Transcript greecethroughpersianwars

Ancient Greece
from the Minoans to the
Macedonians
Map Label
•Crete
•Anatolia
•Peloponnesus
•Greece
•Macedon
•Ionia
•Aegean Sea
•Black Sea
•Med. Sea
•Ionian Sea
•Dardanelles (Hellespont)
Use Atlas Pages 6-7
In Key – Shade
Greek territory in 7th century
•Cities (mark with a dot)
•Athens .
•Sparta .
•Knossos .
•Troy (Ilium) .
2
3
4
Greek Contributions to Western
Civilization
5
Table of Contents
I. Minoans and Mycenaeans
II. Greek Mythology- http://csdela6.wikispaces.com/file/view/6th+Grade+Greek+Mythology+Activities.pdf III. Introduction to Greek Life – The Greek Polis
IV. Impact of Geography on Ancient Greece
V. Evolution of Greek Governments
VI. Athens vs. Sparta
VII. The Persian Wars
VIII. The Golden Age of Pericles
IX. The Peloponnesian War
X. Conquest of Greece and the Rise of Alexander the Great
XI. The Hellenistic Age
II. The Dark Age of Greece
A. Shortly after Trojan War, Mycenaean civ. collapses
•Around 1200 B.C. sea raiders attacked and burned palaces.
•A new group, the Dorians, moved into Greek lands
1.they have no written language, and are far less advanced
2.trade and economy collapsed
3.no written records exist between 1150 – 750 B.C.
4.This Doric Period is called the Dark Age of Greece
7
III. The Epics of Homer
A. Lacking writing, Greeks learned about Trojan War through spoken word.
B. Greatest storyteller was a blind poet named Homer
•750-700 B.C. Homer composed two great epic poems:
•The Iliad and The Odyssey
1.The Iliad = Trojan War - Greek Achilles vs. Hector of Troy
2.The Odyssey = Odysseus’ 10 year journey home after the war
•The poems celebrated heroic deeds & values.
•Poems were used to teach values important to Greeks.
8
The Twelve Olympians, in Greek mythology, were the principal gods of the Greek pantheon, residing atop Mount Olympus.
There were, at various times, fourteen different gods recognized as Olympians, though never more than twelve at one time.
Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, and Artemis are always considered Olympians.
Hestia, Demeter, Dionysus, and Hades are the variable gods among the Twelve. Hestia gave up her position as an Olympian to
Dionysus in order to live among mankind (eventually she was assigned the role of tending the fire on Mount Olympus).
Persephone spent six months of the year in the underworld (causing winter), and was allowed to return to Mount Olympus for
the other six months in order to be with her mother, Demeter. And, although Hades was always one of the principal Greek gods,
his home in the underworld of the dead made his connection to the Olympians more tenuous. The Olympians gained their
supremacy in the world of gods after Zeus led his siblings to victory in war with the Titans; Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter,
Hestia, and Hades were siblings; all other Olympians (with the exception of foam-born Aphrodite) are usually considered the
children of Zeus by various mothers, except for Athena, who in some versions of the myth was born of Zeus alone. Additionally,
some versions of the myth state that Hephaestus was born of Hera alone as Hera's revenge for Zeus' solo birth of Athena.
Greek Mythology
Essential Understanding:
Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was
central to the culture, politics, and art in Ancient.
Essential Question:
How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the
natural world and the human condition?
Greek Mythology = polytheistic religion
- Explained mysteries of nature and human life
-Gods directly involved in human life
-Gods displayed human qualities/characteristics
-Gods believed to have lived on Mount Olympus
Table of Contents
Greek Mythology continued
Essential Understanding:
Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and
idealized images come from ancient Greek mythology.
Essential Question:
What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and
the modern world?
Greek Mythology
- Major deities = Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Athena, Hades, Apollo,
Artemis, Aphrodite
- Romans adopt Greeks gods but change names
- Things we see and say everyday come from Greek mythology.
Table of Contents
Greek Gods and Goddesses
God/Goddess
Image
God/Goddess
Zeus
Hades
Hera
Apollo
Poseidon
Artemis
Athena
Aphrodite
Image
Greek Gods and Goddesses:
Symbols and images in
Western culture
Zeus
Hera
Zeus’ wife and sister
Poseidon
God of the Sea
Hades and Persephone
Athena
Goddess of Wisdom, Peace and
Defensive war.
Aphrodite
Goddess of Beauty and
Erotic Love
Apollo
God of the Sun, Music, and Poetry
Hermes
The Messenger God
Prometheus
He was a champion of human-kind known for his wily intelligence, who stole fire
from Zeus and gave it to mortals. Zeus then punished him for his crime by having
him bound to a rock while a great eagle ate his liver every day only to have it
grow back to be eaten again the next day.
