Transcript LEARNING AREA 3 – COMPUTER NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS

LEARNING AREA 3 –
COMPUTER NETWORKS AND
COMMUNICATIONS
Topic 3.1 Basic Concepts of Networks and
Communications
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.1 Define computer networks.
A SYSTEM OF INTERCONNECTED COMPUTER AND PERIPHERAL
DEVICE. INTERCONNECTED COMPUTING DEVICE CAN
COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER THROUGH DEFINED RULES
OF DATA COMMUNICATING USING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE.
MAY OPERATE ON WIRED OR WIRELESS CONNECTION.
SYSTEM YANG MENYAMBUNGKAN PC DENGAN PERANTI LUARAN
PERANTI PENYAMBUNGAN KOMUNIKASI BOLEH BERINTERAKSI
ANTARA SATU SAMA LAIN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PERKAKASAN
DAN PERISIAN YANG TELAH DITETAPKAN CARA DAN PERATURANNYA
BOLEH BEROPERASI SAMADA SECARA WAYAR ATAU TANPA WAYAR
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.2 Define communications.
IS ABOUT TRANFER OF INFORMATION FROM SENDER (CLIENT) TO A
RECEIVER(PRINTER). USING AN ELECTRICITY , RADIO WAVE OR LIGHT .
THE INFORMATION CAN BE TEXT , VIDEO, GRAPHICS, IMAGE OR COMBINATION
OF ALL THESE. TRANSMIT INFORMATION OR DATA USING 2 SIGNAL NAMELY BY
ANALOG AND DIGITAL.
ADALAH BERKENAAN MENGHANTAR MAKLUMAT ATAU DATA DARIPADA
PENGHANTAR KEPADA PENERIMA. IA MENGGUNAKAN ELEKTRIK, GELOMBANG
RADIO ATAU CAHAYA. MAKLUMAT ATAU DATA BOLEH BERUPA TEKS, VIDEO,
GRAFIK, IMEJ ATAU KOMBINASI KESEMUANYA. PENGHANTARAN DATA
MENGGUNAKAN 2 JENIS SIGNAL IAITU ANALOG DAN DIGITAL.
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.3
State the importance of computer networks and communications.
• E- BUSINESS
– SELL AND CONDUCT ONLINE SHOPPING THROUGH
NETWORK
• ONLINE EDUCATION
- SHARE KNOWLEDGE, SEARCH FOR
INFORMATION AND JOIN ONLINE DISCUSSION
• E- BANKING
- PAYBILLS, ACCOUNT BALANCES, TRANSFER
MONEY
• LONG DISTANCE
COMMNUCATION
- CAN BE FASTER, EASIER AND SAVE COST
•
•
•
•
E- PERNIAGAAN
- JUALAN DAN BELIAN MELALUI ATAS TALIAN
PEMBELAJARAN ATAS
TALIAN
- KONGSI MAKLUMAT DAN PENGETAHUAN,
PERBINCANGAN, DAPATAN MAKLUMAT DSBGNYA
E-PERBANKAN
- BAYARAN BILLS, KELUAR MASUK WANG, SEMAK
BAKI WANG DSBGNYA
KOMUNIKASI JARAK
JAUH
- LEBIH CEPAT, MUDAH DAN JIMAT KOS
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.3State the importance of computer
networks and communications.
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.4
LAN -
Define types of computer networks:
LAN, MAN and WAN.
(LOCAL AREA NETWORK)COVER SMALLL REGION OF
SPACE, TYPICALLY A SINGLE BULIDING
DALAM LINGKUNGAN KAWASAN YANG KECIL SEPERTI
DALAM MAKMAL PC
MAN -
METROPLITAN AREA NETWORK. COLLECTION OF LAN’S WITH
THE SAME GEOGRAPHICAL AREA FOR INSTANCE A CITY
KOLEKSI KEPADA LAN’S TETAPI DALAM KAWASAN GEORAFI
YANG BESAR SEPERI BANDAR.
WAN -
WIDE AREA NETWORKCAN BE COLLECTION OF LAN’S AND
MAN’S OR THE MIX WITH A VERY LARGE GEOGRAPHICAL
AREA
MERUPAKAN KOLEKSI KEPADA LAN’S DAN MAN’S ATAU KEDUADUANYA TETAPI DALAM GEOGRAFI YANG SANGAT BESAR
IAITU SATU DUNIA
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.4
Define types of computer networks:
LAN, MAN and WAN.
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.5 Differentiate between the three types of computer networks.
1. COST / KOS
LAN - LOW / RENDAH
MAN - HIGH / TINGGI
WAN - HIGHER / SANGAT TINGGI
2. SIZE / SAIZ
LAN - LIMITED (SCHOOL LAB) / TERHAD (MAKMAL SEKOLAH)
MAN – COVER LIKE CITY OF KL / MERANGKUMI SEBUAH BANDAR SEPERTI KL
WAN – VERY LARGEST ARE(WHOLE WORLD)/ KAWASAN SGT BESAR (DUNIA)
3. SPEED / KELAJUAN
LAN - FASTEST / SANGAT CEPAT KERANA KAWASAN KECIL
MAN - SLOWER / PERLAHAN KERANA BYK PERTUKARANSUMBER BERLAKU
WAN - SLOWEST / BERKAITAN DENGAN JARAK DAN KAWASAN YG SGT BESAR
4. NUMBER OF COMPUTER / JUMLAH KOMPUTER
LAN - SMALLEST / KECIL
MAN - LARGER / BESAR
WAN - LARGEST / SANGAT BESAR
5.TRANSMISSION MEDIUM / MEDIUM PENGHANTARAN
LAN - TWISTED PAIR CABLE
MAN - TWISTED PAIR AND FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
WAN - FIBRE OPTIC CABLE,RADIO WAVE AND SATELLITE
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.6
Define two types of network architecture:
Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer
CLIENT/SERVER
CLIENT –
COMPUTER WHICH REQUEST SERVICES OR FILES FROM SERVER
SERVER COMPUTER THAT SHARED INFORMATION AND RESOURCES WITH
OTHER COMPUTERS ON A NETWORKSUITABLE FOR 10 OR MORE PC.
