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FINALLY LEGAL!
313-529
Constantine the Great
• Emperor of the Roman Empire 306337
• Vast military achievements.
• Brought the Western and Eastern
halves of the Roman Empire under one
ruler (had been split by Diocletian).
• Decreed the Edict of Milan
• Called for the first Legal Church Council
in Nicaea
• Was baptized a Christian on his
deathbed in 337
Read Primary Source
Constantine’s Conversion
On the back of the source answer these questions with
your shoulder partner.
1. What did Constantine witness as described in Ch. 28
2. What convinced Constantine of the significance of what he
saw?
3. Draw a picture of Constantine’s new standard based the
description.
4. What does Constantine resolve to do after his experience?
Battle of Milivian Bridge – 312 A.D
• Constantine v.s Maxentius (tyrant ruler who started war)
• Before the battle Constantine saw a cross of light in the
sky with the words “In hoc signo vinces” – “In this sign you
shall conquer”
• That night, Jesus appeared to Constantine in a dream
and told him to adopt the Cross as his symbol instead of
the Roman Eagle.
• Constantine then ordered his soldiers to paint the Chi Ro
symbol on their shields.
Victory!
• Constantine won the battle after a sever struggle.
• Maxentius died in battle, thousands died and the
remnants of his army had fled.
• This battle showed how the Christian God was more
powerful than pagan gods.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-UiDLRxLz-g
Edict of Milan 313 A.D
• Attributing the success of battle to God Constantine and
the Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire devised this
new decree.
• Devised by both Constantine (Western Roman Emperor) and
Licinius (Eastern Roman Emperor) met at Milan
• Established Religious freedom within the Empire
• Christianity was now legal!
Positive Effects of the Edict
• Christianity is now legal
• Clergy exempted from taxation
• Churches were empowered to receive donations.
• Public business and servile work were forbidden on
Sundays.
• Paganism slowly devolves with Constantine’s support of
Christianity.
• Christians are now politically involved
• Christian Architecture and buildings develop
Negative Effects
• Christianity is now “easy”  insincere Christians.
• Caesaropapaism- Refers to the dual role of head of state
and leader of the Church in which the temporal ruler
extends his own powers to ecclesiastical and theological
matters.
• Demanded that the Papcy be in Constantinople
• Called Church councils w/o permission from Pope
• Made the Church a department of Government.
Founding of Constantinople 326 A.D.
• Lincinus failed to uphold the Edict of Milan and began to
persecute Christians in 321 AD.
• Declared war on Constantine in 324 A.D. – lost two
battles and his life was spared then executed in
Thessalonica.
• Constantine becomes the SOLE Emperor of the Roman
Empire.
• Moves the “seat of empire” from Rome to Byzantium –
soon called Constantinople.
Julian the Apostate 361-363
• Baptized a Christian and was
taught the religion.
• His tutor sowed seeds of hate
towards Christianity.
• Upon the death of
Constanatius Julian declared
himself the Emperor and
marched into Constantinople.
• At this time he also proclaimed
himself a pagan and offered
sacrifices to gods.
Under Julian’s Reign
• Christians forbidden to teach classical literature.
• Christians were forced to give back the pagan shrines
they had adapted
• Removed tax immunities and other privileges of the
clergy.
• Tried to mimic Church structures within paganism
Goodbye Paganism
• Julian the Apostate died in battle against the Persians and
with him paganism
• Paganism had lost its appeal among the populace.
• After Julian Christianity is re-established as the official
religion of the Roman Empire.
• Laws were established to suppress Paganism.
• By 529 all unbaptized had no civil rights
Early Church Councils:
Background
 Ecumenical Council – a gathering of bishops and
theologians from around the world for the purpose of
defining Catholic doctrine or of voicing the Church’s
position on or approach to a particular matter.
