Transcript Chapter 5 Byzantium and Islam

Chapter 5
Byzantium and Islam
Hagia Sophia, Justinian’s Cathedral
as it looks today. Note the added
minarets from the Ottoman Period
The only classical society that survived in
the centuries after 400 C.E. was the
a.Roman Empire
b.Han Dynasty
c.Mauryan Dynasty
 d.Byzantine Empire
What position does the center definition of Council of
Chalcedon represent? The Orthodox Positon
Which of these views caused many Egyptian Christians
to adopt Islam? Monophysitism
Put the Rashidun (or rightly-guided
caliphs) in correct order
a. Omar, Ali, Uthman, Abu Bekr
 b. Abu Bekr, Omar, Uthman, Ali
c. Uthman, Abu Bekr, Ali, Omar
d. Ali, Uthman, Omar, Abu Bekr
What three elements combined to
form the Byzantine Empire?
Roman Law
Greek Culture
The Christian Religion
What was the result of the Battle of
Yarmuk?
The Bulgarian king Symeon was
defeated
Anatolia was overrun by the Seljuks
Sicily was overrun by the Ottomans
 The Byzantines lost Palestine and Syria
Ibn Rushd's reliance on natural reason
went too far for many Muslims
a.because of his criticism of Muhammad
b.because of his questioning of the
existence of Allah.
c. who didn't like his respect for
polytheistic religions.
d.who placed more value on the
 revelations of the Quran than on human
logic.
What Christian heresy teaches that there
is only one God and Christ was created
and therefore, although Christ was divine,
he was created by the Father and
therefore inferior?
Arianism
Who finally suppressed Iconoclasm?
The Empress Theodora
When? 843 C.E.
Who were the Malawi?
Slave soldiers who served the Umayyads
Islamic Judges
Radical Shiites
 Non-Arab converts to Islam
Persian Poets and Historians
R
S
B
C
AN
A
Put an R over Rome
Put a C over Constantinople
Put an A over Alexandria
Put a B in the middle of the Balkans
Put an AN over Anatolia
Put an S on Sicily
From whom did Byzantium’s superb
bureaucracy take its origin?
Justinian
 Augustus
Heraclius
Theodosius
The Byzantines called themselves
Romans but what language did they
speak?
Greek
Who was the English historian who
believed that Christianity corrupted
Roman courage and evaluated Byzantium
in a negative light?
Edward Gibbon
The founder of the Umayyad Dynasty was
a.Abu Bekr
 b.Mu’awiya
c.Abu al-Abbas
d.Harun al-Rashid
Which of the following was a
daughter nation of Byzantium?
Persia
Gaul
 Bulgaria
Spain
What Christian heresy took the
second commandment literally and
tried to ban or destroy all religious
pictures?
Iconoclasm
Which notable Protestant Reformer of the
sixteenth century was an Iconoclast?
John Calvin
What were Qadis?
 a.Judges
b.Governors
c.Teachers
d.Poets
This emperor ruled the ____________ Empire
in the 6th century C.E.
a. Roman
b.Carolingian
c. Persian
 d.Byzantine
What was the dual legacy of the
Byzantine Empire?
1. Byzantium preserved Greco/Roman
culture
2. Byzantium spread its own unique
culture to its daughter states in
Eastern Europe and Russia.
Over the sweep of history, between
what two law codes does Justinian’s
Corpus Iuris Civilis stand?
The Code of Hammurabi
c. 1810 - 1750 B.C.E.
Napoleon’s Code of 1804 C.E.
The Sufis believed
a.in reconciling the spiritual and rational
worlds.
b.that they, and not the Umayyads, were the
legitimate rulers of the Islamic world.
c.
in
an
emotional
and
mystical
union
with

Allah.
d.that the leadership of the Islamic world had
to pass through the line of Ali.
Who was the Emperor who moved his
capital out of Rome, issued the Edict of
Milan and called the first Church Council
at Nicaea?
Constantine
In 380, which emperor made
Christianity the State Religion of the
Roman Empire.
Theodosius
What was the result of the Battle of
Manzikert?
The Bulgarian king Symeon was
defeated
 Anatolia was overrun by the Seljuks
Constantinople was saved
The Byzantines lost Palestine and Syria
Pendative style of
Hagia Sophia’s _______________
architecture created a huge open space for
worship, which the Basilica could not – and was
copied by Russian and Muslim builders for
centuries to follow.
Who was Justinian’s empress and advisor
who came from a “shady” background but
who did much for women and is
considered a Saint in the Orthodox Church
today?
Theodora
Which of the following statements are
not correct?
