Transcript The Etruscans - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca

Worksheets
• Students are to read
Pages 163 to 178 in
their Echoes textbook
and complete the
handout of
Definitions, Identify
and Q&A
• Worksheet on Roman
Vocabulary
Geography Of Ancient Rome
• Intro Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lij59497MBs
Italian Peninsula
100 Miles Wide
700 Miles Long
It looks like a highheeled boot with
the
toe aimed at Sicily.
Po Valleylow land
between
the Alps
and the
Apennines
Tyrrhenian
Sea
Adriatic Sea
Apennines
Rangeruns from
the north
to the
south
of Italy
Mediterranean Sea was the ancient world’s highway for trade,
communications and invasion
Geography
• How did the geography aid the growth of
Rome?
– Mild Climate
– Fertile Soil
– Water for agriculture
– Assess to the Mediterranean on Tiber River
– 7 Hills afforded protection from attack
Romulus & Remus:
Legendary twin brothers who founded Rome
• Video Clip:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA1D9wd29jI
The Etruscans
Video Clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7H2wqYFRh34
The
Land
of the
Etruscans
The Etruscans
• Nearly 3000 years ago, a tribe of people called the Latins
(People from central Europe who migrated to Italy)lived in a
small village on the Tiber River. This village grew to become
the famous city of Rome.
• Around 900 BCE, a mysterious group of people arrived on
the Italian peninsula. Nobody knows where they come from,
but archaeologists believe they probably arrived from Asia
Minor. These were the Etruscans.
• The Etruscans must have known the Greeks. Their alphabet
was based on the Greek alphabet. Their gods looked like
humans, just like the Greek gods. But the Etruscans were
not Greeks. From the artifacts they left behind, scientists are
fairly certain that in the Etruscan culture, women and men
were fairly equal in status. That was certainly not the Greek
way of life.
The Etruscans
• The Etruscans organized into city-states, each ruled by a
king. The city-states worked together in a league - the
Etruscan League. The league traded with people in the
east and African coastline. Their trade routes included
the tiny village on the Tiber River. Even in very early
times, Rome was a busy place. The early Romans (the
Latins) learned a great deal from the Etruscan traders.
• While the Etruscans were building their own civilization,
the city of Rome grew more powerful. Soon, Rome was
a center of trade and commerce. Some of Rome's early
kings were Etruscans.
The Etruscans
• Why were the Etruscans important in the history of
Rome?
– They contributed many gifts in the areas of architecture,
engineering, metal working & farming.
– They taught the Romans how to do the following:
•
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•
•
•
•
Construct buildings with arches
Build aqueducts to carry water
Make better weapons
The art of warfare
To drain marshes for expansion
Grow grapes for wine-making
Grow olive trees for olive oil
Etruscan Writing Tablet
Etruscan Cemetery
Etruscan Funeral
& Tomb
Etruscan Tomb
Wall &
Tomb Fresco
THE AFTERLIFE
http://www.italyfarmhousesrental.com/etruscan/cerveteri.htm
http://www.maghar.hu/etruszk/kep/CerveteriBanditacchiaKurg%E1n.jpg
Interior of an Etruscan Tomb
Sarcophagus of an
Etruscan Couple
Etruscans
• They ruled Rome and all of
Italy with Kings (monarchy)
• These rulers came from a
family called Tarquin
• There were rivalries within the
family
• 509 B.C.E. Tarquin the Proud
murdered the king and
declared himself tyrant.
• Tarquin the Proud was
overthrown by the Romans,
who set up a Republic.
Brainpop:
Roman Republic
The Republic
• Republic = Form of government in which elected
representatives of the people govern.
• Under the Republic, two (2) elected consuls shared the head of
government. Consuls were members of the Senate, who had been
elected to serve for a one year term in the position of Consul, the
highest position in government under the Republic. The consuls most
important power was that they controlled the army. They had
Imperium power. Each consul had the power to veto (means I forbid)
the other, therefore, they both had to agree before acting. In times of
crisis, the senate replaced the consuls with a dictator for 6 months.
The dictator could make decisions, but could not change laws.
• Consul = Roman official & lawmaker chosen from the
patrician class
• Imperium = Supreme Authority in ancient Rome
• Veto = Power to stop an act of government officials
• A dictator = Ruler with absolute power
The Republic
• Roman Legislature:
– Senate
– Assembly of Centuries
– Assembly of Tribes
The Republic
• The Senate was composed of leaders from the
patricians, the noble and wealthy families of
ancient Rome. They were the law makers. They
controlled spending. Members of the Senate
were not elected. They were chosen by the
Consuls. Once chosen, they served for life.
There were 300 seats in the Senate. When a
seat opened, a new Senator was selected by the
current Consuls.
• Patricians = The patricians were the upper class,
the nobility and wealthy land owners.
The Republic
• The Assembly was composed of all the plebeian
citizens of Rome, the common man. The
Assembly did not have a building. It was the
right of the common man to assemble in the
Forum and vote.
• Plebeians = The plebeians were the lower class.