 Ecumenical Councils of the era:
Nicaea
Constantinople
Ephesus
Chalcedon
Arianism
• Claimed that Jesus is not of the substance as
God and that he is not eternal – very similar to
Greek superheroes so it was appealing to
Hellenists
• Arius – leader, a very charismatic man who
appealed to the people
• Orthodox teaching: homoouisos – God and Jesus
are the SAME substance
1st Ecumenical Council of Nicaea
• Called by Constantine (still a Catechumen!) in 325
What is this an example of?
• Response to the Arian controversy
• An attempt to prevent division in the Church
• Result: The Nicene Creed “true God from true God,
begotten not made, one in being with the Father”
(Arius said “of similar being”)
Lessons learned from
Arian Controversy and Nicaea
1. Controversies over Christian teaching have
existed from the early years
2. Councils provide opportunities for the Church
to settle controversies
3. Wise leaders emerge during conflicts
4. Christianity is not just concerned with eternal
issues, but also the temporal
Some Church Fathers
Latin
St. Ambrose of Milan
St. Augustine of Hippo
Pope St. Gregory the Great
St. Jerome
St. Hilary of Poitiers
Greek
St. Athanasius
St. Basil the Great
St. Gregory of Nyssa
St. Gregory of Nazianzus
St. John Chrysostom
All Write Round Robin
1. Put away notes
2. One sheet of paper, one writing utensil per group
3. Alternate the writer every question
4. You will have 60 sec. per question.
5. Winner gets candy
*There are 40 possible points.
Questions
A. List as many positive effects of the Edict of Milan that
we covered.
B. List as many negative effects of the Edict of Milan that
we covered.
C. List as many Ecumenical Councils as possible.
D. List as many Church Fathers as possible.
Doctor of the Church
Doctor Ecclesiae- a specific title granted by the
pope to those whose development of theology
and personal sanctity are exemplary.
List of the Doctors of the Church
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Saint Ambrose (c. 340-397),
Saint Augustine of Hippo (c. 354-430),
Saint Jerome(c. 343-420
Saint Gregory the Great (c. 540-604),
Saint Athanasius (c. 297-373),
Saint John Chrysostom
Saint Basil the Great (c. 329-379
Saint Gregory of Nazianzus (c. 330390),
Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274
Saint Bonaventure (c. 1217-1274
Saint Anselm of Canterbury (10331109),
Saint Isidore of Seville (c. 560-636),
Saint Peter Chrysologus (c. 400-450
Saint Leo I, the Great (c. 400-461),
Saint Peter Damian (1007-1072
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (c. 10901153),
Saint Hilary of Poitiers (c. 315-368),
Saint Alphonsus Liguori (1696-1787),
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Saint Francis de Sales (1567-1622),
Saint Cyril of Alexandria (c. 376-444),
Saint Cyril of Jerusalem (c. 315-386),
Saint John Damascene (c. 675-749),
Saint Bede the Venerable (c. 673-735),
Saint Ephrem the Syrian (c. 306-373),
Saint Peter Canisius (1521-1597),
Saint John of the Cross (1542-1591),
Saint Robert Bellarmine (1542-1621),
Saint Albert the Great (c. 1200-1280
Saint Anthony of Padua (1195-1231),
Saint Lawrence of Brindisi (1559-1619),
Saint Teresa of Ávila (1515-1582),
Saint Catherine of Siena (c. 1347-1380
Saint Thérèse of Lisieux (1873-1897),
Saint Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)
Saint John of Avila (1500-69)
St. Ambrose of Milan
• 339-397
• Very intelligent- studied law
• Jobs: Lawyer, governor, Bishop of Milan
• 390 St. Ambrose excommunicates Emperor Theodosius
for slaughtering 700 villagers in Thessalonica.
• Forbade the emperor to enter a Church and to receive
Holy Communion.
• Emperor goes through sacrament of penance- after 8
months St. Ambrose pardons the emperor.
• Defender of the faith especially against Arianism.
Saint Augustine
• 354-430
• From a North African affluent family
• Father: pagan
• Mother: Christian  St. Monica
• A hedonist for much of his early life If it sounded fun, he would do it.