Impact of Geography on Ancient Greece
Table of Contents
Big Question – How did the geography of
Greece shape economic, social, and political
development and patterns of trade and
colonization?
Mountains covered 75 % of terrain, separating
Greece into small isolated regions. City-states
develop.
No central government!
Scarcity of level land for farming grains
caused rivalries between city-states.
Rugged, hilly terrain was ideal for
growing crops such as grapes and
olives.
Many deep harbors and calm waters
invited sea trade.
Overseas trade and travel
made easy by many seas,
islands, and coastal settlements.
Lack of resources and farmland
+ overpopulation forced
Greeks to establish colonies.
Spread of Greek culture!
Greek City-States
Back to Ancient
Greece
Grapes
Olives
Back to Geography
Greeks colonize throughout Mediterranean and Black Seas
Back to Geography
Need to colonize
Colonize in grain-producing regions to import back to homeland
27
Evolution of Greek Governments
Monarchy – earliest form of government in Greece; rule by a king
*Citizenship in the Greek Polis
•Who were “Citizens” in Greece?
Where did the right to rule usually come from in a monarchy?
Hereditary rule and often claiming divine right
Aristocracy - rule by small group of noble, land-owning families
•Free adult males
•Only ones with political
rights and participation in
government.
What would be a drawback to an aristocracy?
•Who were not “Citizens” in
Greece?
Did not represent the masses. Very few had right to
participate in government.
•Women, foreigners and slaves
have no political rights
Oligarchy – rule by a few powerful people
Why do you think oligarchies eventually lost power?
Rulers did not look out for good of the people.
Became self-serving; and people revolted.
Tyranny – rule by one who took over by force/through revolt
How and why did early tyrants often come to power?
Tyrants appealed to the poor & discontented promising
changes and reform.
Democracy –
rule by the people
How did Athens’ democracy differ from ours today?
Athens had narrow definition of “citizenship”. However,
Athenian gov’t expected participation.
Table of Contents
Introduction to Greek Life
Things to Know
An outdoor lifestyle – the mild
Mediterranean climate promoted an
outdoor civic & cultural life.
The Agora – open area gathering
place in the center of the polis;
center of social, economic and
political life.
Hellenic culture – Greeks
refer to themselves as
Hellenes; Greek culture =
Hellenic culture
Ancient Greece
The Acropolis – a fortified hilltop in the
center of many city-states. The most
famous is the Acropolis in Athens. The
most famous building on the Acropolis is
the Parthenon.
Four Bonds that United All Greeks
•Common language & literature – Homeric epic & others
•Religion – Greek mythology connected to all Greeks
•Olympic Games – united city-states in competition; 1st
held in 476 B.C.
•Fear of the Persians – Defense of homeland unites Greeks
Greek Polis = City-state - an
urban center and the countryside
surrounding it.
Ancient Greece consisted of
hundreds of independentlygoverned city-states
Greeks considered themselves
members of their polis, not of a
country.
Table of Contents
The Agora in Athens
The heartbeat of the Greek polis
Back to Ancient
Greece
The Acropolis in Athens
Back to Ancient
Greece
Back to Ancient
Greece
•Golden Age notes
33
•Golden Age note
“Parthenon”
Nashville, Tennessee
34
•Golden Age notes
35
The Olympic Games – built rivalries and competition among Greeks
Next Olympic slide
Back to Ancient
Greece
Back to Ancien
Greece
Persian Empire under Darius
Back to Greece
Evolution of Democracy in Athens: 5.2
1.
What was the primary cause of conflict between rich and poor in Athens?
2.
Describe the tyrant Draco’s positive reform for Athens.
3.
Where did Draco’s reforms go wrong?
4.
List the Tyrant Solon’s positive reform efforts
5.
How did Pisistratus gain the support of the poor?
6.
What steps did Cleisthenes take to create a limited democracy in Athens?
Warring City-States - 5.2
1. How did Sparta treat the Messenians?
Made them Helots, peasants
forced to stay on the land they
worked and turn over half
their crop
2. What was the primary cause of conflict
between rich and poor in Athens?
Struggle over political power
3. What type of society did Sparta create
in response to the revolt?
Strong, highly disciplined
military state
4. What economic and political reforms did
Solon initiate?
Outlawed debt slavery, gave more
power to the Assembly, allowed all
citizens to bring legal suits,
encouraged overseas trade.
Back to Athens vs. Sparta
5.
How did Pisistratus gain the support of
the poor?
Gave funds to peasants to buy
farm equipment; created jobs by
launching building programs
6.
What steps did Cleisthenes take to
create a limited democracy in Athens?
Reorganized law-making assembly,
allowed all citizens to introduce laws,
created Council of Five Hundred
chosen by lot to counsel assembly.
7.
What advantages did the Greek
soldiers have over the Persians?
Discipline, training, heavy armor,
and the phalanx formation
8.
