Transcript Rome Test Review

Rome Test Review
Test Format
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Matching
Multiple Choice
Short Answer
Essay
Mapping
1. How is Rome’s geography similar
to Greece? How is it different?
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Similarities –
Lots of coastline
 Mountainous
 Not enough fertile land to support population
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Differences –
The Italian Peninsula is 3 times bigger than Greece.
 Greece has better harbors
 Rome is located in a more centralized area
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2. Explain how the Tiber River was
significant to the development of
Rome.
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Rome was built on the banks of the Tiber river,
24km from the coast.
The river was wide enough for boats to travel
(good for trade and transportation)
Used for sewers and aqueducts
3. Name the three eras of Roman
history that we studied.
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For over 200 years,
Rome was a Kingdom (The Etruscans)
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For about 500 years,
Rome was a Republic (Punic Wars, Caesar)
For about 500 years,
Rome was an Empire (Augustus, Gladiator)
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4. Who were the Etruscans?
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Early settlers in the Italian Pennisula
5. What did the Etruscans have in
common with the Greeks?
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City-states
Art
Alphabet (similar to the Greek
Believed that the Gods controlled man (predestiny)
6. Compare the Etruscan and Roman
military. Which was stronger? Why?
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The Roman Military was no match for
Etruscans.
Etruscans
A) Enforced compulsory military service training.
 B) Troops organized and experienced.
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Romans
A) Summoned men only when necessary.
 B) Men had to supply own weapons.
 C) Only wealthy aristocrats.
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7. Who was Tarquin the Proud?
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The last Etruscan ruler
an oppressive king who opposed the wishes of
the people and scorned religion.
8. How did the Etruscan rule come
to an end?
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In a popular uprising, the Romans overthrew
Tarquin the Proud and declared their
independence.
9. What are five areas in which the
Etruscans influenced Rome?
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From the Etruscans, the Romans learned:
How to use the arch
 How to build huge aqueducts
 How to build harbours, urban drainage systems and
walled cities.
 Metal skills.
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Many of the Etruscans religious beliefs became a part
of Roman life.
Romans took their alphabet from the Greeks and the
Romans changed it to fit their own Latin Language.
This alphabet formed the basis of the many written
languages, including English, French, Italian and
Spanish.
By the end of the Etruscans period, the Romans
accepted the idea of a compulsory military service and
had solidified their views of the government.
This paved the way for the Roman Republic.
10. Who were the patricians?
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Original aristocracy of Rome
 Had been distinguished citizens who advised
Latin kings
 Played leading role in overthrowing Etruscans
Wealth based primarily on ownership of farmland
and/or urban real estate
11. Who were the plebeians?
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Free men who could not trace their ancestry back
to advisors of Latin kings
 Number swollen by immigrants who moved to
Rome during Etruscan period
 Many were well-off and served in the army
under Etruscans
 Etruscans had promoted their interests and
protected their civil status
12. Why was there conflict between
the patricians and the plebeians?
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Patricians would not let them share in
government
Result was long-term power struggle within Rome
as patricians attempted to preserve their exalted
status and monopoly of political power and
plebeians tried to gain a share of power that
corresponded to the contribution they made to
Rome’s success and prosperity
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With overthrow of Etruscans the plebeians lost their
protector
13. How did Rome make allies of the
people it conquered?
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Following each conquest, Rome made allies of
its defeated enemies by adopting a policy of just
treatment and leniency.
1) They took only a portion of the conquest lands
allowing the conquered people to keep the rest.
 2) Conquered peoples kept their own customs, local
gov,and laws, although they had to acknowledge
Roman leadership.
 3)Rome did not take slaves and gave some people
citizenship rights.
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14. Describe the Roman military
during the Republic era.
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1)All citizens who owned land ( farmers and nobles)
had to undergo training and serve in the military.
2) Introduced a system of pay ( very little) for poorer
citizens
Soldiers had to feed, clothe, and arm themselves while
fighting far from home in long military campaigns.
3) Organized troops into legions of 4000 to 5000 men.
Divided into smaller units called COHORTS or
COMPANIES.
15. What was the League of Italian
Nations?
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Early in the 5th Century BCE, Rome Established
a League of Italian Nations and began to fight
for control of the Italian Peninsula.
Their first territorial interest was outside of Italy
in Africa. This marked the beginning of the
Punic Wars.
16. Who was involved in the Punic
Wars?
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Rome versus Carthage
17. Why did the First Punic War
start?
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The purpose of the Punic Wars was Roman
territorial expansion (Rome’s first). Rome
interested in:
The Carthaginian ports (on islands of Sardinia and
Sicily (wheat))
 The Carthaginian navy posed a threat and hurt
Roman trade along the west coast of Italy. Romans
wanted to control Mediterranean Sea
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18. What was Rome’s weakness
during the First Punic War? How
did they overcome this?
This first “Punic” War was a naval war.
Early on, Rome had no experience in naval warfare and
struggled on the sea.
But, Rome redesigned its’ fleet with the ships being able
to hook on the side of the enemy boats allowing the
troops to fight on the enemy’s deck.
Carthage surrendered Sicily, and Rome replaced
Carthage as the major power in the Mediterranean.
Rome's victory was mostly due to its persistent refusal
to admit defeat or accept anything but total victory.
19. Who was Hannibal?
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Hannibal, commander of Carthage’s army in
Spain.
According to legend, Hannibal swore that he
would remain an enemy of Rome for life.
20. How was Hannibal’s attack on
Rome unexpected?
