Transcript Physical Science Final Review

Study in Chunks
Take breaks
Make it fun! 
Areas of Focus…

Lab Safety

Introduction to Science

Candy Lab (Rates of change)

Heat and Energy

Temperature Scales

Metal Tea Bag Lab (Specific Heat)

KE and PE

Electricity and Magnetism

Nuclear Science

STAR Test Practice
How To Study For Finals

Make flash cards

Write out your notes

Type your notes

Read your notes out loud

Practice! Practice! Practice!

Have a study snack every hour
~ Lab Safety~
6 Questions…
Electrical Safety
Fire Safety
Chemical Safety
1. What should you do before using
any electrical appliance? (2 things)
Check the cord for damage
Make sure it is dry
2. To put out a fire on a person or in a
person’s clothing, use:
Jacket or fire blanket
3. What do you use to put out a fire in
a classroom?
ABC Fire extinguisher
4. What does the ABC fire extinguisher
put out?
A: Wood + paper
B: Flammable Liquids
C: Electrical
5. What is allowed to be poured down
the sink in the classroom?
Non-toxic liquids only
6. What is the chemical disposal policy
in science classes?
Toxic chemicals go
in the waste container
~ Introduction to Science~
16 Questions…
Precision (how good is a device)
Scientific Method ( a way of thinking)
SI units (used by scientists world wide)
7. What is the precision of a
30cm ruler?
+/- 1.0 millimeter (mm)
8. What is the precision of the meter
stick?
+/-
1.0 millimeter
(mm)
9. What is the precision of the 25 mL
glass graduated cylinder?
+/-
.5 milliliers (mL)
10. About how many inches are there
in a meter stick?
About 39 inches in one meter
11. What is the precision of a triple
beam balance?
+/-
.1 grams (g)
12. What is the precision of the fancy
dial-a-gram balance used in
Chemistry room E6?
+/- .01 grams
13. In general, what is the relationship
between precision and the cost of a
balance?
The greater the precision,
the more it costs.
14. What is the organized way
scientists think about problems
called?
The scientific method
15. What part of a lab report is where
you make an educated guess?
Hypothesis
16. What do you call the chart that
contains your lab data?
Data Table
17. In which part of a lab report do you
write what you did?
Conclusion
18. What is the SI unit for time?
seconds
19. What is the SI unit for length?
meters
20. What is the SI unit for volume?
Cubic meters (m3)
21. What is the SI unit for temperature?
Kelvin
(K)
22. What mass is measured with the
balances in our classroom?
grams
23. What is the volume of 1 cubic
centimeter in mL?
1 milliliter = 1 cubic centimeter
1
mL
=
1 cm3
24. What is the dissolving rate of a piece
of candy that decreases
from 25 g to 0 g in 5 minutes?
(Hint: divide the grams by the minutes
25 grams / 5 min = 5 grams/min
25. What slope represents a fast
dissolving candy?
A fast rate is a steep slope
26. What slope represents a slow
dissolving candy?
A slow rate is a flat slope
27. A box has the dimensions
2.0 cm x 3.0 cm x 4.0 cm
and the mass is 48 g,
what is its density?
(Hint : D = mass/volume)
V = 2.0 cm x 3.0 cm x 4.0cm = 24 cm3
D = 48g/ 24 cm3 = 2 g/cm3
28. Cold water is denser than warm
water. Where is the cold water in
most oceans on Earth?
Cold water is on the bottom
29. Warm water and cold water do not
mix in the ocean because they have
different densities.
If warm water is less dense than the
cold water, where do you think the
warmest water in the ocean will be
found?
Warmest water will be on top
30. The law of _________ - __ - ______
states that energy cannot be created
or destroyed, just changed from 1
form to another.
Conservation of energy
31. As KE of the molecules goes up
what happens to the temperature?
As KE goes up, temperature goes up
32. When things cool down what
happens to volume?
When things cool down,
their volume goes down.
33. When things warm up what
happens to their density?
When things warm up,
their density goes down.
Reason: the atoms move apart.
34. What happens to the pressure
inside an unopened can of beans if
you throw it in a campfire?
Temperature goes up,
pressure goes up…
Kaboom!
35. Compare temperature to the
motion of atoms.
The higher the temperature,
the faster the atoms are moving.
36. On the Celsius scale, pure water
freezes at ___________ and water
boils at ___________ .
Water freezes at 0o C
Water boils at 100o C
37. On the Fahrenheit scale, pure
water freezes at ___________ and