• Became a Manichean – belief that one god created good and
another created evil
logically then he couldn’t be responsible for his sins
• Manichaeism became less satisfying, so he became interested in
Plato’s theory of the spiritual reality
Augustine’s Conversion
 Recognized the Truth of Christianity but he
didn’t want to give up the fun.
Famous saying: Lord, give me chastity, but
not yet!
 All the while St. Monica was praying for his
conversion
 One day, he heard a child’s voice calling
“take and read”  so he picked up a Bible,
opened it randomly and found Romans
13:13-14:1
Romans 13:13 -14:1
Let us conduct ourselves properly as in the
day, not in orgies and drunkenness, not in
promiscuity and licentiousness, not in rivalry
and jealousy. But put on the Lord Jesus
Christ, and make no provision for the desires
of the flesh. Welcome anyone who is weak in
faith, but not for disputes over opinions.
• Baptized at the age of 33
• Began a monastery in Africa
• Elected Bishop of Hippo
• Famous saying:
“Our hearts are restless, O Lord, until
they rest in you.”
Augustine Takes on Heretics
Donatists
 Questioned the validity of sacraments based on
the holiness of the minister
 Based on the belief that apostasy could never be
forgiven
Augustine said
 Sacraments don’t depend on humans, but come
from God
 All humans – even priests are flawed, so they
are constantly going to be disappointed
 What about grace?
Augustine Takes on Heretics
Pelagians
• Said that humans could get to Heaven without the help
of grace
• Reacting to the state of moral laxity  trying to make
people take responsibility
Augustine said
• Without grace there would be more sin and violence in
the world
• Remember Original sin
Augustine Writes
Confessions
• The story of Augustine’s
life
The City of God
• Written in response to the
fall of Rome in 410
• Explains the relationship
between the city of God
(the selfless) and the city
of Man (the selfish)
St. Jerome
• 354-430
• Produced the Latin
translation of the Bible
called the__________
• 2 passions:
Scholarship and
ascetical life.
Greek Church Fathers:
St. Athanasius
• 297-373
• Bishop of Alexandria
• Fought against the
Arian Heresy.
• Champion of Council
of Nicaea
St. Basil the Great
• 329-379
• Ascetic- set standard
for Eastern
monasticism.
St. John Chrysostom (Golden Mouthed)
• 344-407
• Patriarch of Constantinople
• Criticized the moral laxity of Constantinople.
• Was exiled 2 times by the Empress. (example of
tensions between church and state).
Teambuilding Tuesday 2/3
Share with your team your greatest passion and why you
have such conviction for it?
St. Blaise (Blase)
Council of Constantinople 381
• Final form of the Nicene Creed
• Confirmed that the Holy Spirit is the
same substance as the Father and
the Son
• Establishes the Bishop of
Constantinople as a Patriarch.
Pentarchy and Patriarchs.
• Traditionally there were 3 patriarchs or “chief
Bishops” – Rome, Alexandria, Anitoch.
• Eventually bishops of Jerusalem and
Constantinople gained Patriarchal privileges.
• 5 main bishops- Bishop or Rome is “first among
equals”
Council of Ephesus 431
• Denounced Nestoriuus
• Proclaimed Mary as Theotokos: Mother of
God (God Bearer)
Nestorianism
• Founded by Nestorius, a priest
• Christ is two persons, one human, the other divine
• Mary only gave birth to the human person
Nestorianism Heresy Continued
• Nestorius’ teaching separated the
two natures of Christ into
separate persons.
• He challenged the idea of Mary
being the Theotokos (God
bearer). He advocated for the
term Christotokos (Christ bearer).
• This idea was too close to the
false teaching of “adoptionism” –
the idea that Christ had been
born a man then was later
“adopted” as God’s sign.
Council of Chalcedon 451
• Condemned Monophysitism
• Affirmed Papal Primacy through Tome of Leo "Peter has
spoken through Leo“
• Papal Primacy – the Bishop of Rome is due the respect and
obedience of the other apostolic sees.