USE TWISTED PAIR OR COAXIAL CABLE, IF LARGE USE FIBRE OPTIC.
PROVIDE A CENTRALIZED STORAGE ARE FOR PROGRAM , DATA AND
INFORMATION
CLIENT/SERVER
CLIENT –
PC YANG MEMINTA PERKHIDMATAN DARIPADA SERVER
SERVER PC YANG MEMBERIKAN MAKLUMAT DAN DATA KEPADA RANGKAIAN
PC YANG DIKAWALNYA. SESUAI UNTUK 10 ATAU LEBIH PC
MENGGUNAKAN KABLE TWISTED PAIR ATAU COAXIAL CABLE,
JIKA BESAR IA MENGGUNAKAN KABEL FIBRE OPTIC.
ADA KAWALAN BERPUSAT BAGI MAKLUMAT , DATA DAN PROGRAM
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.6
Define two types of network architecture: Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer
PEER-TO-PEER.
ALSO KNOWN AS P2P NETWORKNETWORK WITH ALL THE NODES ACTING AS
BOTH SERVER AND CLIENTSFILES LOCATED ON ANAOTHER PC AND CAN
ALSO PROVIDES FILE TO OTHER PC’SUSUALLY USE TWISTED PAIR OR
COAXIAL CABLE BECAUSE ITS CHEAPER AND EASIERBEST CHOICE FOR
NETWORK PC LESS THAN 10 EXAMPLE –WIRELESS NETWORKING
PEER-TO-PEER .
JUGA DIKENALI SEBAGAI RANGKAIAN P2P. KESEMUA PC BOLEH BERTINDAK
SEBAGAI CLIENT AND SERVER. DATA DAN MAKLUMAT BERTERABUR.
BIASANYA MENGGUNAKAN KABEL TWISTED PAIR ATAU KABEL COAXIAL
CABLE KERANA IA MUDAH DAN MURAH. SESUAI UNTUK RANGKAIAN PC YANG
KURANG DARIPADA 10 .CONTOH –RANGKAIAN TANPA WAYAR
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.7State three types of network topologies:
RING TOPOLOGY
Bus, ring and star.
BUS TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY
SERVER
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.8 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE THREE TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1. DESCRIPTION / PERNYATAAN
BUS FOUND IN LANSOMETIMES HAVE MORE THAN ONE SERVER AND SOMETIMES
DO NOT NEED SERVER
ADA DALAM LAN.KADANGKALA ADA LEBIH SERVER DAN KADANG KALA TIADA
LANGSUNG
RING - FOUND IN LAN. SERVER MAY EXIST BUT NOT CONNECT TO ALL NODES IN THE
NETWORK
ADA DALAM LAN. SERVER BOLEH ADA TETAPI TIDAK SEMUA BERHUBUNG
DENGANNYA DALAM RANGKAIAN
STAR - FOUND IN LAN. MUST HAVE A HOST THAT CAN BE SERVER, HUB OR ROUTER
ADA DALAM LANMESTI ADA HOST YANG BOLEH JADI MENGGUNAKAN SERVER,
HUB ATAU ROUTER
2. DEPENDENCE / KEBERGANTUNGAN
BUS IF ONE NODES FAIL, ITS NOT EFFECT NETWORK
SATU PC GAGAL , TIDAK MENGGANGGU RANGKAIAN
RING - IF ONE NODE FAIL, THE NETWORK WILL FAIL TO FUNCTION
SATU PC GAGAL, MENGGANGGU SELURUH RANGKAIAN
STAR - IF ONE FAIL, NETWORK CAN STILL FUNCTION AS LONG THE HOST STILL
WORKING, IF THE HOST NOT WORKING NETWORK WILL FAIL TO FUNCTION
SATU PC GAGAL, RANGKAIAN MASIH BERJALAN, TETAPI JIKA HOST GAGAL,
MAKA SELURUH RANGKAIAN AKAN GAGAL DAN TERGANGGU
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.8 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE THREE TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY
3. ADVANTAGES / KELEBIHAN
BUS EASY IMPLEMENTATION
FAILURE OF NODES DOESNYT EFFECT THE ENTIRE LAN
NO DISRUPTION TO THE NETWORK WHEN CONNECTING OR REMOVING DEVICE
MUDAH DIURUS
KEGAGALAN SATU PC TIDAK MENGGANGGU RANGKAIAN
TIADA GANGGUAN JIKA MEMBUAT HUBUNGAN ATAU MENGGANTI PERANTI
RING -
TROUBLESHOOTING IS EASY WHEN ONE OF THE NODES FAILS
REPAIR OR REMOVING NODES, THE NETWORK STLL FUNCTIONING
MUDAH UNTUK MEMBETULKAN RANGKAIAN
MEMBETUL DAN MENGGANTI PERANTI, RANGKAIAN MASIH BERJALAN
STAR -
EASY IMPLEMENTATION FAILURE OF NODES DOESNYT EFFECT THE ENTIRE
LAN
NO DISRUPTION TO THE NETWORK WHEN CONNECTING OR REMOVING DEVICE
TROUBLESHOOTING IS EASY WHEN THE HOST FAILS. SIMPLY REPAIR OR
REPLACE THE HOST
MUDAH DIURUS
KEGAGALAN SATU PC TIDAK MENGGANGGU RANGKAIAN
MEMBETUL DAN MENGGANTI HOST SEMUDAH GANTI ATAU BETULKAN
SAHAJA.