water boils at ___________ .
Water freezes at +32o F
Water boils at +212o F
38. On the Kelvin scale, pure water
freezes at ___________ and water
boils at ___________ .
Water freezes at +273 K
Water boils at +373 K
39. What happens at absolute zero on
the Kelvin scale?
At absolute zero, atoms stop moving.
40. Room temperature is
_____ Celsius and ____ Fahrenheit.
Room temperature is 22o C and 72o F
41. Body temperature 98.6°F
is _______ °C.
Hint: C = (F-32) x 5/9
C = (98.6 – 32) x .56
C = 66.6
x .56 = 37 o C
42. As the kinetic energy of the
molecules in a substance increases,
the…
As KE goes up, temperature goes up.
43. Energy from the sun travels
through space and reaches Earth
by….
Radiation: energy moving in waves
44. Hot convection currents rise in air
because:
Gravity pulls cold air down
Cold air pushes hot air up
45. Specific heat is the energy…
It takes to raise 1 gram of a substance
by 1 degree C.
46. Which heats up faster, metal or
water?
Metal heats up faster than water.
47. Which has greater specific heat
metal or water?
Water has a greater specific heat
than metal.
48. The primary source of the sun’s
energy is:
Nuclear fusion:
H2 + H2 => He + energy
49. What is the equation for
gravitational potential energy?
GPE = mgh
50. Find the gravitational potential
energy of a 60 Kg ninth grader that
is 2.0 m above the ground and about
to wipe out on his skateboard?
GPE = mgh, assume g = 10 m/sec2
GPE = 60 Kg x 10 m/sec2 x 2.0 m
GPE = 1,200J
51. What is the equation for kinetic
energy?
KE = ½ mV2
52. What is the kinetic energy of a
running cat that has a mass of 3 Kg and
is thrown with a speed of 10m/s?
(KE = ½ mV2)
KE = .5 x (3Kg) x (10 m/s) x (10 m/s)
KE = 150J
53. What is the KE of one .5 Kg snowball
travelling 3 m/s on the way to your
face?
(KE = ½ mV2)
KE = .5 x (.5Kg) x (3 m/s) x (3 m/s)
KE = 2.25J
~ 4 Energy Reactions~
Fission: (to break)
Fusion: (to make)
Photosynthesis: (using sunlight to make sugar + Oxygen)
Combustion: (to burn fuel)
54. Which is the Fission reaction?
Uranium breaks into smaller atoms
and energy
55. Which is the Fusion reaction?
Nuclear fusion:
H2 + H2 => He + energy
56. Which is the Photosynthesis
reaction?
Sunlight + CO2 + H2O => Oxygen + Sugar
57. Which is the Combustion reaction?
Fuel + Oxygen => CO2 + H2O + Heat
Phase Change of Water Graph
Phase Change Diagram of Fresh Water
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
0
1
2
3
Energy
4
5
58. The section between energy 2 and 3
represents
Phase Change Diagram of Fresh Water
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
0
1
2
3
Energy
Water warming up
4
5
59. The section between energy 3and 4
represents
Phase Change Diagram of Fresh Water
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
0
1
2
3
4
Energy
Boiling Temp stays at 100
5
60. The section between energy 4 and 5
represents
Phase Change Diagram of Fresh Water
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
0
1
2
3
Energy
Gas heating up
4
5
~ Electricity ~
32 Questions…
Charges
Making electricity
Circuits
Ohm’s Law
61. There is an attractive force between
two charged objects when they
have?
Opposite charges
62. There is a repulsive force between
charged objects when they have?
Like charges
63. Current is the rate at which
electrons move through …
Conductors
like metal or salt water
64. Resistance is the force that
____________ -____________
electrons
Slows down
65. Voltage is the force that makes
____________ s move .
electrons
66. Why do electrons travel around a
nucleus?
Electrons are attracted
to the protons
67. You are billed $$$ for electric
energy use in your home by the?
Kilo Watt Hour
68. Which 2 things can prevent too
much current from flowing in a
circuit?
Open switch
Circuit breaker
69. What is the same in a series circuit?
Current is the same for
all bulbs in series.
70. What is the same in a parallel
circuit?
Voltage is the same
for all bulbs in parallel.
71. Which of the following represents
the correct formula for Ohm’s Law?
V=IxR
72. A generator is a machine that
converts
Mechanical energy
into electricity
73. A motor is a machine that converts
Electricity into mechanical energy
74. A hair dryer is a machine that
converts ______________ into
____________ , __________and
___________ .
Electricity into heat, sound and light
75. Electricity is the movement of what
particle
elections
