Christianity (Catholicism).
Mercantilism: the British economic policy that used
colonies for profit from exports of natural resources.
Trade Winds: Used by sailors to assist them from
Europe to the Americas.
Gulf Stream: Ocean current that assisted ships sailing
from the Americas to Europe.
France
► King
Louis wants a New
France
► The French
establish Quebec  The French create
settlements along the
(1608)
Gulf Coast, the
Mississippi River Valley
Why? Mostly for fur
(1673), and as far east
trading and fishing
as what is now
northern Alabama.
They name this area
Louisiana.
Label the following on your U.S.
map
► St.
Augustine
► Circle the area where the Spanish missions
are located
► Jamestown
► New France
► Fort King George
New France
France
Spain
Great Britain
British, Spanish, and French claims