Transcript Mauryan/Gupta 550 CE - Marchildon

Unit II
600 B.C.E to 600 C.E
What has changed from Unit I?
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Unit II – the Classical period
More sophistication of civilization
Technology
Established trade networks
Transregional communication and
exchange
• Major religions & philosophies
The “Big” Civilizations
• Persia
• Greece
• Roman Republic & Empire
• Maurya & Gupta
• Qin & Han
Religions that “survived”
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Judaism
Followers of Abraham
Egyptian Exodus – 1300-1200 B.C.E (Passover)
Kingdom of Canaan (Israel)
Ten Commandments and the Torah (teaching)
David (1000-961)
Solomon (961-922)
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First Temple of Solomon
Assyrians – 772 B.C.E
Nebuchadnezzar – 587 B.C.E
Persians and the Second Temple
Jewish Diaspora
Romans
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Zoroastrianism
Zoroaster (1700 – 500 B.C.E)
Scripture – Avesta
Monotheistic
Ahura Mazda v. Ahriman
Influences on Judaic & Christian
doctrines?
• New religions
• How do they start?
• How do they survive?
• How are they influenced by
empire building?
Persian Empire
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Modern day Iran (Persia)
Achaemenid Dynasty (550 – 331 B.C.E)
Cyrus the Great
Expansion – Lydians, Neo-Babylonians, and
Egyptians
• Height – Darius the Great (North Africa to
India)
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Imperial Administration
Susa and Persepolis
Provinces – satraps/satrapies
Transregional communication – Great
Royal Road
• Biggest land empire ever (so far)
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Caste system:
King – (Shahan-Shah)
Warriors
Priests – Magi/Mages (influence of
Christianity)
• Peasants
• Darius the Great – Zoroastrianism (tolerance)
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Fall of Achaemenids
Greek/Persian wars (500-400 B.C.E)
Fell in 331 B.C.E – Alexander
Post Hellenistic Period – Parthians (247 B.C.E.
– 224 C.E)
• Sassanids (224 – 651 C.E)
• Rivals of Rome
• Destroyed by……
Meanwhile…….in India
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After the Aryan invasions:
Caste system established
Aryans conquer Dravidians
India unites
Mauryan Empire (321 – approx. 180 B.C.E)
Why did the Empire rise?
Outside influence/invasion
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A “new” river….
Indus to the Ganges River
Maurya Empire – Pataliputra (capital)
Chandragupta Maurya
Ashoka Maurya
Siddhartha Gautama & the bodhi tree
Kalinga
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Remember these questions:
How do they start?
How do they survive?
How are they influenced by empire building?
Endorsement by a leader
Buddhist influence on Maurya Empire
Rock & Pillar Edicts (Pillars of Ashoka)
• Maurya, Buddhism and Trade (Religious
diffusion)
• 232 B.C.E – RIP Ashoka
• Power vacuum?
• Hinduism -> Buddhism -> Hinduism
• What happened?
• Caste system
• White Huns
The Gupta
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Mauryan fell – 184 B.C.E.
Fragmented states
320 C.E. – Chandra Gupta
Diplomacy (less centralized)
Religious tolerance
Increased trade with Malaysia, Indonesia,
Arabian Sea
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Math – Arabic numerals
Zero
3.14 (piece of the ….)
Patriarchal – women's’ rights decrease
Sati more common
Strengthened Caste system
• Why did the Gupta fall?
• You’ll have to wait…..
Meanwhile….in the Med…
• What happened to the
Phoenicians?
• Carthage
• Oligarchy of merchants
• Competitor of Rome
Hellenes
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1150-800 B.C.E
After fall of Minoa
Small groups on peninsula of Greece
Similar language and gods (Olympus)
Polis
Classical period (500’s – 300’s B.C.E.)
• City-states kings or oligarchs?
• Big dogs:
• Sparta & Athens
Sparta
Athens
• Oligarchy
• Military
regiment (land)
• Helots
• Women’s status
• Concept of
citizenry
• Military (sea)
• Democracy
• Women’s status
Hellenic Society/Culture
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Philosophy
Scientific thought/reasoning
Greek dramas – tragedy & comedy
- Antigone, Oedipus the King, The Trojan
Women
• Homer
• Art, sculpture, & Architecture
Persian Wars
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Athenian colonies in Asia Minor (Pergamon)
Greece – decentralized – task: Unite the polis
Persian Wars – 492-479 B.C.E.
Battles of Marathon, Thermopylae & Salamis
Athens – Delian League, Sparta – goes home
Peloponnesian War (431 – 404 B.C.E.)
“Whale fighting a bull”
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Greeks out, Macedonians in!
Philip II and his son
The Great – 356 – 323 B.C.E
Defeats the Achaemenid Persians
R.I.P – Alexander
Largest empire
Hellenistic Age
When in Rome….Republic & Empire
• Founding of Rome (Romulus and Remus) –
Myth?
• Up to 500 B.C.E – king & rebellion
• Rise of the Republic
• Patricians v. Plebeians
• Oligarchy – Senate and consuls
• Equality between the two classes?
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The Punic Wars (264 – 146 B.C.E.)
Roman Republic expanded like an Empire
Why did the Republic fail?
