Transcript Rise of Christianity

Valentine’s Day Cards
*Create a Valentine from yourself to a historical
figure/event we have studied in class.
*Make sure to include a historical connection that
shows you have an understanding of the
significance of that person/event within history.
The History of Valentine's Day!
From these famous dictators to you….with love!
Example
Dear “
“,
Love,
WarmUp #3
• What are 3 differences between the Classical &
Hellenistic Eras in Ancient Greece.
• Who won the Peloponnesian War?
• What was a long-term consequence of the
Peloponnesian War?
Chp. 6: Self-read & study!
The founding of Rome
• Etruscans (had kings/tyrants) THUS…
• Romans (wanted republic)
– Patricians
– Plebeians
• law: 12 tables (including trials!)
• elect officials
• veto power
Punic Wars:
Rome was expanding: defeated Etruscan & Greek cities in
southern Italy…then it went further south into Sicily &
came up against the Carthaginians. Thus, WAR!!!
Punic Wars: 264-146 BC
• wars between Rome & Carthage for control of
Mediterranean Sea
• 1st Punic War: fought over Sicily…Rome won!
• 2nd Punic War ~218-201 BC: Carthage, led by Hannibal,
engaged in a sneak attack on Rome. Using elephants, they
came through Spain & over the Alps Mountains.
– defeated the Romans but didn’t conquer Rome
– Rome raised up a new army & slowly pushed the
Carthaginians out
– Scipio invaded Carthage
 3rd Punic War: Rome
completely destroyed Carthage
Republic to Empire:
~Senatorial Power:
*Senators were patricians
*took land from poor, thus the poor had nowhere to go…so they
came to Rome
~Gracchi Brothers
*Tiberias & Gaius tried to pass reforms (i.e.-taking land from the rich
& giving it to the poor.)
*killed by Senators
~Roman Army Interferes:
*Marius recruited soldiers & promised land for service
*poor could rise through ranks of society
*soldiers loyal to general (not Rome)
*generals used armies to attack Rome
*civil war for 50 years
~60 BC: 3 leaders formed the First Triumvirate
*Julius Caesar: general in Gaul (France)
*Pompey: general in Spain
*Crassus: richest man in Rome
~Crassus died & the Senate voted for Caesar to give up his
command, but he refused = civil war between Caesar & Pompey
~Caesar won & in 44 BC, he became dictator: absolute ruler
*killed by Senators
Caesar & Pompey
Second Triumvirate:
• After Julius Caesar’s death, 2nd Triumvirate formed:
– Octavian: Julius Caesar’s adopted son & heir
– Marc Antony: Julius Caesar’s ally & friend
– Lepidus: a priest
• ended in civil war: Octavian v. Antony & Cleopatra
(they committed suicide)
• Octavian becomes Caesar Augustus
– ruled 31 BC-14 AD & given title, Augustus (revered one)
• controlled army & politics
• extended Roman power into Egypt & Europe
– always trouble w/ Germanic tribes
• emperors chose successor: not hereditary
• emperors took power from Senate & became more
corrupt (Caligula, Nero)
• Pax Romana: time of peace & prosperity under 5
Good Emperors
• expanded empire & built Hadrian’s Wall in Britain,
but eventually was too big & had to pull back
• peace > increased trade > new items in empire >
people become richer
• huge gulf between rich & poor
Pax Romana: ~14–180 AD
MAP: analyze & questions on pg. 175
Roman Art & Culture
Roman Architecture
• copied Greeks: statues (realism)
• for architecture: used arches,
domes & vaults to create huge
structures (Pantheon)
• aqueducts: hugely important to
bring water to city for drinking,
bathing, etc.