Belisarius defeated the Visigoths
XBasil II was the last Byzantine emperor
XHeraclius was the last Roman emperor
Justinian built Hagia Sophia
Syncretism
_________________is
the combination or
fusion of different forms of belief, practice,
technology or cultural traditions
Theme System
The Byzantine __________________
not only
reflected the old citizen-soldier ideal of
ancient Rome, but also provided an extremely
flexible method of countering external threats,
since armies could be raised quickly from men
who had a stake in protecting their land and
farms.
Who was the Norman Viking who took
Sicily and Southern Italy from Byzantium?
Liutprand
Alaric
Tamerlane
 Robert Guiscard
Skyscrapers tower this over this ancient and
holy shrine of the Ka’ba in__________
a.Medina
b.Istanbul
 c. Mecca
d.Baghdad
From what country did Arabic numerals
originate?
a.Arabia
b.Iraq
c. Iran
 d.India
Who first developed the idea of Caesaropapism
or the concept that the emperor is head of
church and state?
Constantine
What happened between Rome and
Constantinople in 1054 CE?
The pope and patriarch mutually
excommunicated each other
How was the role of women in the Islamic
world influenced by the Arabic conquest of
Mesopotamia and Persia?
a.female infanticide was declared illegal.
b.Islamic society became much less
patriarchal.
c. polygamy was outlawed.
 d.Islamic society became more patriarchal.
Who annihilated a Bulgarian army in the
Battle of Kleidon in 1014?
 Basil II
Constantine XI
Heraclius
Robert Guiscard
The turning point in the rise of Islam was
The Hijra
The word Islam means: Submission
The Shia or Shiites believed that the
descendants of Ali were
The only legitimate caliphs (rulers)
Who was the first true Byzantine
emperor?
Justinian
Augustus
 Heraclius
Constantine
What were Madrasas?
Taifa
Harems
Muslim institutions of higher education
Another name for Shiite Mosques
Wazirs
Which of the Following best
describes Byzantium?
 Transmitter Society
Innovative Society
Secular Society
Islamic holy law was and is known as the
a.Quran
 b.Sharia
c. Ulama
d.Madrasas
In 325 C.E. the Council of Nicaea
a. established the boundary line between the
Eastern and Western Roman empires.
b.accepted the Nestorian view of the solely
divine nature of Jesus.
c. accepted the Manichaean view that Jesus
was only a spirit.
d.decided that Jesus possessed both human
 and divine natures.
Name this building.
Hagia Sophia
Who built it?
Justinian
What new industry, transmitted to the Islamic
world from China, was introduced to Europe
during the Abbasid period?
a.steel production
b.bronze production
 c. paper production
d.textile production
He was a descendant of Muhammad's
uncle and allied with Shiites and with
non-Arab Muslims to launch rebellion
against the Umayyad dynasty; founded
the Abbasid dynasty
 a. Abu al-Abbas
b. Abd al-Rahman
c. al-Mansur
d. al-Mustasim
What one word describes the overarching
efforts of the Byzantines during the
seventh and eighth centuries?
Survival
During this Period of Survival, Byzantium's
heartland had been defined. What was it?
Anatolia and the Balkans with much of
Sicily and some holdings in Italy
Who was the eleventh century Persian
theologian and Sufi who argued that Greek
philosophy and human reasoning were
vain pursuits that would inevitably lead to
confusion rather than understanding, and
that only through devotion to Allah and
guidance from the Quran could human
beings begin to appreciate the uniqueness
and power of Allah.
al-Ghazali
Who demanded gold, black pepper and
farm land before the walls of Rome?
Attila the Hun
 Alaric
Theodosius
Robert Guiscard
Minarets
What are the six tall structures
surrounding this mosque called?
Which of the following is NOT correct?
a. Muslims must acknowledge Allah as the only God
and Mohammad as his prophet.
b. Muslims must observe a fast during the daylight
hours during the month of Ramadan
 c. Muslims must contribute alms or the jizya for the
relief of the poor
d. Muslims must, if financially and physically
possible, must make the hajj and make at least
one pilgrimage to Mecca to honor Mohammed.
What did the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II
accomplish?
He conquered Sicily and Greece
He defeated Tamerlane
He won the Battle of Manzikert
 He conquered Constantinople
What city did the Fourth Crusade sack?
Constantinople In what year? 1204
Who crushed the Ottomans in 1405?
Tamerlane
What did that mean for Byzantium?
It gave Byzantium another fifty years of
life
He was renowned in both the Muslim and Christian
worlds for his leadership and military prowess tempered
by his chivalry and merciful nature. In 1171, he ended
Fatimid power; in 1187, he reconquered Jerusalem; he
later held the city against the attacks of the Third
Crusade, but agreed to a treaty whereby unarmed
Christian pilgrims were given access to the holy city
a. Ibn Rushd
b. al-Ghazali
 c. Saladin
d. Harun al-Rashid
The Shia believed that
a.the Umayyad dynasty were the only
legitimate rulers.
 b.the caliphate should follow the line of Ali.
c. that Allah was the main, but not
necessarily, the only god.
d.leadership in the Islamic world could fall to
any true believer.
