Transcript The North American Colonies - Lakeland Central School District

The North American Colonies
A Background
Key Questions
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Who came here?
Who was already here?
Who are the key players (people & nations)
Why did they come?
Where did they settle?
How does this lead to differences between the
colonies?
European Exploration
• Fueled by the Renaissance
– The “questioning spirit”
• Seeking trade routes
– Cheaper goods
– More profit
– More money = more power for monarchs
• Scientific developments
– Compass
– caravel
Spain Makes Claims
• 1492
– Spain united & Muslims driven out
– Spain to rival Portugal
– Columbus sails west to go east
– October lands in Bahamas
Spanish Claims
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Caribbean Islands
Mexico
Peru
Florida
What was to be come the western United
States
Question Time!
• What language is the dominant language in
the Canadian city of Toronto?
• English
• What language is the dominant language in
the Canadian cities of Montreal and Quebec?
• French
• Why?!
The Creation of New France
• The Northwest Passage
– Fabled route through N. America to Pacific Ocean
• French sent explorers to find it
– Multiple explorations made
– No passage found
– No vast wealth found
– Great fishing of Newfoundland
• Why is this important?
The Creation of New France
• 1602: Samuel de Champlain hired to found
colony in Canada
– Set up a primarily Huguenot colony
– Very friendly with the Indians
– Many Huguenots traded with Canada; few settled
there
– Catholic priests (Jesuits) eagerly converted Indians
– Catholicism became only religion of New France
The Creation of New France
• New France created to make money through
fur trade and timber not farms
– Few settled in New France
• French continued to explore N. America
– Jacques Marquette & Louis Joliet found
Mississippi River
– They claimed region for Louis XIV & called it
Louisiana
The Creation of New France
• Mississippi Gulf region terrible for living but
great for growing sugar, rice & indigo
– Slaves definitely needed for labor
• French colonized St Domingue & Martinique
– Primarily sugar plantations here
• Attempted settlements in the Carolinas
– Spanish created St Augustine in Florida to counter
the French
Regroup
• What were some of the reasons behind
Europeans starting to explore N. America
beginning in the late 15th century?
• What territories did the Spanish claim in N.
America?
• Who founded New France?
• What major river did Marquette & Joliet find?
The Dutch
• Profit motivated the Dutch
– Relatively tolerant; not overly religious
• Founded Dutch East India Co. to compete with
Portugal in East Indies & looked to expand into
N. America
• Dutch sent Henry Hudson to explore and
sailed up river that now bears his name
The Dutch
• Dutch refugees built fort at Fort Orange
(Albany) but not permanent
• Dutch claimed Hudson, Delaware &
Connecticut valleys
• Dutch bought Mannahatta Island (Manhattan)
from Indians
• Permanent Fort Orange established for fur
trade with Iroquois
The Dutch
• Created a pluralist society
– Not just Dutch or Protestant
• 1640s: 18 different languages spoken by 450
inhabitants of New Amsterdam (NY)
– Tough to create unity against Indians or other
Europeans
The English Arrive. Finally.
• English made loose claim to N. American coast
due to Cabot’s expedition to find Northwest
Passage in 1497
– He failed & England ignored the new world for 80
years
• England’s attention was taken by Protestant
Reformation & war with Spain
– Colonization would have to wait
The English Arrive. Finally.
• Henry VIII breaks with Catholic Church
• Forms Church of England (Protestant)
– Son Edward VI takes over embraces Protestantism
– Daughter Mary takes over & embraces Catholicism
– Daughter Elizabeth takes over embraces
Protestantism
• Under Elizabeth I, England would begin to
settle N. America
The English Arrive. Finally.
• Under James I, those who wished to “purify”
the Anglican Church received permission to
settle in New World
– Puritans would wind up in Plymouth in modern
Massachusetts
• Joint-stock companies formed to fund the
settlement of colonies in New World
– What is the point of having a business?
The English Arrive. Finally.
• English attempted to make settlements on the
east coast including in the Carolinas
– Failed Roanoke colony
• 1607: Virginia Company charted
– Attempted one colony in Maine (failed) & one in
Chesapeake Bay are
– 104 settlers created Jamestown on James River
The English Arrive. Finally.
• Jamestown
– Unhealthy
• Malaria, typhus, dysentery
– Drought
– “gentlemen”
– “starving time” winter of 1609-1610
– Colony abandoned but quickly resettled
The English Arrive. Finally.
• Jamestown settlers forced to work
– Governed by company who could make the rules
• Religion?
• Tobacco introduced as cash crop
– Soon grown in every available space in the colony
• 1618: colonists granted right to create first
General Assembly to make laws for colony
– Met in July 1619
– Called House of Burgesses
The English Arrive. Finally.
• Headright system introduced to increase
settlement
– Colonists received 50 acres of land for every
person whose passage to Virginia they paid for
• 1619: first Africans delivered by the Dutch
– Servants, not slaves
– Slaves imported by 1622
Maryland
• Founded by Catholic George Calvert, Lord
Baltimore
– Charter granted for colony to be established for
Catholics to practice freely
– Colony owned by Baltimore
• Proprietary colony
• Could do whatever he wished so long as it was not
against English law
George Calvert,
Lord Baltimore
The Puritans
• What is the root of the word?