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.8 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE THREE TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY
BUS TOPOLOGY
4. DISADVANTAGE / KEKURANGAN
BUS IF THE BACKBONE(WIRED) FAILS , ENTIRE NETWORK WILL EXTENDED
NETWORK SPEED DICREASE WHEN NUMBER OF PC INCREASE
DIFFICULT TROUBLESHOOTING WHEN ONE NODES FAILS
JIKA KABEL ROSAK, MENGGANGGU RANGKAIAN
KELAJUAN BERKURANG JIKA PC BERTAMBAH
SUKAR BUAT PEMBAIKAN JIKA SATU PC BERMASALAH
RING -
STAR -
DIFFICULT IMPLEMENTATION
FAILURE OF ONE NODES WILL FAILURE THE ENTIRE NETWORK
CONNECTING AND REMOVING DEVICE DIFFICULT
NETWORK SPEED DICREASE WHEN NUMBER OF PC INCREASE
SUKAR DIURUS
KELAJUAN BERKURANG JIKA PC BERTAMBAH
SUKAR BUAT PEMBAIKAN DAN GANTIAN
KEROSAKAN SATU PC MENGGANGGU RANGKAIAN
FAILURE OF HOST WILL EFFECTS THE ENTIRE NETWORK
NETWORK SPEED DICREASE WHEN NUMBER OF PC INCREASE
HOST MUST BE INSTALED TO CONTROL THE NETWORK
HOST ROSAK GANGGU RANGKAIAN
KELAJUAN BERKURANG JIKA PC BERTAMBAH
HOST MESTI DIPASANG DALA RANGKAIAN
RING TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY
SER
VER
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.9 Define Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) as a protocol to facilitate
communication over computer network
TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL/INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP/IP) AS A PROTOCOL TO
FACILITATE COMMUNICATION OVER COMPUTER NETWORK.
•
IS INTERNET COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
•
STANDARD THAT SET RULES FOR PC MUST FOLLOW IN COMMUNICATING WITH EACH OTHER ON
A NETWORK
•
SOME REFER TO TCP/IP AS INTERNET PROTOCOL SUITE
•
ADALAH PROTOKOL KOMUNIKASI INTERNET
•
MERUPAKAN SET ARAHAN STANDARD YANG MESTI DIPATUHI OLEH PC BAGI BERKOMUNIKASI
DALAM RANGKAIAN INTERNET
•
SESETENGAH MERUJUK TCPIP SEBAGAI SET PROTOKOL INTERNET
TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL(TCP)
– PROTOCOL THAT SET OF COMMUNICAION RULES BETWEEN COMPUTERS.
– ESTABLISHES CONNECTION BETWEEN 2 PC , PROTECT AGAINS DATA LOSS AND DATA
CORRUPTION
– RESPONSIBLE FOR BREAKING THE DATA INTO PACKETS BEFORE THE ARE SENT THAN
ASSEMBLE THE PACKETS WHEN THEY REACH A DESTINATION
– PROTOKOL YANG MENETAPKAN ARAHAN KOMUNIKASI ANTARA KOMPUTER
– MENETAPKAN HUBUNGAN ANTARA 2 PC, ELAKKAN KEHILANGAN DAN KEROSAKAN DATA
– BERTANGGUNGJAWAB BAGI MEMECAHKAN DATA KEPADA PAKET SEBELUM DIHANTAR
KEMUDIAN MENGHIMPUNKAN PAKET APABILA IA SAMPAI KE DESTINASINYA
INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)
– PROTOCOL THAT TRANSFER DATA FORM NODE TO NODE (PC TO PC)
– IP TAKE CARE OF DELIVERING DATA PACKETS BETWEEN 2 PC
– RESPONSIBLE FOR SENDING THE PACKETS FROM SENDER TO RECEIVER
– ADALAH PROTOKOL YANG MEMINDAHKAN DATA DARI PC KE PC
– IP MENGAMBIL BERAT TENTANG PENGHANTARAN PAKET DATA ANTARA 2 PC
– BERTANGGUNGJAWAB UNTUK HANTAR PAKET DATA DRPD PENGHANTAR KEPADA
PENERIMA
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.10 Describe the types of network communications technology:
• Internet • Intranet • Extranet
INTERNET
THE INTERNET, OR THE NET, IS THE WORLDWIDE, PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE
SYSTEM OF INTERCONNECTED COMPUTER NETWORKS THAT TRANSMIT DATA
BY PACKET SWITCHING USING THE STANDARD INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP).
IT CONSISTS OF MILLIONS OF SMALLER BUSINESS, ACADEMIC, DOMESTIC
AND GOVERNMENT NETWORKS, WHICH TOGETHER CARRY VARIOUS
INFORMATION AND SERVICES, SUCH AS ELECTRONIC MAIL, ONLINE CHAT,
AND THE INTERLINKED WEB PAGES AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OF THE WORLD
WIDE WEB.INTERNET IS ONE OF THE USES OF COMMUNICATION. THROUGH
THE INTERNET, SOCIETY HAS ACCESS TO GLOBAL INFORMATION AND
INSTANT COMMUNICATION.
INTERNET ATAU NET ADALAH BERSIFAT GLOBAL SYSTEM CAPAIAN AWAM
ANTARA RANGKAIAN KOMPUTER YANG BERHUBUNG, MENGHANTAR
MENERIMA DATA DALAM BENTUK PAKET MENGGUNAKANA STANDARD
PROTOKOL INTERNET.MENGANDUNGI BERJUTA PERKARA BERKAITAN
PERNIAGAAN, AKADEMIK, BAHAGIAN DALAMAN DAN RANGKAIAN KERAJAAN
DIMANA SEMUANYA MEMBAWA PELBAGAI MAKLUMAT DAN PERKHIDMATAN
SEPERTI MEL ELEKTRONIK, BERCAKAP ATAS TALIAN, HUBUNGAN ANTARA
LAMAN WEN DAN BERBAGAI LAGI.