This now famous church was once a mosque. In
what country is it located?
a. Greece
b. Italy
 c. Spain
d. France
Which of the following statements are not
correct?
Nestorianism rejected the divinity of Jesus
Xof Nazareth.
The Byzantine Senate was advisory only
A Solidus was sometimes called a Bezant
Women had greater freedom in Byzantium
Xthan in Rome
He was Justinian’s’ brilliant general who
launched military campaigns to reconquer the
West and by 533 had brought Italy, Sicily,
northwestern Africa, and southern Spain under
control of the Byzantine Empire.
a.Constantine
b.Heraclius
c. Symeon
 d.Belesarius
Whom does this describe? Their emphasis was
emotional and mystical. They stressed that the
human intellect was too weak to truly
understand Allah and that more heartfelt
devotion was needed. They did not demand
converts become doctrinally pure Muslims and
allowed the converts to continue to follow their
pre-Islamic religious customs.
a. Umayyads
b. Abbasids
 c. Sufis
d. Fatamids
The Quran
 a. is the holy book of Islam.
b. were the priests who watched over
the Ka'ba.
c. was Muhammad's journey to Yathrib.
d. is the law code of Islam.
Who described the Byzantine emperor as, “a
monstrosity of a man, a dwarf, fat headed, and
with tiny mole’s eyes” and Constantinople as
sleazy and dirty?
Liutprand, the Bishop of Cremona
Who came to Muhammad and told him that
there was only one true God (Allah) and that
Allah would soon bring judgment on the world.?
The Archangel Gabriel
Justinian's most important and long-lasting
political achievement was
his reconquest of the western half of
the Roman empire.
his democratic reforms.
his attempts to find a compromise
between the Monophysites and the
Orthodox religious parties.
 his codification of Roman law.
He was a famous caliph whose reign (786-808 C.E.)
brought the Abbasid dynasty to its high point; he was
known for his support of artists and writers, lavish
living, and luxurious gifts; his death led to civil war
over succession between his sons seriously
damaging Abbasid authority.
a. Ibn Rushd
b. al-Ghazali
c. Saladin
 d. Harun al-Rashid
The Battle of Tours. What
details shows that this is a
Western version of the Battle?
Innocent mother and child, center; the cross, upper left; facial
features: bold vs monstrous; terrified woman, upper right
ss
Julius Köckert's painting of Harun al-Rashid receiving the delegation of
Charlemagne (painted in 1864). Is it more favorable to Islam? How?
Now the Islamic women are frightened; Harun al-Rashid is seen as a
civilized ruler; Western knights have a barbarian feeling about them.
What theology emphasized the divinity
of Jesus at the expense of his humanity?
Arianism
 Monophysitism
Nestorianism
Iconoclasm
Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in
a.410 CE
b.711 CE
c.1204 CE
d.1453 CE
In what year did Muslim armies conquer
the Hindu Kingdom of Sind and invade
Spain from North Africa?
a. 410 CE
 b.711 CE
c. 1204 CE
d.1453 CE
What were Wazirs?
a.Judges
 b.Governors
c.Teachers
d.Poets
Historians use the term Caesaropapism to refer to
a. the European struggle between church
and state.
b. the split between the Roman Catholic and
Greek Orthodox churches.
c. the attempt by later Roman emperors to
abolish the papacy.
 d. the system where the emperor had a
mixture of political and religious authority.
Why is the Abbasid Age considered a Golden Age?
a. It is marked by the rule of the “golden”
monarch, al-Ghazali.
b. It used a golden calf as a symbol of unity
c. It used gold as the standard coinage
throughout the empire
 d. It created a higly cultured and refined
society in Baghdad
Which of the following statements about
Constantinople is not true?
 a. it was built in an attempt to vitalize the
impoverished eastern half of the Roman
empire.
b. it was constructed by Constantine.
c. it allowed the imperial court to keep watch
on the Sassanid empire in Persia.
d. it was built because the eastern half of the
empire was the wealthier and more
productive part of the empire.
The Abbasid dynasty differed from the
Umayyad dynasty in that
 a.it was not a conquering dynasty.
b.it was much less cosmopolitan than its
predecessor.
c. it conquered a much larger territory than
its predecessor.
d.it stressed the Shia sect of Islam.
Who was the Seal of the Prophets?
a.Jesus of Nazareth
 b.Muhammad
c. Ali
d.Saint Simon Stylites
What do cotton, eggplant, paper, rice,
watermelons and coconuts have in
common with the Dar al Islam?
They were all new crops and industries
that were introduced into Islamic lands
What was tacking? What did it allow ships
to accomplish?
