Transcript Ancient Greece Persian and Peloponnesian War - dale

Ancient Greece
Persian and Peloponnesian War
and the Legacy of Alexander
Objectives
• Students will explore how Greeks won the Persian Wars.
• Students will discover what led to the outbreak of the
Peloponnesian War and the wars consequences.
• Students will investigate Alexander the Great and his
empire.
• Students will discover what life was like in the Hellenistic
world and their many cultural achievements.
The Persian Wars
In the early 400s BC, the Greek city-states came into conflict with the vast Persian
Empire, a larger, stronger opponent.
Causes of the Conflict
Revenge
• Roots of Persian Wars lay in region of
Ionia, in what is now Turkey
• Ionian Greeks asked fellow Greeks
for help
• Ionian city-states founded as Greek
colonies, fell under Persian rule, 500s
BC
• Athens sent aid, ships
– Ionian Greeks unhappy with
Persian rule
– Wanted independence
– Rebelled, 499 BC
• Persians put down revolt
– Revolt made Persian emperor
Darius angry enough to seek
revenge
– Planned to punish Ionians’ allies,
especially Athens, by attacking
Greek mainland
First Invasion
The First Persian Invasion
• 490 BC, Persians set out to fulfill Darius’s plans for revenge
• Fleet carrying tens of thousands of Persian troops set out for Greece
• Came ashore near town of Marathon, not far from Athens
Persian Retreat
• Warned in advance, Greeks arrived at Marathon, caught Persians unloading ships,
charged in phalanx, tight rectangle formation
• Persians counterattacked, more Greeks closed in, Persians retreated
Preparations for a Second Invasion
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Greek victory at Marathon shocked both Greeks, Persians
Athenians could not believe they had defeated stronger foe
Persians humiliated, furious
Darius planned second invasion, but died before invasion launched
Son Xerxes vowed revenge, continued to plan attack on Greece
Xerxes
• 480 BC, 10 years after first invasion,
Xerxes set out for Greece
• Hundreds of thousands of soldiers,
sailors, animals, weapons, supplies
• Greek accounts say Persian army so
huge took week to cross bridge built
into Greece
Athenians
• Faced with invasion, Athenians called
on other Greek city-states to help fight
off Persians
• Sparta, bitter rival, agreed to help
• Had recently built large navy, took
charge of Greek fighting ships
• Sparta took charge of Greek armies
Second Invasion and Aftermath
The Greeks worried that they would not have time to prepare their troops for battle.
To slow down the Persians, a group of Spartans and their allies gathered in a mountain
pass at Thermopylae, through which the Persians would pass to get into Greece.
The Second Persian Invasion
• Spartans held off entire Persian army
for several days
• Persians shown alternate path through
mountains; were able to surround, kill
Spartans
• Spartans’ sacrifice bought time for
Greeks’ defense
After Thermopylae
• Persians marched south to Athens,
attacked, burned city; needed fleet to
bring additional supplies
• Athenian commander lured fleet into
narrow strait
• Greek warships cut them to pieces
Persian army was no longer a match for the Greeks; and within a year the Greeks had
won the Persian Wars.
The Golden Age of Athens
As leaders in the Persian Wars, Athens and Sparta became the two most powerful,
influential city-states in Greece. After the wars, Athens entered a golden age as the
center of Greek culture and politics.
Alliance
Delian League
• After Persian Wars citystates banded together
to defend each other,
punish Persia
• Alliance’s treasury kept
on islands of Delos
• Largest, richest of
alliance members was
Athens
• Alliance known as
Delian League
• Athens controlled ships,
money
• League grew in
membership, power
Increased Influence
• Some members
resented Athenian
dominance
• Members who tried to
quit attacked by league
fleet, forced back into
alliance
• League became
Athenian empire
The Age of Pericles
Much of the rebuilding of Athens was due to one man—Pericles, a skilled politician
and gifted public speaker.
Pericles
• 460s, elected one of Athens’
generals, became Athens’ most
influential politician
• Great champion of democracy
– Introduced payment for those
who served in public offices, on
juries
– Encouraged Athenians to
introduce democracy elsewhere
Patron of the Arts
• Commissioned building Parthenon,
other monuments
– Hired artists, sculptors to
decorate them
• Wanted Athens to be most glorious
city in Greece
– Believed it had best
government, noblest people,
monuments to prove superiority
The Peloponnesian War
As the leader of the Delian League, Athens was the richest, mightiest polis in Greece.
Being rich and mighty brought many powerful rivals, the greatest of which was
Sparta, which wanted to end its dominance.
Peloponnesian League
• Sparta head of
Peloponnesian League,
allied city-states
• Formed 500s BC, to
provide protection,
security for members
Tension Built
• Tensions built between
Delian, Peloponnesian
Leagues
• Mutual fear led to war
between Athens, Sparta
War
• Athens feared military
might of another
league
• Sparta feared loss of
trading
• 431 BC, the two
declared war
• Lasted many years
The Course of War
War in Greece
• Initially neither side gained much advantage
• Sparta, allies dominated land; Athens, allies dominated sea
• Athenians avoided land battles; neither side won more than minor victories
Plague and Peace
• 430, 429 BC, plague struck Athens, changed course of war
• Pericles, Athens’ leader through beginning of war, among dead
• After plague, fighting heated up until truce in 421 BC
Sparta’s Victory
• 415 BC, war broke out again; Sparta took to sea as well as land, destroyed Athenian
fleet; Athens surrendered 404 BC
• Peloponnesian War almost destroyed Athens; Sparta also exhausted by war
Cycle of Warfare
After victory, Sparta’s army tried to act as Greece’s dominant
power
• Sparta’s wealth, resources badly strained, power worn down
• Spartans could not keep control of Greece
• Struggle for power led to long cycle of warfare that left all Greece
vulnerable to attack
• 340s BC, Macedonia, Greek-speaking kingdom to north, swept in, took
control of all Greece led by Philip II
Rise of Macedonia
Macedonia rose to power and took control of Greece in the years that followed the
Peloponnesian War.