• Puritans in England fled to Netherlands to
escape persecution
– Children becoming “too Dutch”
– Joined with Puritans in England to raise money to
sail to America
– Got permission from Virginia Company to settle in
their colony
– Mayflower sailed for Virginia September 1620
The Puritans
• Mayflower eventually landed at Plymouth Bay
– They were outside of the Virginia Co. territory &
were squatters (no permission to be there)
– Pilgrims drew up Mayflower Compact
• Not a constitution but an agreement to follow majority
rule
– First winter difficult; more than half died
• Second harvest bountiful; basis for Thanksgiving
Regroup
• Who settled the Hudson, Connecticut &
Delaware valleys?
• What motivated the Dutch to create colonies?
• Why did England wait so long to settle in N.
America?
• Who founded Maryland and what kind of
colony was it?
• What is the headright system?
Massachusetts Bay
• 1625: Charles I persecutes Puritans
– English economy weakens
• 1629: Charter obtained from king for
Massachusetts Bay Co.
– Going to establish colony in New England
• 1630: 1000 settlers (not all Puritans) settle in
Salem
– Charter is basis for colony’s laws
Massachusetts Bay
• 1630: John Winthrop: “We shall be as a city on
a hill”
– Looking to create Puritan utopia
• 1643: between 13-20K settlers arrived
• Government based on charter which was not
made public knowledge
– Why?!
Massachusetts Bay
• Colony’s charter provided for a General Court
– Made up of “freemen”
• Essentially stockholders & family heads
• General court chose “assistants” who in turn
chose governor and assistant governor
• Winthrop violated charter & claimed he had
power to make the laws
• Charter gave that power to General Court
Massachusetts Bay
• General Court eventually became
representative body made of representatives
from the various towns
– Membership in a church became requirement to
vote (not stock ownership)
• Winthrop was attempting to preserve Puritan
purity
Massachusetts Bay
• Maintaining Puritan purity very difficult
– Not everyone was a Puritan
– Merchant class favored toleration
– More settlers meant more business meant more
money and power
– Excessive punishments for gambling, adultery, &
blasphemy
– Dissenting views not accepted; heretics thrown
out
Rhode Island
• Roger Williams irritated everyone
– Puritan churches not pure; no church can be pure
– King cannot give away land of another people
(Indians)
– There must be complete separation of church &
state
• Laws requiring religious conformity were bad
Rhode Island
• Williams arrested & to be sent back to
England
– Escaped and settled in Providence
– Government had no authority over religion
– Dissenters welcome
• Anne Hutchinson also questioned established
Puritan thinking & was banished to Rhode
Island
Regroup
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Who said “we shall be as a city on a hill?”
What did he mean?
How do the Puritans “create” Rhode Island?
Which segment of Massachusetts Bay favored
religious toleration and why?
• What gave a person the right to vote in
Massachusetts?
New York & New Jersey
• New Amsterdam settled by Dutch in 1620s
– Dutch claimed NY due to Hudson’s exploration in
1609
• Charles II claimed NY for England because it
was part of the Virginia Charter of 1606
• 1664: English fleet sent to NY; Dutch
surrendered without fight
New York & New Jersey
• NY was buffer between Iroquois 5 Nations &
settlers
• James’ colony was without an elected
assembly; Dutch don’t mind so much but
English get irritated
• Land to west of Hudson given to 2 Carolina
proprietors to create colony of New jersey
New York & New Jersey
• English more inclined to settle in NJ with its
elected assembly & religious freedom
– Dutch stayed in NY
• NJ cut into 2 separate colonies, East & West &
reunited in 1702
Pennsylvania
• Literally, “Penn’s forested land”
• Supposed to be refuge for Quakers
– Quakers: refused to take oaths (loyalty) and were
pacifists
• How will these positions make the other colonists feel?
• Land came from debt owed to William Penn’s
father by English crown
Pennsylvania
• NJ’s religious freedom enticed Quakers to
settle there & they migrated to west side of
Delaware River
• Penn kept relations with Indians positive
– Quakers were pacifists who bought Indian lands
• Peace for 50 years as a result
Pennsylvania
• Created free government
– Male, property-owning taxpayers could vote
– Governor had no veto
– No established church
– Freedom from/of religion
• Penn later bought 3 counties south of
Pennsylvania which eventually became
Delaware
The Carolinas
• Named for Charles II
• Originally one large colony with 2 distinct
regions
• Colony granted to 8 “True and Absolute Lords
& Proprietors”
• North largely under-developed while SC later
developed rice & indigo cultivation
Georgia
• Named for George II
• Established by James Ogelthorpe as refuge for
England’s poor
• No rum, slavery (to leave room for the poor),
or brandy allowed in
• Efforts to develop silk & wine production
failed
• Charter expired in 1759 & GA became royal
colony