Transcript Greek Cultural Contributions Lesson Essential Question 1

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Lesson Essential Question 1 – Where are the
important city-states, features, and bodies of
water for ancient Greece located on a map?
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The Greeks felt their gods were honored if
people tried to imitate them.
The greater the skill the Greeks showed in
thinking, athletic games, or the arts, the more
the gods were honored.
Greek efforts to do their best produced a
“Golden Age” of learning.
Many historians call this period the “Classical
Age of Greece”.
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Although most Greeks held similar religious
beliefs, there was no single Greek religion.
Each city-state worshipped its own gods.
Officials in each polis were in charge of public
feasts and sacrifices.
In their own home, heads of families prayed
and offered sacrifices to the gods.
Persons who, it was believed, could speak with
the gods.
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They gave advice in the form of a prophecy.
Define prophecy – A statement of what might
happen in the future.
A prophecy could mean more than one thing.
It was up to the person seeking advice to
decide the true meaning.
The Oracle at Delphi was the most famous oracle.
They worshipped the gods and goddesses of
Mount Olympus.
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The Greeks honored their gods with temples.
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Inside each temple was a statue to the god
being honored.
In front of statue was an altar.
Because they believed the temple was the gods
home, they did not enter it.
Instead, they worshipped outside.
They were honored with festivals.
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The Olympic Games
The theater
Ruler of Mount
Olympus; king of the
gods, god of the weather
Goddess of love and
beauty
God of the sun; patron of
truth, archery, music,
medicine, and prophecy
God of War
Goddess of the moon;
mighty huntress, and
“rainer of arrows”;
guardian of cities, young
animals, and women;
twin sister of Apollo
Goddess of wisdom; city
god of Athens; patron of
household crafts;
protectress in war to
those who worshipped
her; daughter of Zeus
Goddess of crops, giver
of grain and fruit
God of fertility, of joyous
life and hospitality, and
of wild things, god of the
theatre
God of fire and artisans;
maker of Pandora, the
first mortal woman;
husband of Aphrodite
Protectress of marriage,
children, and the home;
wife of Zeus
God of orators, writers,
and commerce; protector
of thieves and mischiefmakers; guardian of
wayfarers; messenger to
mortals; son of Zeus
God of the sea and
earthquakes; giver of
horses to mortals
Lesson Essential Question 2 - How did honoring
the Greek gods and goddesses lead to the
foundation of the Olympic Games?
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Every four years, in the
middle of summer, a
festival was held at
Olympia to honor the
god Zeus. The festival
was known as the
Olympic Games and was
the most important
sporting event in Greece.
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Olympia was not
really a town.
It was a group of
temples and arenas
built in fields.
A 40-foot gold and
ivory statue of Zeus
stood in one of the
temples.
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It was the most important sporting event in
Greece.
When the games took place, the Greeks would
stop fighting any war in which they were
involved.
When the Spartans refused to call a truce
during one war to compete in the games, they
had to pay a fine.
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Athletes came from all over Greece and from
Greek colonies in Africa, Italy, and Asia Minor
to take part in the games.
Individuals, rather than teams, competed.
Only men were allowed to take part.
Women were not even allowed to watch.
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Chariot Race – It
was held in the
Hippodrome, which was
an oval track with
grandstands around it.
The chariots were pulled
by horses. Winner
received a crown made
from olive leaves.
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Boxing – Boxers did
not use their fists. They
wrapped hands with ox
hide and slapped one
another.
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Pancratium – This
was a combination of
boxing and wrestling in
which no holds were
barred.
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Pentathlon – The
winner was considered
the best all-around
athlete. It consisted of
five events, and
participants had to run,
jump, throw the discus,
wrestle, and throw the
javelin.
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Olympic winners were heroes.
Poets wrote about them.
City-states held parades for them.
Some city-states even gave them free meals for
a year.
He was the “Father of
History.” Between
different events,
Herodotus read his
account of the Persian
Wars.
The first Olympics were held in 776 B. C.
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Lesson Essential Question 3 – How did Greek
theater develop?
The theater grew out of festivals honoring the god
Dionysus.
Aeschylus added
additional characters to
each of the stories that
were told about the gods
and heroes. He was
credited with creating
the first play.
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They were stories about suffering.
Tragedies dealt with the past and the
relationships between the people and the gods.
1. Aeschylus
2. Sophocles
3. Euripides
1. A play with a happy ending
2. Greek comedies were about the present.
Aristophanes
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Greek plays were only performed at
community festivals.
They began at sunrise and went on all day.
Tragedies were presented in the morning
and comedies in the afternoon.