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.10 Describe the types of network communications technology:
• Internet • Intranet • Extranet
INTRANET
AN INTRANET (INTRA MEANS WITHIN) IS AN INTERNAL NETWORK THAT USES INTERNET
TECHNOLOGIES AND IT IS A SMALL VERSION OF THE INTERNET THAT EXISTS WITHIN AN
ORGANISATION. AN INTRANET IS A PRIVATE COMPUTER NETWORK THAT USES INTERNET
PROTOCOLS, NETWORK CONNECTIVITY AND POSSIBLY THE PUBLIC TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
TO SECURELY SHARE PART OF AN ORGANISATION’S INFORMATION OR OPERATION WITH ITS
EMPLOYEES. INTRANET GENERALLY MAKE COMPANY INFORMATION ACCESSIBLE TO EMPLOYEES
AND FACILITATE WORKING IN GROUPS. SIMPLE INTRANET APPLICATIONS INCLUDE ELECTRONIC
PUBLISHING OF ORGANISATIONAL MATERIALS SUCH AS TELEPHONE DIRECTORIES, EVENT
CALENDARS AND JOB POSTINGS
INTRA BERMAKSUD “ANTARA” ADALAH RANGKAIAN DALAMAN YANG MENGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI
INTERNET DAN ADALAH VERSI KECIL DAAM INTERNET YANG WUJUD DALAM ORGANISASI. IA
MERUPAKAN RANGKAIAN PC PERIBADI YANG MENGGUNAKAN PROTOKOL INTERNET , BERGUBUNG
SECARA RANGKAIAN DAN KEBERANGKALIAN SISTEM TELEKOMUNIKASI AWAM BAGI BERKONGSI
SECARA SELAMAT DALAM ORGANISASI ATAU MERUPAKAN OPERASI SESAMA PEKERJANYA
SECARA AM, MENJADIKAN ORGANISASI DAN PEKERJANYA DAPAT BEKERJA DALAM KUMPULAN
DENGAN MUDAH DAN CEPATCONTOH: CAPAIAN TLEFON, SENARAI KERJA, MAKLUMAT ORGANISASI
DAN SEBAGAINYA.
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.10 Describe the types of network communications technology:
• Internet • Intranet • Extranet
INTRANET
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.10 Describe the types of network communications technology:
• Internet • Intranet • Extranet
EXTRANET
EXTRANET IS A PRIVATE NETWORK THAT USES INTERNET PROTOCOLS,
NETWORK CONNECTIVITY, AND POSSIBLY THE PUBLIC TELECOMMUNICATION
SYSTEM TO SECURELY SHARE PART OF A BUSINESS’S INFORMATION OR
OPERATIONS WITH SUPPLIERS, VENDORS, PARTNERS, CUSTOMERS OR
OTHER BUSINESSES.
MERUPAKAN RANGKAIAN PC PERIBADI YANG MENGGUNAKAN PROTOKOL
INTERNET , BERGABUNG SECARA RANGKAIAN DAN KEBERANGKALIAN
SISTEM TELEKOMUNIKASI AWAM BAGI BERKONGSI SECARA SELAMAT DALAM
ORGANISASI ATAU MERUPAKAN OPERASI SESAMA PEMBEKAL, VENDOR,
RAKAN KONGSI, PELANGGAN DAN PERNIAGAAN
• PACKAGE SHIPPING COMPANIES, FOR EXAMPLE, ALLOW CUSTOMERS TO
ACCESS THEIR NETWORK TO PRINT AIR BILLS, SCHEDULE PICKUPS, AND
EVEN TRACK SHIPPED PACKAGES AS THE PACKAGES TRAVEL TO THEIR
DESTINATIONS.
• CONTOH: MEMBENARKAN PELANGGAN MENGAKSES UNTUK MMBAYAR BIL,
MELIHAT JADUAL DAN LAIN-LAIN
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.10 Describe the types of network communications technology:
• Internet • Intranet • Extranet
EXTRANET
Topic 3.2 –
Hardware
Requirements
3.2.1 Devices
3.2.1.1 Identify the devices needed in computer
network communication :
• NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
• WIRELESS NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
• MODEM (INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL)
• HUB/SWITCH
• ROUTER
• WIRELESS ACCESS POINT
3.2.1 Devices
3.2.1.2 State the functions of the
following:
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)
• A NETWORK CARD, SOMETIMES PRONOUNCED AS NICK, IS AN
ADAPTER CARD OR PC CARD THAT ENABLES THE COMPUTER TO
ACCESS THE NETWORK.
• KAD RANGKAIAN YANG KADANGKALA DISEBUT SEBAGAI NICK
ADALAH KAD ADAPTER ATAU PC KAD YANG MEMBOLEHKAN
KOMPUTER MENCAPAI INTERNET DALAM RANGKAIAN
3.2.1 Devices
3.2.1.2 State the functions of the following:
WIRELESS NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
WIRELESS NETWORK INTERFACE CARD IS A NETWORK
CARD THAT PROVIDES WIRELESS DATA TRANSMISSION.
ADALAH KAD RANGKAIAN YANG MEMBOLEHKAN
CAPAIAN INTERNET TANPA WAYAR
3.2.1 Devices
3.2.1.2 State the functions of the following:
MODEM (INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL)
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MODEM, INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
AN INTERNAL MODEM
AN EXTERNAL MODEM
ONLY WORKS IN STAND-ALONE
COMPUTERS. IT IS BUILT INTO THE PC.
IS SEPARATED FROM THE COMPUTER
AND IS ALSO MOBILE.
ADA 2 JENIS MODEM IAITU DALAMAN DAN LUARAN
MODEM DALAMAN
HANYA ADA PADA PC DESKTOP YANG MANA
TELAH SEDIA DIBUAT DALAM PC
MODEM LUARAN
MERUPAKAN MODEM MUDAH ALIH
3.2.1 Devices
3.2.1.2 State the functions of the following:
HUB/SWITCH
• HUB OR SWITCH IS A COMMON CONNECTION POINT
FOR DEVICES IN A NETWORK. HUBS ARE COMMONLY
USED TO CONNECT SEGMENTS OF A LAN.