76. Electric current can NOT flow in
which three things??
Glass, rubber and plastic
are insulators
77. Electrical current supplied to your
home is?
Alternating current (AC)
78. Electricity in most homes in the
USA comes from
Burning fossil fuels
like coal, gas and oil
79. If the current is 3 amperes and the
resistance is 10 Ω, calculate the
voltage. V = I X R
V = 3A X 10 Ω = 30 V
80. What current is produced by a 9 V
battery in series a circuit with 3 Ω
resistance?
I = V/R
I = 9V / 3 Ω
I = 3A
81. What is the power of a 24 V battery
producing 4 amps of current?
P = V x I
P = 24V X 4 A
P = 96 W
82. What resistance is there when 1.5
amps is produced by a 3 volt battery?
R = V/I
R = 3V / 1.5 A
R=2Ω
~ Magnets ~
5 Questions…
Iron is attracted by magnets
Opposite poles attract
A compass needle is a bar magnet
Making current flow
83. Materials attracted by magnets
contain?
Iron
84. What causes the magnetic field on
planet Earth?
Iron in the Earth’s core
85. The needle of a compass is a bar
magnet. Which end of the compass
needle points to the South Magnetic
Pole (Geographic North Pole) of
Earth?
(Hint: opposite magnetic poles attract)
North pole of the compass
86. If a loop of copper wire is moved
across the lines of a magnetic field …
(Hint: what does a generator do?)
Electric current will start
to flow in the wire.
87. Compass needles follow the lines of
magnetic flux around a bar magnet.
If the arrow represents the north
pole of the compass, which of the
compasses below is correct?
N
S
d
a
b
c
88. What does the step down
transformer on a power pole near
your home do?
Steps the voltage down
And the current up
89. What type of electricity does a
battery make?
Direct Current (DC)
90. What type of electricity does the
generator in a power plant make?
Alternating Current (AC)
91. What type of electricity do
photovoltaic panels make?
Direct Current (DC)
92. Explain how water behind a dam
comes from the sun.
Sun evaporates oceans
Water vapor becomes rain
Rain water is caught behind dams
93. Explain how wind comes from the
sun.
Sun heats the Earth unevenly
Winds blow from cold to hot
94. Which energy 3 sources are directly
or indirectly powered by the sun?
Solar, Wind, Hydroelectric
~ Nuclear Chemistry~
24 Questions…
Fission (to break)
Fusion (to make)
Nuclear Power
Nuclear Decay
95. Which energy source is made
possible by nuclear fission in the
Earth?
Nuclear Energy
96. What energy resource is made
possible by the volcanic activity in
California?
Geothermal Energy
97. Which energy source is made
possible by splitting atoms?
Nuclear Energy
98. Fusion occurs when atomic
nuclei…
Combine to make a larger atom
99. Fission occurs when atomic
nuclei…
Split, forming smaller atoms
100. Background radiation can come
from…
The air, the water, the ground and
from space
101. Where does fission occur?
(3 places)
Inside the Earth
Nuclear power plants
Atomic bombs
102. Where does fusion occur?
In Stars like the Sun
103. What is the heaviest naturally
occurring radioactive metal?
Uranium
(U)
104. What is the lightest naturally
occurring element?
Hydrogen
(H)
105. One atom of this radioactive
element will cause lung cancer.
Plutonium (Pu)
106. Which is a naturally occurring
radioactive element that seeps into
basements as a gas?
Radon
(Rn)
107. When a nucleus undergoes
alpha decay,
the atomic number of the element…
Goes down by 2
(1 alpha particle = 2 protons + 2 neutrons)
108. When a nucleus undergoes
beta decay,
the atomic number of the element…
Goes up by 1
(electron shoots out,
a neutron becomes a proton)
109. Gamma radiation is:
High Energy light rays
110. The Cesium sample you saw in
class is what kind of emitter?
Beta emitter
111. One neutron hits a nucleus
causing it to split and send out
other neutrons that split other
atomic nuclei over and over….
Nuclear Chain Reaction
112. When 92U looses one alpha
particle it becomes which new
element?
92 – 2 = 90
Look up the element with atomic # 90
It is….
113. What instrument makes a clicking
sound while measuring radiation?
Geiger Counter
114. What instrument measures Volts,
Amps and Ohms?
Digital Volt Meter
115. Which instrument plays
very low notes in a marching band?
(hee, hee)
The tuba
116. The protons in the nucleus stick
together because of which
fundamental force in nature?
The Strong Nuclear Force
117. To use carbon age dating, the
object being dated must contain