All the performers were men.
Women were allowed to watch plays but
could not act in them.
Each actor wore a huge canvas and plaster
mask that showed the gender, age, and
mood of the character.
7. The mouth of the mask was shaped like a
funnel.
8. This helped carry the sound of the actor’s
voice to the entire audience.
9. Actors also wore heavy padding under their
robes and boots.
10. This made them seem larger then they really
were.
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Plays were given in open-air theaters.
12. Anyone who did not have enough money to
buy a ticket was admitted free.
13. The audience sat on rows of stone benches
set on the side of a hill.
14. The benches were arranged in a semicircle
around a stage that was level with the
ground.
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The Greeks believed support of the theater was a
public responsibility.
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Lesson Essential Question 4 – What thoughts
and ideas are credited to Socrates, Plato, and
Aristotle?
The Greeks place great importance on intellect, or
the ability to learn and reason. They thought
intellect should be used to its fullest.
To the Greeks, the studying the laws of nature
and loving wisdom were the same thing, it was
called philosophia. Philosophy is the study of
knowledge and wisdom.
1. Socrates was an Athenian philosopher.
2. Socrates gave up private business so he could
spend his time searching for truth.
3. He believed people could discover truth if they
knew how to think.
In his search for truth, Socrates walked
throughout Athens try to teach people how
to think.
2. He did this by asking questions.
3. Each question was designed to make a
person arrive step-by-step at a final
conclusion or truth.
4. This form of questioning is known as the
Socratic Method.
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They saw Socrates’ ideas as dangerous. They did
not like self-examination, especially when it
pointed out their own faults.
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Socrates was tried before a jury of some 500
citizens.
He defended himself by speaking about truth and
goodness.
Socrates would not change his beliefs even to save
his life.
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The jury found Socrates guilty and sentenced him
to death.
The sentence was carried out by making Socrates
drink poison.
Later, the Athenians regretted having executed
Socrates, so they put up a bronze statue in his
honor.
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Plato was a pupil of
Socrates.
Plato recorded the
speeches of Socrates
made at his trial and
just before his death.
1. Plato left Greece and
traveled in Egypt and Italy.
2. When he returned, he
set up a school outside
Athens in the sacred grove
of the hero Academus.
3. The school, where Plato
trained government
leaders, was called the
Academy.
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Plato taught there almost 40 years.
The Academy itself lasted almost 900 years after
Plato’s death.
Plato thought political liberty was disorder and did
not approve of it.
Plato set down his ideas about an ideal state in a
book called The Republic.
It was the first book ever written on political
science.
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Define political science – The study of government
Plato also wrote The Dialogues.
The Dialogues showed how difficult it was to
discover truth.
Aristotle was one of Plato’s brightest students.
He came to the Academy when he was 17 years
old and stayed for 20 years.
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He founded a school of his
own in Athens and wrote
more than 200 books.
He believed in using one’s
senses to discover the laws
that governed the physical
world.
He was the first to classify,
or group together, plants
and animals that resemble
each other.
His system, with some
changes, is still used today.
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Aristotle also added to the ideas of an earlier Greek
scientist named Thales of Miletus.
Thales of Miletus developed the first two steps of
the scientific method.
Define scientific method – Process used by
scientists for study
Define hypothesis – Possible explanation for a
problem
Aristotle added the third step when he said a
hypothesis needed to be tested to see if it is correct.
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Another important contribution was made in logic,
or the science of reasoning.
He developed syllogism.
Define syllogism – A method of reasoning that
uses three related statements. The third statement
is a conclusion based on the information given in
the first two.
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Lesson Essential Question 5 - How did other
Greek thinkers influence the development of
world civilization?
1. They discovered natural events are not caused
by the way gods behave.
2. They also learned that the world is governed
by natural laws that people can discover and
understand.
1. Thales developed the
first two steps of the
scientific method.
2. He correctly predicted
an eclipse of the sun.
1. He was considered the “Father of
Scientific Medicine.”
2. Hippocrates drew up a list of rules about
how doctors should use their skills to help
their patients.
3. His rules are known as the Hippocratic
Oath .
4. The oath says doctors should honor their
teachers, do their best for the sick, never
give poisons, and keep the secrets of their
patients.
5. Doctors all over the world still promise
to honor the Hippocratic Oath.
1. Archimedes – He
explained the principle
of a lever.
2. Euclid – He collected
and organized all
existing knowledge
about geometry. He
made up a lot of rules
pertaining to the
geometry we use today.
3. Pythagoras – He
sought to explain the
nature of all things in
mathematical terms.