They were the common people that included
everyone in ancient Rome (except for the
nobility, the patricians) from well-to-do
tradesmen all the way down to the very poor.
• Forum = Religious & Government center of
Rome
The Republic
• Assembly of Centuries
– Made up of patricians
– Directed military matters
• Assembly of Tribes
– Composed of Plebeians who represented the 35 tribes into
which Rome was divided.
– Tribunes = Roman officials in the Assembly of Tribes, elected by
Plebeians. 10 Tribunes a year. They could veto any act or
measure of the Senate, the assemblies or government officials
The Republic
•
In the beginning, the Assembly had very limited power. They could vote for
or suggest laws, but the Senate could block their decisions.
•
The Assembly could vote to declare war, but again, the Senate could
override them.
•
However, the Assembly had one power that was very impressive - it was the
Assembly who voted each year on which two members of the Senate would
serve as Consuls.
•
As a noble, if you wanted to rise to the level of Consul, the highest position
in government under the Republic, you needed to gain the support of the
plebeian class.
•
Since it was the Consuls who filled empty seats in the Senate, if the
Assembly chose their Consuls well, they could slowly gain power in
government by putting people in charge who were sympathetic to their
needs.
The Republic
• Members of the Assembly became quite powerful in government in their
own right.
• Some tradesmen were very wealthy. There is an old expression - money
talks - which means the rich seem to be heard more easily than the poor.
• In ancient Rome, certainly money talked, but so did those who had the
power of speech. The Romans loved a great orator.
• When the Assembly met, down at the Forum, many speeches were going
on at the same time. One speaker might say, "Rome's roads need repair!"
Another speaker might say, "We need to stop crime in the streets."
• If you wanted your speech to have an impact, it did not matter how rich or
poor you were. What mattered was how persuasive you were as a
speaker.
• Praetors = Judges that interpreted the law.
• Censors = counted the people and determined the taxes
The 12 Tables
Set of laws carved in bronze and placed in the
Forum.
•
Although many things changed, and much improved, women, children, and slaves
were still not citizens of Rome. They had no voice in government. Only adult free
Roman men were citizens.
•
But, things did improve under the Republic. About 50 years after the Roman
Republic was formed, the leaders of the Republic wrote down many of the old
laws, to make sure everyone understood them. History refers to this group of laws
as "The Twelve Tables" because the written laws were organized into 12
sections.
•
These laws talked about property, crime, family, theft, marriage and inheritance. It
does not really matter what they said, although the laws did try to be fair. What
matters is that these laws were written down. They were engraved on tablets of
metal and put on display at the Forum in the city of Rome, so that everyone could
see them.
•
Each law applied to every Roman citizen, be he rich or poor. That was a huge
change for the better!
•
The major legal divisions were civil law and criminal law.
Some laws in the 12 Tables
•
If you are called to go to court, you must go. If you don’t show up, you can be taken to court
by force.
•
If you need a witness to testify and he will not show up, you can go once every three days and
shout in front of his house.
•
Should a tree on a neighbor's farm be bend crooked by the wind and lean over your farm, you
may take legal action for removal of that tree.
•
If it's your tree, it’s your fruit, even if it falls on another man’s land.
•
A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down from the
Tarpeian Rock.
•
No person shall hold meetings by night in the city.
•
A dead man shall not be buried or burned within the city.
•
Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians. (As time went on, this
law was changed. When the tables were first written, this was the law.)
The Forum
• The Forum was the main
marketplace and business center,
where the ancient Romans went to do
their banking, trading, shopping, and
marketing. It was also a place for
public speaking.
• The ancient Romans were great
orators. The job of their orators was
not to argue, but to argue
persuasively!
• The Forum was also used for festivals
and religious ceremonies.
• There were many thousands of Roman
gods.,
• Temples:
• Household Gods:
• New Gods:Greek Gods Renamed!!
Gods & Goddesses
• Apollo = god of the sun, light and music
• Ceres = was the goddess of Harvest
• Cupid = was the god of love.
He had a bow and arrow to shoot
people and make them fall in love.
• Minerva = was the goddess of wisdom.
• Pluto = was lord of the dead
• Bacchus = was the god of wine, life, hospitality, and wild things
• Janus = The two headed god, with one face looking at the future and
the other looking at the historical past
Gods & Goddesses
• Jupiter = was the most powerful of the gods.
Should he have to bring
order, he would hurl a thunderbolt
• Neptune = the lord of the sea, was the brother of Jupiter
• Mars = was the god of war
• Venus = was the goddess of love and beauty
• Juno = Was Jupiter’s wife and the goddess of marriage, children, and the
home
• Mercury = the messenger of the gods
Growth
• A province was a geographic
area outside of Italy, ruled by
Rome. Provinces were
countries or regions that Rome
had conquered.
• Rome had many provinces.
Each was valuable to Rome.
Rome's provinces provided
manpower, taxes, food and
other resources. They also
acted as a barrier between
Rome and lands controlled by
barbarians.
• The provinces were connected
to Rome by a series of Roman
roads. All roads led to Rome.
Roads
• "All roads lead to
Rome."
