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• What characteristics make
someone/character a hero?
• What characteristics make
someone/character a
villain?
Alliance of Caesar, Crassus, & Pompey
Lasted from 60 B.C.E. – 53 B.C.E.
Combines the abilities of 3 powerful men:
Caesar: enormous popularity and great
legal reputation
Crassus: great wealth and influence
within the Equestrian order
Pompey: great spectacular wealth and
military reputation
Pompey thinks that Caesar’s
popularity will make him
consul
Tells Caesar to disband his
army & report home
Caesar agreed to resign if
Pompey did also
The Senate demands he
immediately disband his army
& return home
Caesar denies the request and marches his
army across the Rubicon River
This is a sign of war
Caesar has committed treason by crossing
the Rubicon with his army
“Ilia iacta est.” (“The die has been cast.”)
Pompey & the Senate’s
legions fight Caesar’s
in Greece
Pompey is defeated
and flees to Egypt
Caesar’s men find him
and kill him
Caesar continues on
toward Egypt
Caesar defeated
Ptolemy's army
Makes Cleopatra the
ruling pharaoh
Falls in love with her
and she gives birth to
his son, Caesarion
Caesar returns to Rome &
is elected dictator for life
Helps the poor get jobs
Expands Rome’s territory
Increases soldier’s
salaries
Creates the Julian Calendar
The Senate is upset about how
much power he has
Caesar sees an oracle
who tells him “Beware
of the Ides of March”
Caesar is stabbed 23
times by his closest
friends, Brutus and
Cassius
“…et tu, Brute?”
Assassination of Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.E.) in Roman Senate.
Painting (19th century), by Vincenzo Camuccini.
Caesar’s friend Mark Antony,
adopted son Octavian, & the
politician Lepidus Form the
Second Triumvirate
But then they turn on each
other and Octavian defeats
Marc Antony
Octavian becomes the first
Roman Emperor and changes
his name to Caesar Augustus
Antony also met and fell in love
with Cleopatra
They had several
children together
When Antony
realized he was
defeated he
committed suicide
Cleopatra killed
herself soon after
Writing Assignment
• Write an obituary for Caesar that
could have been read at his
funeral. Include information on:
–His accomplishments
–How he died
–Surviving family
–The effect of his death on society
EXIT TICKET
• Who would you consider
the heroes in this story and
who are the villains?
• Explain your reasoning
for both sides.