• had sewer system
• road system: incredible, as over
50,000 miles paved
Pantheon, Aqueducts, Roads
Roman Literature
• ideas copied from Greeks
• height of Roman literature under Caesar Augustus (Octavian)
• Virgil wrote Aeneid (pg. 182)
– founding of Rome
– showed duty, piety & faithfulness
• Livy: main historian, as he saw history as series of moral lessons
Family Life
Paterfamilias: dominant male in family…& controlled family business
Education in home until 16
boys: formal school
girls: got married
patriarchal: women always under protection of male guardian
-adoption
Slavery:
• slaves: people captured in foreign wars
– Greeks, Carthaginians, Nubians, Germans, Jews, Syrians, etc.
– slaves in home
– slaves outside the home
• Gladiators:
– slaves trained to fight to death
for the entertainment of Romans
• slaves not treated well,
leading to many revolts
(i.e. Spartacus)
• Rome was overcrowded &
not safe at night
• many public buildings:
baths, markets (forum),
temples, theaters,
amphitheaters (coliseum)
• most poor lived in insulae:
huge apartment-like
buildings
• Caesars tried to appease the
masses with grain &
entertainment
– chariot races (Circus
Maximus), gladiatorial
contests & theater
productions
Daily Life
Entertainment:
• …Already long ago, from when
we sold our vote to no man,
the People have abdicated our
duties; for the People who
once upon a time handed out
military command, high civil
office, legions—everything,
now restrains itself and
anxiously hopes for just two
things: bread and circuses…
• …iam pridem, ex quo suffragia
nulli uendimus, effudit curas;
nam qui dabat olim imperium,
fasces, legiones, omnia, nunc
se continet atque duas tantum
res anxius optat, panem et
circenses.
• (Juvenal, Satire 10.77–81)
WarmUp #4
• Who were the two powers fighting the Punic Wars?
• How did the Punic Wars finally come to an end?
• In ancient Rome, senators belonged to which social
class? (two main social classes)
• Who made up the 1st Triumvirate?
• Why did people like the Gracchi brothers & Julius
Caesar get killed?
Homework (previews future…)
• Chp. 6 Section Assessments
– Section 3: #1-2 (pg. 182)
– Section 4: #1-4 (pg. 187)
– Section 5: #1-3 (pg. 191)
Rise of Christianity:
Roman Religion:
• basically borrowed from
Greeks, but changed
names
• polytheistic, added
gods/goddesses over
time (Isis from Egypt)
• emperor (Caesar)
worshiped as a god
• believed this kept
empire strong &
peaceful
Jewish Background:
• monotheistic
• Rome (under Pompey) directly ruled Palestine/Judea
– ~60 BC
• Jews differed on how to relate to Romans
– Pharisees: completely opposed to Rome & lived apart
– Sadducees: worked with Rome to gain power
– Essenes: lived apart from everyone
• never a peaceful co-existence, as Romans tried to force Jews to
worship emperor, leading to an open rebellion
• 66-70 AD: the Roman army fought the Jews & defeated them
under Titus: completely destroyed Jerusalem & temple 70 AD
Destruction of Jerusalem
Life of Jesus:
•
•
•
•
born ~4 BC in Bethlehem near Jerusalem
grew up in Galilee (northern Palestine)
traveled in Palestine, teaching & performing miracles
main teachings:
– God’s transformation of a person: most important, not rituals
– people should love God first, then others
– humility, charity & love for others
• very controversial: crucified by Pontius Pilate (Roman governor in
Palestine) for possibly being a revolutionary vs. Rome
• rose again & appeared to His followers (disciples)
– Christmas: celebrates His birth
– Good Friday (3 days before Easter): celebrates His death
– Easter: celebrates His resurrection
Jesus' message to others- Love Your Enemies
Teachings of Christianity:
• monotheistic: God of Judaism
• Jesus is God’s Son & came to die for sins of humans
• people who believe in Jesus will be saved & after
death, be in Heaven forever
• people who do not believe will be separated from
God forever (in hell or in the “lake of fire”)
• cannot earn salvation: God’s gift
• personal relationship with God
through Jesus
Maps: Palestine during time of Jesus & modern day Israel/Palestine
Document: “New Testament” pg. 185
Map: analyze “Spread of Christianity” on pg. 186 & answer questions
Beginning & Spread of Christianity
• Jesus’ followers: disciples & leaders: apostles
• at first, considered just to be another sect of Judaism
• spread by disciples as they went around Roman Empire
– best known are Peter & Paul (Jewish, formerly Saul)
• biographies of Jesus (Gospels) & Pauline letters of theology
• at first, tolerated by Romans, but soon persecuted because
Christians would not worship emperor
(fed to lions, Nero, etc.)