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Hannibal attacked from the north (completely
unexpected) as the Romans considered the
towering Alps as a natural defence barrier.
21. What was the result of the Second
Punic War?
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Carthage forced to pay a huge fine and
surrender its empire.
The Second Punic war is the turning point in
Roman history as Rome is forced to adjust to
another increase in its empire size (Spain,
France, Africa). Hannibal becomes a mythical
legend and Italy must rebuild after 16 years of
bitter fighting.
22. What happened in the Third
Punic War?
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Carthage violated the peace treaty by building up its
military strength once again.
Rome feared yet another ‘Hannibal’
Rome decided the city must be destroyed in order to
end the many years of War.
Romans plundered, burned and ploughed the city of
Carthage.
All people who were not killed were sold into slavery.
North Africa was now a province of Rome.
23. What are three results of the
Punic Wars?
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Rome had conquered Carthage’s entire empire
becoming the most powerful state of the
Mediterranean (expanding into Greece, Egypt and
Asia Minor.
Rome still hurting from 100 years of war is now
forced to rule a bigger empire.
The strains of ruling such a large area would
eventually be the downfall of Rome.
Roman countryside was destroyed due to century
of warfare.
24. Why did the Republic start to
decline?
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The success of the republic coincided with the
beginning of its decline. As Roman territories
grew, unrest in Rome grew.
25. What was the Roman mob?
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As territory grew supply of grain also grew
creating a surplus on the home market, forcing
the price down.
Small farmers received so little for their crops
that many went into debt and had to sell their
lands to the Patricians (the elites in Rome) and
merchants grew richer on the booty from the
wars and profits made in trade.
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The poor moved into Rome looking for help.
Lived in overcrowded buildings (firetraps) where
disease was a constant concern.
Control over the army (to control the masses)
became the key to success.
26. How was the army reformed
towards the end of the Republic?
Soldiers no longer had to own land
 Army full-time professional force
 Service lengths were for a term of 16 to 20 years.
Many of them were landless poor and they wanted a
share in the military booty and a piece of land when
they retired.
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27. What were the three keys to
ruling Rome?
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Three steps to Ruling Rome. Future leaders
would:
Gain command of a professional army
 Use army, for Rome’s sake, to gain booty for
themselves and their soldiers, thus winning the
army’s undying loyalty
 Used army to march into Rome and seize power.
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28. Who was Julius Caesar?
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Caesar led his army to glory, conquering Gaul
and raiding Britain. His military success made
him a hero and he used the opportunity to sieze
power.
29. What is a triumvirate?
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At first Caesar ruled with two other generals,
Crassus and Pompey.
They completely disregarded the principles of
the Republic and formed a powerful
TRIUMVIRATE or rule of three men.
30. What reforms did Julius Caesar
make?
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Made many reforms to strengthen Rome and
protect himself
Gave people in the provinces the right to
become citizens (ensuring loyalty to Rome).
Expanded the Republic’s territory in North
Africa, France, Greece and Spain. Sent
unemployed Romans to settle in these areas.
Increased pay of soldiers, securing their
alliances as well.
The end of Caesar
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Senate feared Caesar’s power and his ideas
(declared himself First Citizen (or ruler of
Rome)). This fear led to a conspiracy, led by
Brutus and Cassius to murder Caesar and save
The Republic. Caesar stabbed to death.
31. Who was Augustus?
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Caesar supporters avenged his murder by killing
more than 2,000 people. The ruler AUGUSTUS
emerged and
HIS RULED MARKED THE END OF THE
REPUBLIC AND THE BEGINNING OF
THE EMPIRE.
What reforms did he make?
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Introduced a number of key politcal and social reforms.
Est. a unit called the PRAETORIAN GUARD (9
cohorts of 500 men each) which acted as body guard
for him and his family
Shared control over the provinces with the Senate.. he
would control newer territories where the army would
still be located thus keeping control over the army.
Create buffer territories where kings would keep their
thrones as long as they maintained the peace and
prevented any foreign armies from invading Roman
territory
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Continued Caesar’s policy of granting
citizenship to people in the provinces
More equal tax system
Wanted to go back to traditional values of
Roman Republic, encouraging devotion to
family and religious duties.
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32. Who were the five good
emperors? How were they
chosen?
Each Emperor was to select a younger, capable colleague to train
as a “caesar” or successor.
High point in imperial Rome.
ALL KEPT THE SENATE INFORMED, CONSULTED
WITH IT AND SUBMITTED LEGISLATION FOR ITS
APPROVAL.
The efforts of the FIVE GOOD EMPERORS resulted in
almost a century of stability
Taxes kept low and provided work. During the Roman Peace
the civlization developed and flourished.
Hundreds of cities were built thru the territories, linked by a
network of paved roads while Latin became the common
language throughout the empire (French, English, Italian,
Portuguese and Romainian)
33. How did the Roman Empire fall?
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Began in the 2nd century CE when enemies to
the north and east began crossing the
boundaries and plundering Roamn territory.
The empire was so big that even the many
roman legions could not hold back that
threatened several different border regions at
one time.
By 300 CE many areas like Gaul and Britain
were revolting
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Diocletian decided to make co-emperors. Himself (to
rule the eastern provinces from the city of Nicomedia
in Asia Minor) and Maximian to rule the western half
from the city of milan in Italy.
Rome no longer either the capital of the empire or the
centre of power. The roman senate no more than a
city council.
Constant attacks from Barbarians (Germanic tribes
from the west and Huns from the east) eroded away at
the power base of the empire until the Germanic
peoples finally conquered Rome (Rome has “fallen”) in
476 CE