• HUB ATAU SWITCH ADALAH POINT RANGKAIAN YANG
BIASA BAGI PERANTI DALAM RANGKAIAN. HUB BIASA
DIGUNA DALAM SET RANGKAIAN BAGI LAN.
3.2.1 Devices
3.2.1.2 State the functions of the following:
ROUTER
A ROUTER IS A COMMUNICATIONS DEVICE THAT CONNECTS
MULTIPLE COMPUTERS OR OTHER ROUTERS TOGETHER AND
TRANSMITS DATA TO THE CORRECT DESTINATION.
MERUPAKAN PERANTI TELEKOMUNIKASI YANG MENGHUBUNGKAN
PC DALAM JUMLAH BANYAK ATAU ANTARA ROUTERS BERSAMA
DAN MENGHANTAR DATA KE DESTINASI YANG BETUL
3.2.1 Devices
3.2.1.2 State the functions of the following:
WIRELESS ACCESS POINT
• A WIRELESS ACCESS POINT IS A CENTRAL COMMUNICATIONS
DEVICE THAT ALLOW COMPUTERS TO TRANSFER DATA. THIS
DEVICE CAN HELP INFORMATION TO BE
• TRANSFERRED WIRELESSLY TO OTHER WIRELESS DEVICES OR
TO A WIRED NETWORK.
• WIRELESS ACCESS POINT HAS HIGH QUALITY ANTENNAS FOR
OPTIMAL SIGNALS.
• MERUPAKAN ALAT PENERIMAAN MENGGUNAKAN SIGNAL BAGI
TUJUAN PENGHANTARAN DAN PENERIMAAN DATA SECARA
TANPA WAYAR.
3.2.2 Medium
3.2.2.1 Identify various types of cables such as Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP),
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), Coaxial and Fibre Optic Cable
TWISTED-PAIR CABLE
THE TWISTED-PAIR CABLE IS GENERALLY A COMMON FORM OF
TRANSMISSION MEDIUM. IT CONSISTS OF TWO WIRES OR CONDUCTORS
TWISTED TOGETHER, EACH WITH ITS OWN PLASTIC INSULATION. THE TWISTED
WIRES CANCEL OUT ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE THAT CAN CAUSE
CROSSTALK . THE MOST COMMON CONNECTOR USED FOR TP CABLE IS RJ-45.
KABEL TWISTED PAIR MERUPAKAN KABEL ASAS YANG BIASA DIGUNAKAN
DALAM MEDIUM PENGHANTARAN.MENGANDUNGI 2 WAYAR ATAU KONDUKTOR
YANG DISIMPUL BERSAMA DAN STIAP SATUNYA DISALUTI PLASTIK LUARAN.
PENYAMBUNG YANG BIASA DIGUNA ADALAH RJ5
3.2.2 Medium
3.2.2.1 Identify various types of cables such as Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP),
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), Coaxial and Fibre Optic Cable
TYPES OF TWISTED PAIR CABLETHE
UNSHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR OR UTP IS THE MOST COMMON TWISTED-PAIR CABLE USED
IN COMMUNICATIONS. IT HAS FOUR PAIRS OF COLOUR-CODED TWISTED-PAIR CABLES
THAT ARE COVERED WITH A PLASTIC OUTER JACKET.
KABEL UTP MERUPAKAN KABEL YANG BIASA DIGUNAKAN DALAM KOMUNIKASI. IA ADA
4 PASANG KABEL YANG DISIMPUL.
THE SHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR OR STP IS ANOTHER FORM OF TWISTED-PAIR CABLE. ITS
FOUR PAIRS OF COLOUR-CODED WIRES ARE EACH WRAPPED IN METALLIC FOIL, AND
ALL FOUR ARE THEN COLLECTIVELY WRAPPED IN A LAYER OF METALLIC BRAID OR
FOIL. FINALLY, THIS LAYER IS WRAPPED WITH A PLASTIC OUTER JACKET.
KABEL STP MERUPAKAN SATU LAGI JENIS KABEL TWISTED PAIR. JUGA ADA 4 PASANG
KABEL YANG DISIMPUL BERSAMA DAN KESEMUANYA DISALUT SATU LAPISAN
METALLIC FOIL. METALLIC FOIL ITU PULA DISALUT JAKET LUARAN
3.2.2 Medium
3.2.2.1 Identify various types of cables such as Unshielded
Twisted Pair (UTP), Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), Coaxial
and Fibre Optic Cable
COAXIAL CABLE
• THE COAXIAL CABLE, OFTEN REFERRED TO AS ‘COAX’, CONSISTS OF A
SINGLE COPPER WIRE SURROUNDED BY AT LEAST THREE LAYERS.THEY
ARE AN INSULATING MATERIAL, A WOVEN OR BRAIDED METAL AND A
PLASTIC OUTER COATING.
• BIASA DIPANGGIL SEBAGAI COAX. MENGANDUNGI SATU WAYAR TEMBAGA
DISALUT SEKURANG-KURANG 3 LAPISAN IAITU LAPISAN FABRIK BESI
TENUN DAN PLASTIK LUARAN
• THIS CABLE IS OFTEN USED AS CABLE TELEVISION (CATV) NETWORK
WIRING BECAUSE IT CAN BE CABLED OVER LONGER DISTANCES IN
COMPARISON TO THE TWISTED-PAIR CABLE.
• BIASANYA ADALAH KABEL TELEVISYEN SEBAB KETAHANAN DAN BOLEH
DIGUNA UNTUK JARAK YANG JAUH.