Monophysitism
• Founder: Eutyches, an abbot
• Christ had only one nature, a mixture of human and
divine
Location
Date
Issues
Outcomes
Nicaea
325
Constantine
Arianism
(JC=different
substance/not
divine)
•Declared Jesus, the son of
God, is homoousios (coequal,
consubstantial and coeterna)l
with the Father
•Nicene Creed written
Constantinople
381
Theodosius
Macedonianism
•Confirmed Council of Nicaea
•Affirmed deity of HSp
•Condemned Apollinarianism
Ephesus
431
Theodosius II
•Nesrorianism
•Pelagianism
•Condemned Nesrorianism and
Pelagianism
•Defined the divine maternity of
the BVM
Chalcedon
451
Marcian
Monophysitism
(JC = divine
only)
Condemned Monophysitism
(still in India and China)
Orthodoxy vs. Heresy
Catholic Teaching (Orthodoxy)
- Jesus and God are of the same being- homoousios
-Hypostatic Union- 2 natures subsisting in 1 person
Arianism (Heresy) – Jesus and God are of similar being/substance
Apollinarianism(Heresy) – Jesus has divinity but it overshadows his
humanity.
Nestorianism (Heresy)– Jesus 2 persons with distinct natures.
Monophysitism (Heresy) – Jesus 1 person 1 nature “mixed”
Fan and Pick
Discuss each heresy (and the orthodoxy). Who, What
council, what is it.
A - Hypostatic Union
K – Arianism
Q – Apolinarianism
J – Nestorianism
10 – Monophysitism
Defining Terms
Person – A unique end in which we can communicate,
interact and love. Love is the only adequate response for a
person.
Nature – The underlying quiddity or structure of something.
Natures, according to Aristotle provide an end.
Human Nature – That which makes all humans human.
“Humaness”
Divine Nature – That which make God God. “Godness.”
DO NOT EAT M&M’s until I tell you to!
With your group try to come up with a way to illustrate each
heresy with your M&M’s.
Raise your hand when you think you have the proper
illustration.
Arianism
Divinity = White
Humanity = Red
Person = Circle
Apollinarianism
Divinity = White
Humanity = Red
Person = Circle
Nestorianism
Divinity = White
Humanity = Red
Person = Circle
Monophysitism
Divinity = White
Humanity = Red
Person = Circle
Why is this Important?
• Quick Theology
It is necessary that Jesus
is both full Divine and fully
Human.
Jesus’ humanity allows
him to “repay” the debt of
our sins as a human.
Jesus’ Divinity allows for
the Covenant between
God and humanity to end.
Thus Salvation
• Covenants only end
when one of the
parties die. (Ex.
Marriage)
• Covenant between
Jews and God. Either
the Jews die or God
does. Out of His love
God sacrifices his Son.
Beginning of Monasticism
St. Anthony of Egypt 251-356
A.D.
"If you want to be perfect, go,
sell what you have and give to
the poor, and you will have
treasures in heaven; and come,
follow Me“
St. Anthony and takes this to
heart. Gives all of his property
to the poor. Begins life as
hermit
St. Anthony continued
• Lived a hermit lifestyle
but still gained many
followers.
• Tempted and harassed
by the devil. Overcame
the temptations
• Began monasticism
movement, living in
“cells” (solitary rooms for
monks)
• Catholicism’s first hermit
What is Monasticism?
• Pertaining to, or
characteristic of a
secluded, dedicated,
or austere manner of
living.
• Living the simple life,
devoted to God,
fasting, prayer,
community.
• Poverty, Chastity,
Obedience
Monasticism
 Comes from Greek Meaning alone or single
 Began by the “desert fathers” in N. African deserts and




moved East
Chose the desert for solitude and its Biblical precedent
An attempt to follow Jesus by surrendering life in a new
way
Called the “white martyrdom”
Main focus: contemplative prayer – being silent before
God
* particularly attractive because many felt the “world”
was too noisy and had too much power over them
Rally Robin – Shoulder Partner
(Partner list as many things back and forth)
What are the benefits of living as a hermit or monk?
