Transcript C. - My CCSD

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: What is
Psychotherapy?
Section 2: Psychoanalysis and
Humanistic Therapy
Section 3: Cognitive and
Behavior Therapies
Section 4: Biological
Approaches to
Treatment
Chapter Objectives · Section 1
What is Psychotherapy?
Describe psychotherapy and how it
is the general term for several
approaches used to treat
psychological disorders.
Chapter Objectives · Section 2
Psychoanalysis and
Humanistic Therapy
Explain how psychoanalysis is an
analysis of the conscious and
unconscious mind based on the
theories of Sigmund Freud, while
humanistic therapy is designed to help
people reach their full potential.
Chapter Objectives · Section 3
Cognitive and Behavior
Therapies
Describe how cognitive and behavior
therapies help clients develop new
ways of thinking and behaving.
Chapter Objectives · Section 4
Biological Approaches
to Treatment
Explain how biological approaches to
treatment rely on methods such as
medication, electric shock therapy,
and surgery to help clients.
Main Idea
Psychotherapy is a general term for the
several approaches used by mental health
professionals to treat psychological disorders.
Vocabulary
• psychotherapy
• eclectic approach
• placebo effect
• empathy
• group therapy
Objectives
• Explain the nature of psychotherapy.
• Describe the role of a therapist.
Who do you talk to when you need to
discuss your problems?
A. Parents
B. Friends
C. Relatives
D. Other
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The Nature of Psychotherapy
• Psychotherapy involves three things:
– Verbal interaction between a therapist
and client.
– The development of a supportive and
trusting relationship.
– An analysis by the therapist of the
client’s problems.
The Nature of Psychotherapy (cont.)
• One of the functions of psychotherapy is to
help people realize that they are
responsible for their own problems, and
they are the only ones who can really
solve them.
Dorothea Dix
The Nature of Psychotherapy (cont.)
• The role of the therapist is to:
– help people examine their way of living.
– help them understand how their present
way of living causes problems.
– help them start living in new, more
beneficial ways.
The Nature of Psychotherapy (cont.)
• There are many different kinds of therapy,
and some therapists use an eclectic
approach—a method that combines
various kinds of therapy or combinations of
therapies.
• The primary goal of psychotherapy is to
strengthen the patient’s control over his
life.
Types of
Psychotherapies
The Nature of Psychotherapy (cont.)
• One of the most important factors in
effective treatment is the patient’s belief or
hope that he can change.
• The placebo effect—the influence that a
patient’s hopes and expectations have on
his or her improvement during therapy.
Which is involved in psychotherapy?
A. Verbal interaction
B. Development of a
supportive and
trusting relationship
0%
D
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
A
D. All of the above
B
C. Analysis by the therapist
of the clients problem
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Who Are Therapists?
• Three characteristics found in effective
therapists:
– Psychological health
– Empathy
– Experience
Kinds of Therapists
Which do you think is the most important
characteristic of an effective therapist?
A. Psychological health
B. Empathy
C. Experience
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0% C
B
0%
C
Group Therapies
• Group therapy
• Advantages:
– The patient can see how other people are
struggling with problems similar to her own.
– She can discover what other people think of
her problem and vice versa.
– She can see people with similar problems
recovering.
– One therapist can help a large number of
people at a reduced cost.
Group Therapies (cont.)
• In family therapy, the focus is on
interaction among the family members.
• In a self-help group, people who share a
particular problem can meet and help each
other without the active involvement of a
professional therapist.
Which type of therapy do you think is
most effective?
A. Group therapy
B. Self-help groups
C. Family therapy
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0% C
B
0%
C
Does Psychotherapy Work?
• Hans Eysenck argued that psychotherapy
does not work.
• Allen Bergin countered Eysenck’s review
with an argument based on differences of
opinion about how patients should be
classified.
• Mary Lee Smith and Gene V. Glass found
that therapy is generally more effective
than no treatment at all.
Do you think therapy can be
effective?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
0%
C
Main Idea
Psychoanalysis is an analysis of the
conscious and unconscious mind based on
the theories of psychoanalyst Sigmund
Freud. Humanistic therapy helps people
reach their full potential.