3.2.2 Medium
3.2.2.1 Identify various types of cables such as Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP),
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), Coaxial and Fibre Optic Cable
COAXIAL CABLE
CONNECTORS FOR THE COAXIAL CABLE
• THE CONNECTOR MOST COMMONLY USED IN CONNECTING A COAXIAL
CABLE TO A DEVICE IS THE BNC CONNECTOR. BNC IS SHORT FOR BRITISH
NAVAL CONNECTOR OR BAYONET-NEILL-CONCELMAN.
• PENGHUBUNG YANG BIASA DIGUNAKAN UNTUK COAXIAL KABEL KEPADA
PERANTI ADALAH PENYAMBUNG BNC (BRITISH NAVAL CONNECTOR)
• THERE ARE THREE POPULAR BNC CONNECTORS. THEY ARE:
- BNC CONNECTOR: USED TO CONNECT DEVICES SUCH AS THE TV SET
- BNC T CONNECTOR: USED IN ETHERNET NETWORKS
- BNC TERMINATOR: CONNECTED AT THE END OF A CABLE TO PREVENT
THE REFLECTION OF SIGNALS
• ADA 3 JENIS PENYAMBUNG BNC YANG POPULAR. IANYA ADALAH…
- PENYAMBUNG BNC – UNTUK TV
- PENYAMBUNG BNC T – RANGKAIAN ETHERNET
- PENYAMBUNG BNC TERMINATOR – DISAMBUNG PADA HUJUNG KABEL
UNTUK MENGELAKKAN REFLEKSI DARIPADA SIGNAL..
3.2.2 Medium
3.2.2.1 Identify various types of cables such as Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP),
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), Coaxial and Fibre Optic Cable
FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
• THE FIBRE OPTIC CABLE IS A NETWORKING MEDIUM THAT USES LIGHT FOR
DATA TRANSMISSION.
• THE INTENSITY OF LIGHT IS INCREASED AND DECREASED TO REPRESENT
BINARY ONE AND ZERO.
• ITS CORE CONSISTS OF DOZENS OR HUNDREDS OF THIN STRANDS OF
GLASS OR PLASTIC WHICH USES LIGHT TO TRANSMIT SIGNALS.
• EACH STRAND, CALLED AN OPTICAL FIBRE, IS AS THIN AS A HUMAN HAIR.
• ADALAH MEDIUM RANGKAIAN YANG MENGGUNAKAN
• CAHAYA UNTUK PENGHANTARAN DATA. KEUPAYAAN CAHAYA UNTUK
BERKURANG ATAU BERTAMBAH DITAKRIFKAN SEBAGAI 0 DAN 1 DALAM
KOD BINARI
3.2.2 Medium
3.2.2.1 Identify various types of cables such as Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP),
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), Coaxial and Fibre Optic Cable
FIBRE OPTIC CABLE - PARTS OF A FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
• INSIDE A FIBRE OPTIC CABLE, EACH OPTICAL FIBRE IS CLAD WITH AN INSULATING
GLASS AND A PROTECTIVE COATING. TYPICALLY, A FIBRE OPTIC CABLE HAS FIVE
PARTS. 5 BAHAGIAN KABEL FIBER OPTIK
1. THE CORE IS THE LIGHT TRANSMISSION ELEMENT. IT IS TYPICALLY MADE
OF GLASS OR PLASTIC.
TERAS- ADALAH ELEMEN PENGHANTARAN CAHAYA. BIASA DIPERBUAT DARIPADA
KACA ATAU PLASTIK
2. CLADDING SURROUNDS THE CORE.IT IS ALSO MADE OF GLASS OR PLASTIC BUT IS
LESS DENSE THAN THE CORE.
LAPISAN PELINDUNG TERAS – JUGA DIPERBUAT DARI KACA ATAU PLASTIK CUMA
LEBIH PADAT DARIPADA TERAS
3. BUFFER SURROUNDS CLADDING. IT IS USUALLY MADE OF PLASTIC AND HELPS
SHIELDS THE CORE AND CLADDING FROM BEING DAMAGED.
LAPISAN MENGELILINGI PELINDUNG TERAS – BIASANYA DIPERBUAT DARIPADA
PLASTIK DAN MEMBANTU MELINDUNGI TERAS DAN PELINDUNGNYA DRPD ROSAK
4. A STRENGTHENING MATERIAL SURROUNDS THE BUFFER TO PREVENT THE FIBRE
CABLE FROM BEING STRETCHED WHEN INSTALLERS PULL IT.
BAHAN TAHAN LASAK – MENGELILINGI LAPISAN PELINDUNG TERS BAGI
MENGELAKKAN KABEL DARIPADA CALAR DAN ROSAK
5. OUTER JACKET SURROUNDS THE CABLE TO PROTECT THE FIBRE AGAINST
ABRASION, SOLVENTS AND OTHER CONTAMINANTS.
JAKET LUARAN – BAHAGIAN LUAR YANG MEGHALANG KABEL DARIPADA ROSAK
3.2.2 Medium
3.2.2.1 Identify various types of cables such as Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP),
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), Coaxial and Fibre Optic Cable
FIBRE OPTIC CABLE - CONNECTORS OF A FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
THE MOST COMMONLY USED FIBRE OPTIC CONNECTORS ARE SC, ST, FC AND MT-RJ.
ADA 4 JENIS PENYAMBUNG BAGI KABEL FIBER OPTIK.
1.SC A FIBRE OPTIC CABLE CONNECTOR THAT USES A PUSH-PULL LATCHING
MECHANISM SIMILAR TO COMMON AUDIO AND VIDEO CABLES.
KABEL YANG BIASA DIGUNA UNTUK PENYAMBUNG AUDIO DAN KABEL VIDEO
2.ST A FIBRE OPTIC CABLE CONNECTOR THAT USES A BAYONET PLUG & SOCKET.
KABEL PENYAMBUNG BAGI PLUG BAYONET DAN SOKET
3.FC A FIBRE OPTIC CABLE CONNECTOR THAT USES A THREADED PLUG & SOCKET.