• Milestones how far it
was back to Rome.
Growth
• Faced Danger:
– The Gauls (now France &
Belgium) crossed the Alps
– Brenner Pass is named after
their leader and it is one of
the most important links
between Italy & the rest of
Europe.
• Sicily:
– Became Rome’s
breadbasket as it supplied
thousands of tons of grain
The Punic Wars
Video Clip: Hannibal
• War elephants
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gbPIyCu
GTA&NR=1&feature=fvwp
Hannibal
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMpZi9OdszQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmlOvV6Aqzk&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXaubv34xJQ&feature=related
Punic Wars
•
First Punic War
• Carthage controlled three islands off the coast of
Italy.
• Rome decided that Carthage needed to join the
Republic.
• Carthage disagreed.
• Carthage and Rome fought for 20 years. This
was the first Punic War. Nobody won. Carthage
lost two of the islands.
• Carthage went on to fight in Spain instead, and
make up the land they had lost there.
• Legend of Hannibal, ‘military genius’ begins.
Hannibal
• While fighting in Spain, Hannibal learned to be a strong leader.
• Tricks with snacks.
• Replace father at 27 years of age
• Conquered all of Spain
The Second Punic War
• Rome declared war on Carthage, Hannibal’s
hometown and the center of the Carthage
Empire.
• That was fine with Hannibal. He had never
forgotten the promise he had made to his father.
He had orders from Carthage to fight Rome. He
needed to take Rome by surprise. He decided to
attack Rome from the north.
• Hannibal’s plan was to march 90,000 foot
soldiers, 12,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants from
Spain, through Gaul, over the Alps, into Italy,
and then take Rome by force.
The Second Punic War
• His plan did not work as expected.
• Hannibal came up with a new plan.
Instead of marching on Rome, he drove
Rome crazy by attacking smaller outposts
and stealing food and weapons, food
intended for Rome. Hannibal and his men
stayed on the Italian peninsula for 15
years, causing trouble where he could.
The Second Punic War
Battle at Zama
• In 203 BCE, Rome had had it with Hannibal. They couldn’t catch
him, so they attacked Carthage instead. Carthage, in a panic, called
Hannibal home. Before Hannibal could arrive, Carthage had agreed
to peace terms with Rome.
• Terms:
– Carthage would leave Spain, Gaul, and Italy
– Carthage would reduce their navy to 20 warships
– Carthage had to pay 5000 talents (the money of the time) in war
damages
• Once Hannibal arrived home, the leaders in Carthage changed their
minds. They decided not to honor their peace terms. Rome was
furious. They sent an army to Carthage. Hannibal’s army lost, but
Hannibal managed to get away. If possible, Rome was even more
furious. Carthage had not kept their promise. Again. Rome still did
not have their hands on Hannibal.
The Second Punic War
•
This time, the peace terms were more severe. Terms:
– Carthage would leave Spain, Gaul, and Italy
– Carthage would reduce their navy to 10 warships
– Carthage had to pay 10000 talents (the money of the time) in war damages, in 50 equal
annual payments, over the next 50 years.
•
Carthage called it quits. They left Spain. They left Gaul. They left Italy. They
reduced their navy. They paid the talents they owed each year, promptly. The 2nd
Punic War was finally over. Rome completely destroyed Carthage and sold the
people into slavery. Carthage became a Roman province.
•
That did not stop Hannibal, though. Hannibal spent the rest of his life fighting the
growing power of ancient Rome. The Romans never stopped looking for him. In
spite of all their best efforts, the Romans did not catch up with Hannibal until he
was 64 years old! Even then, they didn’t get him. He chose to die by swallowing
the poison he kept in his ring.
•
Hannibal still ranks as one of the most magnificent military minds in history and
one of the world’s greatest generals.
The Punic Wars
• What Role did the Punic Wars play in the
history of the Republic?
– Gave Rome control of the Western
Mediterranean, including Spain
– Opened the way for Roman conquest of the
Eastern Mediterranean
Eastern Expansion and its
Consequences
• Rome attacked Cornith in 146 B.C.E and
plundered the city.
– When they took the wealth and treasures of
this city, they began a love of luxury in their
own city.
• Rome established colonies where there
was no existing population. After the
construction of the first paved road, The
Appian Way, colonies were planted
throughout the Italian peninsula.
The Gracchus Brothers
• Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus were patrician
brothers who supported land redistribution
• Tiberius believed that Rome’s basic problem was
the condition of its farmers and landless plebeians,
including soldiers.
• He tried to persuade the Senate to give land to the
landless, but the Senate had him put to death.
• Gaius took up his brother’s cause, but ended up
killing himself because of the Senate.
• Video Clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJd3nHRBh4&feature=related
Citizenship in Italy
• A full Roman citizen was protected in
Roman civil law
• A child born to a Roman citizen was also a
Roman citizen if the father had the legal
right to marry the mother
• They enjoyed favourable tax status and
were exempted from paying tribute to Italy
• Any slave freed by a Roman citizen was
himself automatically a Roman citizen.