What were the consequences of the
Persian Wars?
End of Persian threat and emergence
of Golden Age of Athens
41
Athens vs. Sparta
Government?
Culture?
Education?
Men?
Women?
42
Comparing Athens and Sparta
Two powerful but different Greek city-states
Athens
Government
Basis of Society
Life for Boys
Life for Girls
Sparta
Powerful Athenian Navy – Athenian Trireme
44
Powerful Spartan Army
Powerful Athenian Navy
45
Athens vs. Sparta
Table of Contents
5.2 Wkbk
Two city-states with very different views
Type of
Government
Athens
Democracy
Assembly = All citizens; Assembly
Government
participation passed laws + served as supreme
court
Council of 500 – randomly chosen
- proposed laws
Boys – school from age 7-18
Education
•Studied literature, math, drawing,
and military
music, & rhetoric
duty
•At 18 – served 2 years in military
•Strongest Greek navy
Position of
women
Girls – no formal ed.
•Learned household duties: weaving,
baking, child care
•No gov’t participation!
Sparta
Oligarchy
Council of Elders – proposed laws
Assembly – elected officials, voted on
issues
Ephors – carried out laws; courts
2 kings – commanded military
Life revolved around military!
•Boys – Age 7, went to military
barracks; learned to read, write & use
weapons. Soldiers from 20-60
•Strongest Greek army
Expected to be healthy & strong =
healthy babies
•Gymnastics, boxing, wrestling
•More personal rights than other
women
•Still, no gov’t participation
Critical Intro
• What were Greece’s disadvantages
against the Persians? Advantages?
47
The Persian Wars
Table of Contents
Greek city-states vs. Persian Empire
490 – 479 B.C.
1st Persian War
•Begins with Ionian Revolt
•Battle of Marathon
Persian War organizer
2nd Persian War
•Battle of Thermopylae
•Battle of Salamis
•Battle of Plataea
Major Events of the Persian Wars
Back to Persian Wars
Persian Wars
50
Next phalanx
Back to Notes
Spartan War Machine – Powerful Army
53
Back to Persian Wars
Ionian Revolt
Persia
Ionia
•546 B.C. – ______________
conquers Greek settlements of _____________.
Ionians revolt
•499 B.C. – _________________________
against Persian rule.
Athens
•_____________
sends troops to help Ionians fight Persians. Athenians destroy Persian town.
King Darius
•Persia’s _______________________________
sends troops to put down the revolt.
•After 5 years, Persia suppresses the revolt. Persia back in control.
attack mainland Greece
•Darius decides to _____________________________________________
to punish Athens.
Ionia
1st Persian War
Battle of Marathon
Back to Persian Wars
Aegean Sea
•490 B.C. – Darius sent his fleet across ______________________________
to attack Athens.
Marathon
•Persian landed on the beaches of ________________________;
Athenians attacked them there.
Greeks
•________________________
attacked while the Persians were preparing to board their ships.
Persians
•____________________
were defeated and sailed home rather than attack Athens directly.
2nd Persian War
Back to Persian Wars
Battle of Thermopylae
10 years
•________________
after Marathon, Darius’ son Xerxes invades Greece from the north
___________.
300 Spartans
•_____________________________
and other Greeks decide to fight Persians at Thermopylae.
mountains
sea in northern Greece.
•Thermopylae = narrow strip of land between ________________
and _____
Spartans
•________________
hold back massive Persian army long enough for other Greeks to escape.
they become heroes
•Persians surround Spartans and all 300 Spartans are killed; _____________________________.
2nd Persian War
Back to Persian Wars
Battle of Salamis
•______________________
and troops destroyed Athens.
Xerxes
Strait of Salamis
•Athenians led Persian fleet into narrow ______________________________________
•Persia’s _______________________________
crowded together in the narrow strait.
larger heavier ships
destroying most of the Persian fleet.
•Greece’s lighter faster ships rammed Persian ships, _____________
Xerxes
retreat for home
•____________________
and most of the Persian army ______________________________.
•Xerxes ________________________________________
to continue the fight.
leaves one army
End of Persian Wars
Back to Persian Wars
Battle of Plataea
•Spring of 479 B.C. – _______________________________
continued their assault
Persian army
40,000 Greeks
Plataea
•_________________________,
led by the Spartans, met the Persians at ________________.
•The _________________________________
the Persian army, the Persian Wars were over.
Greeks destroyed
Results of the Persian Wars
•Athens and Sparta united to defeat Persians.
•Greeks retain control of Aegean Sea.
•Athens leads Greece into Golden Age.
•Athens forms Delian League; alliance of 140 city-states.
•Delian League drives Persians out of bordering areas.
•Athens establishes an “Aegean Empire”.
•Golden Age notes
Delian League = foundation of Athenian Empire