KABEL PENYAMBUNG BAGI PLUG THREADED DAN SOKET
4.MT-RJ -MECHANICAL TRANSFER REGISTERED JACK (MT-RJ), A FIBRE OPTICS
CONNECTOR POPULAR FOR SMALL FORM FACTOR DEVICES DUE TO ITS
SMALL SIZE.
KABEL PENYAMBUNG YANG POPULAR UNTUK PERANTI-PERANTI KECIL.
ADA TERDAPAT DALAM PC. WAYAR SATA CONTOHNYA
3.2.2 Medium
3.2.2.2 Identify various types of wireless transmission media such as
infrared, radio wave and microwave
RADIO WAVES
THERE IS NO CLEAR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RADIO WAVES AND
MICROWAVES. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES RANGING IN FREQUENCIES
BETWEEN 3 KHZ AND 1 GHZ ARE NORMALLY CALLED RADIO WAVES.
WAVES RANGING IN FREQUENCIES BETWEEN 1 AND 300 GHZ ARE
NORMALLY CALLED MICROWAVES.
TIDAK BANYAK PRBEZAAN ANTARA GELOMBANG RADIO DAN
GELOMBANG MIKRO KECUALI DARI SEGI KEKUATAN FREKUENSI.
• GELOMBANG RADIO – FREKUENSI ANTARA 3 KHZ HINGGA 1 GHZ
• GELOMBANG MIKRO – FREKUENSI ANTARA 1 GHZ HINGGA 300 GHZ
3.2.2 Medium
3.2.2.2 Identify various types of wireless transmission media such as
infrared, radio wave and microwave
MICROWAVES
ELECTRONIC WAVES WITH FREQUENCIES BETWEEN 1 GHZ TO
300GHZ ARE NORMALLY CALLED MICROWAVES.
UNLIKE RADIO WAVES, MICROWAVES ARE UNIDIRECTIONAL, IN
WHICH THE SENDING AND RECEIVING ANTENNAS NEED TO BE
ALIGNED.
TIDAK SEPERTI GELOMBANG RADIO, GELOMBANG MIKRO
BERGERAK SECARA BERTABURAN. IA MEMERLUKAN ANTENNA
UNTUK MENGHANTAR DAN MENERIMA.
3.2.2 Medium
3.2.2.2 Identify various types of wireless transmission media such as
infrared, radio wave and microwave
INFRARED
• INFRARED IS USED IN DEVICES SUCH AS THE MOUSE, WIRELESS
KEYBOARD AND PRINTERS. SOME MANUFACTURERS PROVIDE A
SPECIAL PORT CALLED THE IRDA PORT THAT ALLOWS A WIRELESS
KEYBOARD TO COMMUNICATE WITH A PC. INFRARED SIGNALS HAVE
FREQUENCIES BETWEEN 300 GHZ TO 400 THZ. THEY ARE USED FOR
SHORT-RANGE COMMUNICATION.
• INFRA MERAH DIGUNAKAN OLEH PERANTI-PERANTI SEPERTI MOUSE
TANPA WAYAR, PAPAN KEKUNCI TANPA WAYAR, PENCETAK TANPA
WAYAR DAN SEBAGAINYA. SESETENGAH PENGELUAR
MEMBEKALKAN SATU PORT KHAS DIPANGGIL IrDA YANG
MEMBENARKAN PERANTI-PERANTI SEPERTI DI ATAS BERKOMUNIKASI
DENGAN PC. FREKUENSINYA PULA ANTARA 300GHZ HINGGA 400GHZ.
• BANYAK DIGUNAKAN BAGI JARAK-JARAK YANG SANGAT PENDEK.
Topic 3.3 –
Software
Requirements
3.3.1 Server Software
3.3.1.1 Define Network Operating System
DEFINITION OF NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS
1. AN OPERATING SYSTEM IS THE PROGRAM THAT FIRST LOADS
WHEN A COMPUTER BOOTS AND MANAGES ANY OTHER
SOFTWARE OR HARDWARE ON THE COMPUTER.
SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN ADALAH PROGRAM YANG PERTAMA
DIBACA OLEH PC DAN IA MENGURUSKAN PERISIAN DAN
PERKAKASAN DLM PC
2. A NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM OR KNOWN AS NOS, HAS
ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONALITY THAT ALLOWS IT TO CONNECT
COMPUTERS AND PERIPHERALS TO A NETWORK.
RANGKAIAN SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN DIKENALI SEBAGAI NOS. IA
MEMPUNYAI FUNGSI TAMBAHAN YANG MEMBENARKAN
KOMPUTER DAN PERANTI BERHUBUNG DALAM RANGKAIAN
3.3.1 Server Software
3.3.1.1 Define Network Operating System
DEFINITION OF NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS
3. A NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM IS MOST FREQUENTLY USED WITH
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS AND WIDE AREA NETWORKS, BUT COULD ALSO
HAVE APPLICATION TO LARGER NETWORK
SYSTEMS.RANGKAIAN SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN BIASA ADA DALAM LAN
DAN WAN. NAMUN TERDAPAT JUGA APLIKASI UNTUK SISTEM RANGKAIAN
YANG LEBIH BESAR
4. A NOS IS NOT THE SAME AS THE NETWORKING TOOLS PROVIDED BY
SOME EXISTING OPERATING SYSTEMS, WINDOWS XP FOR INSTANCE.
NOS TIDAK SAMA SEPERTI ALAT RANGKAIAN. CONTOH WINDOWS XP.
5. NOS IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM THAT HAS BEEN SPECIFICALLY WRITTEN
TO KEEP NETWORKS RUNNING AT OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE.
NOS ADALAH SISTEM PENGOPERASIAN YANG SECARA SPESIFIK
MEMBOLEHKAN RANGKAIAN BERJALAN DENGAN LANCAR.