which radioactive element?
Carbon 14
(14C)
118. If the half -life of
is 24,000 years, how many years will
it take for a 800g sample of 239Plutonium to decay to only 25g?
Half
Lives
0
1
2
3
4
5
Years
239Plutonium
Grams
Left
0
800g
%
Remaining
100%
%
Decayed
0%
~ STAR Test Questions~
16 Questions…
Fire Safety
Atoms
KE and PE
Heat
Gasses
119. Electrical fires cannot be safely put
out by dousing them with water. However, fire
extinguishers that spray solid carbon dioxide on
the fire work very effectively. This method
works because carbon dioxide….
(Hint: Think of the Fire triangle)
CO2 displaces
the oxygen
120. Describe an atom.
Look at the model in the book.
Include 3 different particles
Protons and neutrons in the nucleus,
electrons outside
121. In a comparison of metals to
nonmetals, metals tend to have
what kind of hardness and boiling
temperature?
(Hint: Compare iron and Wax)
Metals are harder
and have a higher boiling temperature
122. An engine has an input of heat
energy of 10,000 J and does 3000 J of
work. What is the heat loss?
(Hint: subtract)
10,000J – 3,000J = 7,000J
123. A heated gas expands, raising a
piston. Describe the energy
exchanges of this process.
(Hint: Think fuel, air, piston, in that
order)
Fuel transfers energy to air
Air transfers energy to piston
124. Explain what happens when you
put cold milk into hot coffee?
The cold milk warms up
The hot coffee cools down
125. What happens to hot coffee in a foam
cup if you leave it on the table for 30
minutes?
Use: cup insulation, air and transfer of
energy in the answer.
After 30 minutes, the coffee will be cold.
Energy is transferred to the air above
the cup but not through the insulated cup .
126. The pressure of a gas inside a
closed, rigid container will increase
when the gas temperature
increases. The pressure of the gas
increases because the…
(Hint: what is hitting the insides of the
container?)
Gas molecules are hitting the
walls more often
127. A container of cold water is
dumped into a larger container of
hot water. It is mixed and then left
alone for a long time interval. The
water temperature is found to be…
The temperature will be the same
in the whole container.
128. A high diver steps off a diving
platform that is 10 meters above the
water. If no air resistance is present,
during the fall there will be a
decrease in the diver’s.
(Hint: What decreases as he
approaches the ground?)
The GPE decreases as the diver falls.
129. In order to advance to the level of
a theory, a hypothesis should be…
(Hint: What does a scientist do?)
Tested by performing experiments
130. A student wires a series circuit that
includes a block of rubber and a light
bulb. She states that “she does not
expect the light bulb to light up when
current is applied to the circuit”. What
type of statement did she make?
(Hint: To which part of the scientific
method does her statement belong?)
She made a hypothesis
131. A 15-kilogram mass is lifted from the
ground to a height of 2 meters. The
gravitational potential energy of the
mass is increased by approximately
(Hint GPE = mgh)
GPE = m x g
x h
GPE = 15 Kg x 9.8 m/s2 x 2 m
GPE = about 300J
132. A 100-kilogram firefighter is on a ladder 10
meters above the ground. When the firefighter
descends to 5 meters above the ground, the
firefighter’s gravitational potential energy will
decrease by
(Hint: Find the GPE at 10 m and at 5 m. Then compare )
GPE = mgh
GPE = 100Kg x 9.8 m/s2 x 10m =10,000J
GPE = mgh
GPE = 100Kg x 9.8 m/s2 x 5m = 5,000J
GPE went down by 5,000 J
133. Why are enormous amounts of
energy required to separate a nucleus
into its component protons and
neutrons even though the protons in the
nucleus repel each other?
(Hint: Compare the strong force to protons
repelling each other)
The strong force is much stronger
than the force of the protons repelling
134. A scientist observed changes in the
gas pressure of one mole of a gas in a
sealed chamber with a fixed volume. To
identify the source of the changes, the
scientist should check for variations in
the…
(Hint: What affects pressure in closed
containers?)
The temperature affects the volume
of a gas a closed container
135. The existence of extraterrestrial life may
never be proven, but this idea will become
more scientifically acceptable over time
if…
(Hint: What do you need to prove something?)
If more evidence is found