Roman landowners and the “price” of slavery
Revolts! Plebs, Patricians and slaves
(Spartacus)
• Civil Wars (91 – 30 B.C.E)
• Hail Caesar!
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Roman Law
Twelve Tables
Last Roman King – Tarquinius
Patricians v Plebs (again)
Decemvirate – “Ten Men”
Rules & Procedures
Republic -> Empire
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Being Julius Gaius Caesar
Hero of Gaul
Veni Vidi Vici
Crossing the Rubicon
Ides of March
Get the point?
• Adopted son – Octavian of the
Julian dynasty
• 1st Roman Emperor
• Begins the …
• Pax Romana
Pax Romana
• “Peace of Rome”
• 207 years
• 3 million square miles
• Population 60-80 million
• Minority – Roman citizens
Emperors of the Pax Romana
Julian Dynasty
• Ocatavian Gaius Augustus (27 B.C.E.
– 14 C.E)
• Tiberius (14 – 37)
• Administration
• Paranoid
• Capri
• Caligula (37 – 41)
• Claudius (41 – 54)
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Invades Britain
Competent ruler
Agrippina & Nero
RIP b/c of mushrooms
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Nero (54 – 68)
Good -> bad
Persecution of Christians
Fire of 64 C.E.
Fiddled!
Boudica of Iceni
Suicide ?
Resurrection (Imposters!)
Year of the “Four” Emperors
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The Army takes over
The Army Emperors (68-69)
Galba, Otho, Vitellus
Galba (Stabbed)
Otho (Fell on Sword)
Vitellus (Stabbed)
That’s only three!
Flavian Dynasty
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Vespasian (69 – 79) (The 4th)
Finance & Military reform
Flavian Amphitheater
Died of natural causes
1st emperor to have his own real son inherit
the throne!
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Titus (79 – 81)
Finished the Flavian Amphitheater
Mt. Vesuvius (Pompeii and Herculaneum)
Masada
Dies of natural causes….or did he?
His “last mistake”
• Domitian (81 – 96)
• Disbands Senate
• TREASON!
• EXECUTIONS!
STABBED! A LOT!
The Five Good Emperors
• Senate appoints:
• Nerva (96 – 98)
• Balance between People and Army
• Adoption of Trajan
• Abdicates
• Dies of stroke
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Trajan (98 – 117)
1st emperor from a province (Spain)
He was the (RO)MAN!
Presided over height and power of the
Empire
• Largest expansion
• Died of natural causes
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Hadrian (117 – 138)
Empire is too big
Consolidation of power and reduction of land
Hadrian’s Wall
Lots of public works and projects (Hadrian’s
Dome)
• Dies of heart failure
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Antoninus Pius (138 – 161)
Public Works
Child welfare and education
“family values”
Weakened army
Adopted a son – Marcus
Transfers control and dies
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Marcus Aurelius (161 – 180)
Held back barbaric invasions
Wrote Meditations
Names his son as co-ruler
Big issue: Commodus is cray
He dies in modern day Vienna of old age
Ends the Pax Romana
Other Emperors of Note
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Diocletian
Split Rome into two – West and East
Constantine
Concentrated on the East
Constantinople
Conversion to Christianity
Why Did They Fall?
• Compare & Contrast Them:
The Fall of Han China, the
Mauryan/Gupta Empire, &
Rome
• 2 major causes of decline threaten any
empire:
• Internal
• Such as economic depression, natural
catastrophes, and social unrest
• External
• for example, invading armies.
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China will return as
China
India will return as
India
Rome will return as
???
Western Rome
• Tax revolts by upper class and
church exempt from taxes
• 25 of 26 emperors died violently
in one 50 year span
• Division of empire weakened the
western half
• Decrease in trade upon which
economy depended
• Unable to defend against
migratory invasions of
Barbaric/Germanic tribes
Mauryan/Gupta 550 C.E.
• Not enough taxes for military defense
• Land divisions increased power of
provincial officials
• Unable to defend against invasions by
outsiders
• The “White Huns”
Han China 220 C.E.
• Officials exempt from taxes; difficult
to collect from peasant population
• Population increase lead to less land
per family
• Corruption of court officials
• Unable to control large estate
owners
• Plague
• Constant invasions from
outside forces
• “The Huns”
What about Women’s Status?
• Compare and Contrast the status of
women Politically, Religiously or Sociably
in 2 of the 3 classical empire:
• Rome/Greece
• India
• China
• All – patriarchal society
• India = caste system
• China = strict Confucian social
order/virtuous behavior
Land/property
• Rome – a little
• India – none and not allowed to
inherit property
• China – property = sons only
Education
• All – women could be educated
• Greece/Rome – upper class –
high literacy
• India – could read but forbidden
to read religious texts
• China – upper class – high literacy
Citizens?
• Greece/Rome – nope (except for
Sparta)
• India – nope
• China – nope
Marriage/Business
• All could run/own business
• Greece/Rome – could own business and
inherit as widows. Could remarry, political
divorce
• India – Arranged marriages with large
dowry/widows could not remarry
• China – arranged marriages/widows could
remarry
Religion
• Greece/Rome – women could participate/later
could be nuns in Catholic Church
• India - Women could not achieve moksha
• China – Buddhist and Daoist – balance male
and female
• Ying yang