3.3.1 Server Software
3.3.1.2 Name various Network Operating System Software.
EXAMPLES OF NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS
SOME POPULAR NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS INCLUDE:
•
WINDOWS NT
•
WINDOWS 2000 SERVER
•
WINDOWS SERVER 2003
•
RED HAT LINUX
NOS-NOS YANG POPULAR
TERMASUKLAH
•
WINDOWS NT
•
WINDOWS 2000 SERVER
•
WINDOWS SERVER 2003
•
RED HAT LINUX
3.3.2 Client Software
3.3.2.1 State the functions of various client software.(web browser, email client,
network utilities, network file manager)
FUNCTIONS OF WEB BROWSER
1. A WEB BROWSER IS A SOFTWARE APPLICATION THAT ENABLES A USER TO
DISPLAY AND INTERACT WITH HTML DOCUMENTS HOSTED BY WEB
SERVERS OR HELD IN A FILE SYSTEM. TEXT AND IMAGES ON A WEB PAGE
CAN CONTAIN HYPERLINKS TO OTHER WEB PAGES AT THE SAME OR TO
DIFFERENT WEBSITES.
CARIAN WEB ADALAH PERISIAN APLIKASI YANG MEMBENARKAN
PENGGUNA MEMAPAR DAN BERINTERAKSI DENGAN DOKUMEN HTML YANG
DATANG DARIPADA SERVER WEB. TEKS DAN IMEJ DALAM WEB BOLEH
MENGANDUNGI HIPER RANGKAI KEPADA LAMAN WEB LAIN ATAU SAMA
2. WEB BROWSER ALLOW A USER TO QUICKLY AND EASILY ACCESS
INFORMATION PROVIDED ON MANY WEB PAGES AT MANY WEBSITES BY
SURFING THESE LINKS.
CARIAN WEB MEMBENARKAN PENGGUNA DENGAN CEPAT DAN MUDAH
MENGAKSES MAKLUMAT YANG DIBEKALKAN OLEH BANYAK HALAMAN WEB
PADA BANYAK LAMAN WEB.
3.3.2 Client Software
3.3.2.1 State the functions of various client software.(web browser, email client,
network utilities, network file manager)
FUNCTIONS OF WEB BROWSER
3. WEB BROWSERS AVAILABLE FOR PERSONAL COMPUTER INCLUDE
MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER, SAFARI, NETSCAPE AND OPERA.WEB
BROWSERS ARE THE MOST COMMONLY USED TYPE OF HYPERTEXT
TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP) USER AGENT.
CARIAN WEB BOLEH DIDAPATI PADA PC TERMASUKLAH PADA MICROSOFT
INTERNET EXPLORER, SAFARI, NETSCAPE AND OPERA.
4. ALTHOUGH BROWSERS ARE TYPICALLY USED TO ACCESS THE WORLD
WIDE WEB, THEY CAN ALSO BE USED TO ACCESS INFORMATION PROVIDED
BY WEB SERVERS IN PRIVATE NETWORKS OR CONTENT IN FILE SYSTEMS.
WALAUPUN CARIAN BIASA DIGUNA UNTUK MENGAKSES PADA DUNIA WEB,
PENGGUNA JUGA BOLEH MENGAKSES MAKLUMAT YANG DIBEKALKAN
OLEH SERVER WEB PERIBADI ATAU KANDUNGAN SISTEM FAIL
3.3.2 Client Software
3.3.2.1 State the functions of various client software.(web browser, email client,
network utilities, network file manager)
FUNCTIONS OF WEB BROWSER
3. WEB BROWSERS AVAILABLE FOR PERSONAL COMPUTER INCLUDE
MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER, SAFARI, NETSCAPE AND OPERA.WEB
BROWSERS ARE THE MOST COMMONLY USED TYPE OF HYPERTEXT
TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP) USER AGENT.
CARIAN WEB BOLEH DIDAPATI PADA PC TERMASUKLAH PADA MICROSOFT
INTERNET EXPLORER, SAFARI, NETSCAPE AND OPERA.
4. ALTHOUGH BROWSERS ARE TYPICALLY USED TO ACCESS THE WORLD
WIDE WEB, THEY CAN ALSO BE USED TO ACCESS INFORMATION PROVIDED
BY WEB SERVERS IN PRIVATE NETWORKS OR CONTENT IN FILE SYSTEMS.
WALAUPUN CARIAN BIASA DIGUNA UNTUK MENGAKSES PADA DUNIA WEB,
PENGGUNA JUGA BOLEH MENGAKSES MAKLUMAT YANG DIBEKALKAN
OLEH SERVER WEB PERIBADI ATAU KANDUNGAN SISTEM FAIL
3.3.2 Client Software
3.3.2.1 State the functions of various client software.(web browser, email
client, network utilities, network file manager)
FUNCTIONS OF EMAIL CLIENT
• AN EMAIL CLIENT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM THAT IS USED TO READ
AND SEND EMAIL.
• EMAIL CLIENT ADALAH PROGRAM KOMPUTER YANG DIGUNAKAN
UNTUK MEMBACA DAN MENGHANTAR EMAIL.
FUNCTIONS OF FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)
• FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP) IS USED TO CONNECT TWO
COMPUTERS OVER THE INTERNET SO THAT THE USER OF ONE
COMPUTER CAN TRANSFER FILES AND PERFORM FILE COMMANDS
ON THE OTHER COMPUTER.
• PROTOKOL PENGHANTARAN FAIL DIGUNAKAN UNTUK
MENGHUBUNGKAN 2 PC MELALUI INTERNET SUPAYA PENGGUNA
SALAH SATU PC BOLEH MENGHANTAR FAIL DAN MELAKUKAN
OPERASI ARAHAN FAIL PADA PC YANG SATU LAGI.
3.4 & 3.5
3.4 SETTING NETWORK FACILITIES
• ASSESSMENT S06.1 AND S06.2
3.5 CURRENT AND FUTURE
DEVELOPMENT
• ASSESSMENT S07.1