The Rise of Macedonia
• Most Greeks considered
Macedonians backward
– Lived in villages, not cities
– Spoke form of Greek
unintelligible to other Greeks
• 359 BC, Macedonia’s fortune changed
when Philip II took throne
Army Reorganization
• One of Philip’s first actions as king
• Adopted phalanx system, but gave
soldiers longer spears
• Included larger bodies of cavalry and
more archers
• Set out to conquer Greece
– Faced little opposition (few saw
the danger he posed)
– Quickly crushed armies
Rise of Macedonia Cont.
• Philip’s conquests might have continued, but he was assassinated
• Title, plans for conquests fell to son, Alexander the Great
• Alexander only 20, but had been trained to rule almost from birth
• Learned warfare and politics from father, mother, and Aristotle
Alexander’s Conquests
• Alexander faced almost immediately with revolts in Greece
• Set out to reestablish control
• Used harsh measures to show rebellion not tolerated
• Crushed Theban army and sold people into slavery, burned city
Once Greece was under control…
•Decided to build an empire
•Alexander conquered:
•Phonecia (Under Persian
Control)
•Egypt (Under Persian
Control)
•Small Peoples in Central
Asia
•Led army to the Indus,
perhaps to conquer India
•Soldiers had had enough,
refused to proceed further from home
•Alexander forced to turn back west
End of the Empire
Death at Early Age
• Alexander’s empire largest world had
ever seen
• Did not rule very long
• 323 BC, Alexander fell ill while in
Babylon
• Died a few days later at age 33
• Alexander died without naming heir
Power Struggle
• Generals fought each other for power
• In the end, the empire was divided
among three most powerful generals
• Called themselves kings
– Antigonus became king of
Macedonia and Greece
– Seleucus ruled Persian Empire
– Ptolemy ruled Egypt
Create your own Alexander the Great
• Based on what you now know about Alexander the
Great, create an Avatar to best describe him!
– Go to doppelme.com
– Create a New Avatar with the members of your group as the
title.
– Once you have created the avatar you will need to create an
account.
– Once you have created an account, the website will generate a
number assigned to your finished avatar. Turn that Number
into me
– Dress up Alexander however you’d like, but be able to explain
why you picked specific physical features, clothing, and
accessories. (Be Creative/ Think outside the box!)
– Your avatar should also embody characteristics and
achievements of Macedonia under Alexander the Great.
Activity Reflection Questions
(Complete individually)
1. Explain the physical features, clothing, and accessories
of your avatar. How does your avatar share the known
characteristics of Alexander the Great?
2. How does your avatar show the function of Alexander
the Great within the Macedonian Empire?
3. How does your avatar share the achievements of
Macedonia under Alexander the Great?
4. Peer Evaluation: How well did your group work
together? How did each member contribute?
The Hellenistic World
By bringing together a number of diverse peoples in his empire, Alexander helped
create a new type of culture. It was no longer purely Greek, or Hellenic, but
Hellenistic, or Greeklike.
New Cities
• Appointed officials
from various cultures to
help rule
• Built dozens of new
cities, encouraged
Greek settlers to move
into them
• Most new cities named
Alexandria
Most Famous City
• Alexandria, Egypt
• Located at mouth of
Nile, where it met
Mediterranean
• Ideal location for trade
• Harbor once busiest in
world
Pharos lighthouse
Life in the Hellenistic World
Drastic Changes
• Shift from Hellenic Greece to
Hellenistic world brought drastic
changes to lives
• Most obvious change, how people
were governed
• City-state no longer main political
unit, replaced by kingdom
• Traditional Greek democracy gave way
to monarchy
Hellenistic Achievements
• Blending of cultures brought significant changes
• Exchange of ideas from different cultures
• New advances in philosophy, literature and science
Philosophy
• New schools of philosophy developed
in Alexander’s empire
• One called Cynicism; students rejected
pleasure, wealth, social responsibility
• People live according to nature
Epicureans
• People should seek pleasure,
considered good; try to avoid pain,
considered evil
• To find pleasure, develop close
friendships with people who share
similar ideas
The most influential new school was Stoicism, with emphasis on reason, selfdiscipline, emotional control and personal morality. Stoics believed people should find
their proper role in society and fulfill it.
Science and Technology
• Tremendous advances in science, technology during this period
• Among great Egyptian scholars, Euclid formulated many ideas about geometry we
still learn about today
• Egypt also home of Eratosthenes, who calculated size of the world
• Other Hellenistic scientists studied the movement of the stars; the makeup and
inner workings of the human body
Inventors
• Archimedes, one of world’s greatest
inventors, used knowledge of math,
physics to create devices
• Developed compound pulley to lift
heavy loads; also invented mechanical
screw to draw water out of ship’s hold,
out of deep well
Mechanics
• Other inventors not as ambitious as
Archimedes, but clever in own right
• One built tiny steam engine, used to
power mechanical toys
• Such devices representative of
Hellenistic fascination with mechanics,
technology