Rally Robin – Back Partner
What would be some difficulties of living as a hermit or
monk?
Early Monks
•
•
•
•
Saint Anthony of Egypt
First known monk (desert
father) around 270
Very wealthy background
Felt Jesus was inviting him
to take his words personally
 “go sell everything and
give it to the poor” and “be
not concerned about
tomorrow”
Known for his wisdom and
sought as a spiritual guide
by new monks
Saint Pachomius
• Established the 1st monastery
in 320 in Egypt
• Lived a very militaristic and
rigid monastic life
• Associated with Horseisius
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

Saint Basil
353- wrote a rule for a
community of Monks to follow
to lead them to holiness
Father of Eastern monasticism
Something new: monks living
together in monasteries
His rule stressed simplicity of
and obedience to a superior
His sister, St. Macrina began
forming convents according to
his rule
Has been lived constantly for
the last 1650 years!
Saint Benedict
 529 – Established the
Benedictine rule
 Father of Western
monasticism
 Credit with a rule that
balanced work and prayer 
“ora et labora”
2 Types of Monasticism
Eremitical or Antonian
• Living alone as a
hermit.
• Only coming together
in very small groups.
• Created because of St.
Anthony
Cenobitical or Pachomian
• Monks were organized
into certain trades they
were good at.
• Focused on work rather
than solitude
• Further developed by St.
Basil the great into
communities who worked
and prayed together.
The Barbarian Tribes
• Barbarian – named after the way the Romans thought the
sounded (“bar bar”)
• Nomadic life attacking towns on outskirts of Roman
Empire
• Invited into the Empire in order to avoid attacks
• Major tribes:
• Visigoths – responsible for defeating Rome
• Vandals – where the word vandalism comes from
• Huns – Led by Attila (the scourge of God)
Attila the Hun and Pope Leo the Great
“Attila, the leader of the Huns, who was called the scourge of God, came
into Italy, inflamed with fury . . .
Then Leo . . . and a large part of the Roman senate went to meet Attila . . .
He spoke to the monarch [Attila], saying "The senate and the people of
Rome, once conquerors of the world, now conquered, come before thee as
suppliants. We pray for mercy."
As Leo said these things Attila stood . . . silent, as if thinking deeply. And lo,
suddenly there were seen the apostles Peter and Paul . . . standing by Leo,
the one on the right hand, the other on the left. They held swords stretched
out over his head, and threatened Attila with death if he did not obey the
pope's command. Wherefore Attila was appeased . . . [and] promised a
lasting peace and withdrew beyond the Danube.?
- Paul a Deacon
The Fall of Rome
(Western Empire)
• City of Rome falls in 410 to the Visigoths
• Western Roman Empire falls in 476 and becomes
a collection of lands ruled by barbarian tribes.
• Sept. 4 476 – Emperor Romulus Augustulus is
deposed.
• As the tribes settled into “domestic life” they saw
Christianity as a unifying force that would promote
peace
• Most were Arians
Reasons for the decline of the Empire
• Size- the Roman Empire had such huge borders that it
•
•
•
•
was difficult to protect
Political instability – Civil wars were common, no strict
succession model, weak Emperors.
Harassment by Barbarians.
Economic collapse
Lack of Morals and Virtue
• Remember! Rome continues to exist, its people still live.
This is a gradual and slow process. The Eastern half of
the Empire is still thriving. Constantinople does not fall
until 1453.
Fall of Rome:
Rise of the Church
• Roman leaders were living in Constantinople
where they were safe the Bishop of Rome
was both the political and religious leader of
the West
• Pope: logical choice because already a
religious authority for most of the people in the
west, so his power extends to politics and civil
concerns
• http://www.history.com/topics/middleages/videos#the-fall-of-rome