Tacking is moving at an angle against
prevailing winds which allows a ship move
into the direction of a forward wind.
What was the Umma?
a.Islamic Law
 b.Muhammad’s tight knit community
c. Muhammad’s retreat in 622
d.Another name for the Hajj
What civilization
produced this mosaic?
a. Roman
b. Greek
c. Byzantine
d. Celtic
Which of the following statements are not
correct?
Iconoclasm and Islam both take the second
Commandment literally.
al-Ghazali (1058-1111), was a Persian Sufi,
mystic and theologian
XSufis wee doctrinally pure Muslims
The Third Crusade led to the founding of
X
the Kingdom of Jerusalem [It was the 1st]
From what country did Arabic numerals
originate?
a.Arabia
b.Iraq
c. Iran
 d.India
Which Christian heresy taught that Christ had
one will and so therefore could have two natures
perfectly joined?
Monotheletism
The ideas papal supremacy or the use of
leavened or unleavened bread in the Eucharist,
or whether or not priests wore beards, or what
calendar was used to fix the date of Easter led to
what East-West rupture in the Church?
The Great Schism of 1054
Who wrote the following?
"A Book of Verses underneath the Bough,
A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread--and Thou
Beside me singing in the Wilderness-Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!"
Averroes
al-Ghazali
Omar Khayyam 
Abul-Abbas
In what book did Omar Khayyam write
these verses?
The Rubaiyat
Who was the founder of organized Byzantine
monastic communities which adopted his idea of
a single rule of life?
Saint Basil of Caesarea
Who were the Fatamids who weakened the
Abbasid Caliphate? What did they conquer?
The Fatamids believed that they were the
descendants of Fatima, the daughter of
Muhammad and wife of Ali. In the early tenth
century, they established an empire, which
included Egypt, North Africa, Sicily and Syria.
What city did they found?
Cairo in Egypt
Which of the following two statements best
describe the advantages of the Byzantine
Empire?
X The skill of their diplomats
The enormous size of their armies
Their cultural superiority
X Constantinople’s strategic position
Which of the following statements best
describes the work of the wife of Justinian, the
Empress Theodora?
She restored the sacred Icons
She murdered Justinian and took his throne
 She founded hospitals for women
She invented the Cyrillic Alphabet
Who was the successor of Abu al-Abbas who
moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad
where his court soon became a center for the
study of Islam?
Mu’awiya
Malik Ibn Anas
 al-Mansur
Nur al-Din
What does this old manuscript depict?
Greek Fire, a mixture of sulfur, lime and
petroleum which twice destroyed Arab fleets
and saved Constantinople.
Whom did Muhammad identify as the first
Muslim and the builder of the Ka’ba?
Abraham
Why is the year 622 C. E. important?
622 was the year in which Muhammad
made his tactical retreat from Mecca to
Hijra
Medina which was called the __________
and marked the starting point of the
Islamic Calendar
Which of the following statements best
describes the work of the Empress Irene at the
Second Council of Nicaea in 787 C. E.?
 She restored the sacred Icons
She murdered Justinian and took his throne
She founded hospitals for women
She invented the Cyrillic Alphabet
Who destroyed the Qanat watering system
in Iran because of their nomadic heritage?
The Seljuk Turks
Who were the Buyids?
They were Persians from Northern Iran
who, in 945 C. E., seized the Abbasid
Caliphate and ruled from behind the
Caliph as a mere
scenes keeping the ________
figurehead.
Who was the last Abbasid caliph, whom the
Mongols had wrapped in a rug and trampled to
death with their horses in 1158?
Mu’awiya
Abu al-Abbas
 al-Mustasim
Saladin
Which of the following statements best
describes the Byzantine Empire?
Only the elites were serious about religion
 Basic literacy was widespread
Their farming methods were the best in the world
Byzantium lacked a strong banking system
Who was a twelfth century Muslim
philosopher (1126-1198), known in the
west as Averroes. He was called the
Shârih
_________
[or Commentator] because of his
explanations of Aristotle. He sought to
articulate a purely rational understanding of
the world; had profound influence on the
development of European scholasticism
during the 13th century? Ibn Rushd
What was his other name? Averroes
Who were the slave soldiers that, having
converted to Islam and recruited by the
Abbasid caliphs in the ninth century, became
over time a powerful military caste?
Fatamids
Madrasas
Buyids
 Mamlukes
Who was the one Umayyad prince, who
escaped the Abbasid massacres and became
the Emir of Cordova in Spain?
Harun al-Rashid
al-Mansur
 Abd al-Rahman
Nur al-Din
Who defeated the Sassanids and
returned the true cross to Jerusalem?
Basil II
Julian
 Heraclius
Belisarius
What type of
boat is
pictured on
this stamp?
a Junk

a. Dhow
a Frigate
a Caravel