Transcript scientific method

There was no single Greek religion.
Officials in each polis were in charge
of public feasts and sacrifices.
Greek priests and priestesses often served
as oracles, or persons who, it was
believed, could speak with the gods.
Oracles generally give advice in the form
of a prophecy, or a statement of what
might happen in the future.
During the Golden Age, the Greeks
worshiped the gods of Mount Olympus.
There were 12 major gods and goddesses.
Each had specific duties to carry out.
The Greeks placed importance
on the worth of the individual, allowing
them to approach their gods with dignity.
The Greeks built temples and held
festivals, including the Olympic Games
and the theater, to honor their gods.
Mount Olympus and the
Gods of Greek Religion
Every four years, in the middle of summer,
a festival was held in Olympia to honor the
god Zeus. The festival was known as the
Olympic Games and was the most important
sporting event in Greece.
Athletes came from all over Greece and
from Greek colonies in Africa, Italy, and
Asia Minor to take part in the games.
Only men were allowed to take part;
women were not even allowed to watch.
The Olympics were made up of many events including: chariot
races, Boxing, pancratium–a combination of boxing and
wrestling, pentathlon–made up of five events: running, jumping,
throwing the discus, wrestling, and hurling the javelin
Between the different events at the games, poets read their
works aloud.
Herodotus, the “Father of History,” first read his account of the
Persian Wars at the Olympics.
The theater grew out of festivals given in honor
of the god Dionysus.
About the time of the Persian Wars, a Greek
poet named Aeschylus added an additional
character to each story. He created what came
to be known as a play.
The first Greek plays were tragedies, or stories
about suffering. All dealt with the past and with
the relationships between people and gods.
Three of the great writers of tragedy were Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.
The comedy, or a play with a happy ending, came into being
soon after. Greek comedies were about the present. One of
the greatest writers of Greek comedy was Aristophanes.
Greek plays were performed only at community festivals in
open air theaters.
Each actor wore a huge canvas and plaster mask that showed the sex, age, and
mood of the character.
The Greeks believed support of the theater was a public responsibility.
The Olympic Games
Among the things on which the Greeks placed
great importance was intellect, or the ability to
learn and reason.
To the Greeks, studying the laws of nature and
loving wisdom were the same thing; they called it
philosophia.
Today, people who search for such
knowledge and wisdom are known as
scientists and philosophers.
Much of what they know is based on the
thoughts of the Greeks.
In 399 B.C., Socrates, a 70-year-old
Athenian philosopher, was tried in
Athens.
He believed people could discover
truth if they knew how to think.
In his search for truth, Socrates walked
throughout Athens trying to teach people how
to think.
He did this by asking questions.
This form of questioning is known as the
Socratic method.
Socrates was tried before a jury of some 500 citizens and sentenced
to death.
All that is known about Socrates
comes from one of his pupils, an
Athenian aristocrat named Plato.
Plato set up the Academy, a school to
train government leaders, outside
Athens in the sacred grove of the hero
Academus.
He thought political liberty was disorder
and did not approve of it.
Plato set down his ideas about an ideal
state in a book called The Republic –the
first book ever written on political science.
In a work called The Dialogues, Plato
showed how difficult it is to discover truth.
They consist of a series of discussions in
which different people talk about such things
as truth and loyalty.
Aristotle was one of Plato’s brightest pupils.
Before he died in 322 B.C., he founded his
own school in Athens and wrote more than
200 books.
He believed in using one’s senses to discover
the laws that govern the physical world.
Aristotle also added to the ideas of an early Greek
scientist named Thales of Miletus. Thales developed
the first two steps of what is known today as the
scientific method.
First, Thales collected information.
Then, based on what he observed, he formed a
hypothesis, or possible explanation.
Aristotle said that a hypothesis must be tested to see if it
is correct.
Aristotle contributed the syllogism ,a method of reasoning that uses three related
statements to logic, or the science of reasoning
Socrates
Plato
Private business
Education
Educated by
Socrates and
recorded his lessons
Location of
teaching
Greece, Egypt and
Italy
Accomplishments
Walked through
Athens
Started the
Socratic method
Convicted of
being a threat to
Athens
Beliefs
People could
discover truth
if they knew
how to think
Academus in
Athens
Wrote The
Republic and
Dialogues
Aristotle
One of Plato’s
brightest
students
Founded his
own school in
Athens
First to classify
plants and
animals
Scientific method
Wrote 200 books
Order
Thought that
only the wise
should rule
Use of senses to
discover laws
that govern the
physical world
ANCIENT GREEK
PHILOSOPHY
that natural events
way gods behave.
Greek scientistsGreek Scientists.ppt discovered
are not caused by the
They also learned that the world is governed by
natural laws that people can discover and
understand.
Thales of Miletus not only developed
the first two steps of the scientific method,
but also correctly predicted an eclipse of
the sun in 585 B.C.
The “Father of Scientific Medicine” was
Hippocrates. Hippocrates drew up a list
of rules about how doctors should use their
skills to help their patients, which is known
today as the Hippocratic Oath.
Doctors all over the world still promise to
HEALING in
Ancient Greece
How important was religion in ancient
Greek civilization?
How did tragedies differ from comedies?
Why is the scientific method important to
modern science?
What would you have done if it had been
your decision whether or not to put
Socrates on trial?