• people were killed because of beliefs :
– martyrs
called Jesus “Christ” from Greek word Christos
meaning Messiah (restoring Kingdom of David)
Triumph of Christianity:
• persecution lessened under 5 Good Emperors
– Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius
– picked up again with Diocletian
• persecution forced Christians to organize
• only those truly committed, would convert
• people interested because of spiritual equality & strong
community (strong sense of help)
• Constantine: 1st Christian emperor (battle in 312 AD)
• issued Edict of Milan: giving religious toleration to Christians
• Theodosius made Christianity, the official religion of the Roman
Empire in ~391 AD (outlaws non-Christian sacrifices)
– polytheism started disappearing throughout Empire
Comparing Religions
Judaism
Beliefs:
(afterlife,
creation, main
concepts etc)
Founder, gods,
people:
Holy books/
texts:
Location:
(where it was
founded &
where it spread)
Buddhism
Hinduism Christianity
WarmUp #5
• Give two differences between Roman polytheism &
Christianity.
Decline & Fall of Roman Empire
Decline of the Roman Empire:
• 79 AD: Pompeii destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius
– some saw this as judgment
• death of Marcus Aurelius ended Pax Romana ~180 AD
• followed by time of chaos
– power struggles for emperors
– Invasions
– Germanic tribes revolting
• from 235-284 AD: 22 emperors (all but 1 assassinated)
• economic troubles & inflation (rapid increase in prices)
• plague
• began to hire Germanic tribes for military
Late Roman Empire:
• Diocletian ruled 284-305 AD
– divided empire into 4 sections
• most income: to administration or the military
• when Diocletian died, civil war commenced
• Constantine won civil war
– became emperor ~312 AD & consolidated power
• created new capital at Constantinople (formerly called
Byzantium)
• divided empire into 2 sections:
– West centered @ Rome
– East centered @ Constantinople
Istanbul, not Constantinople
Fall of Rome:
MAP: pg. 189 & Questions
• 1. Germanic tribes became problematic
• 2. from north/east:
– Huns moved from Asia & pushed Eurasian tribes into the Roman Empire
– Vandals moved into Roman territory & revolted ~378 AD
• causing senseless destruction
– Visigoths (led by their Christian king Alaric): sacked Rome ~410 AD
• “strange & uncouth peoples milling about”
• 3. from south:
– Vandals moved through Spain & North Africa to sack Rome again: 455 AD
• 4. from north:
– Romans joined Visigoths to fight Huns in Gaul (France)
• defeated Attila, the leader of the Huns, in 451 AD
– Attila tried to attack Rome, but left b/c of Pope Leo I
• finally Rome fell 476 AD when Odoacer, Germanic
head of army, deposed last Roman emperor
Fall of Western Roman Empire
Theories as to the Fall of Rome:
• Christian emphasis on spiritual kingdom weakened
Roman military state
• traditional Italian values slipped as more non-Romans
gained citizenship & power
• lead poisoning weakened people’s mental state
• plague wiped out 1/10 of the population
• Rome did not advance technologically b/c of slaves
• Romans could not put together a good political system
Forensics in History: pg. 190
No one theory can completely explain why the Roman
Empire fell: it was a combination of reasons…
Assignment:
Create a BUMPER
STICKER advertizing
the theory YOU
THINK played the
LARGEST role in the
fall of the Western
Roman Empire.
Be sure to add visuals, a catchy
slogan, utilize color, be creative
& neat…& it should be the size
of an actual bumper sticker.