Vocabulary
• psychoanalysis
• humanistic therapy
• insight
• client-centered
therapy
• free association
• resistance
• nondirective
therapy
• dream analysis
• active listening
• transference
• unconditional
positive regard
Objectives
• Describe psychoanalysis and its aims.
• Explain humanistic therapy and it goals.
Do you think your dreams are worth
interpreting?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure
0%
A
A. A
B. B
0% C 0%
C.
B
C
What is Psychoanalysis?
• Psychoanalysis
– The apparent sudden realization of the
solution to a problem, or insight, is the
understanding that a psychoanalysis
should eventually bring.
What is Psychoanalysis? (cont.)
• Psychoanalysis is a slow procedure
(sometimes 600 sessions) that begins with a
method called free association.
• This is a hard task for most patients, and may
be met with resistance.
What is Psychoanalysis? (cont.)
• Dream analysis
• Freud believed that dreams contain
manifest and latent content:
– Manifest—what you remember about your
dreams.
– Latent—hidden meaning represented
symbolically in the dream that the therapist
interprets from the manifest content.
What is Psychoanalysis? (cont.)
• Transference
• Short-term dynamic psychotherapy is a
shortened version of psychoanalysis, with
a focus on a client’s problems.
Which do you feel is the most successful
method used in psychoanalysis?
A. Free association
B. Dream analysis
C. Transference
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0% C
B
0%
C
Humanistic Therapy
• Humanistic therapy
• Client-centered therapy, the idea of Carl
Rogers, reflects the belief that the client and
therapist are partners in therapy.
– This therapy depends on the person’s own
motivation toward growth and actualization.
– The use of the word client as opposed to
patient implies an equal relationship
between client and therapist.
Humanistic Therapy (cont.)
• The equal relationship reflects three
components:
– Positive regard for the client.
– Empathy for the client.
– Genuineness toward the client.
Humanistic Therapy (cont.)
• Techniques:
– Nondirective therapy
– Active listening
– The atmosphere is one of unconditional
positive regard.
Which technique of client-centered
therapy do you think is the most
valuable?
A. Nondirective therapy
B. Active listening
C. Unconditional positive
regard
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0% C
B
0%
C
Main Idea
Cognitive and behavior therapies help clients
develop new ways of thinking and behaving.
Vocabulary
• behavior modification
• cognitive therapy
• rational-emotive
therapy (RET)
• behavior therapy
• contingency
management
• token economy
• cognitive-behavior
therapy
• systematic desensitization
• aversive conditioning
Objectives
• Describe cognitive therapies and their
aims.
• Explain the processes and goals of
behavior therapy.
Do you think therapy should address
your emotions or your behavior?
A. Emotions
B. Behavior
C. Both
D. Not sure
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Cognitive Therapy
• Behavior modification
• Cognitive therapy
– The goal of this type of therapy is to
change the way people think.
Cognitive Therapy (cont.)
• Basic assumptions these therapies share:
– Faulty cognitions distort our behaviors,
attitudes, and emotions.
– They follow one or more of the following
principles—
• Disconfirmation
• Reconceptualization
• Insight
Cognitive Therapy (cont.)
• Albert Ellis developed rational-emotive
therapy (RET)
• The goal of this therapy is to correct false
and self-defeating beliefs.
Examples of Irrational
Thinking
Cognitive Therapy (cont.)
• Techniques used:
– Role playing
– Modeling
– Humor
– Persuasion
– Homework may be given
Cognitive Therapy (cont.)
• Ellis liked to teach that behaviors are the
result of ABCs.
• A—Activating event
• B—Belief
• C—Consequences
• A does not cause C, but instead B causes C.
Ellis’s ABCs
Cognitive Therapy (cont.)
• The individual must take three steps to
correct himself:
– He must realize that some of his
assumptions are false.
– He must see that he is making himself
disturbed by acting on false beliefs.
– He must work to break old habits of
thought and behavior.
Cognitive Therapy (cont.)
• Aaron T. Beck introduced another form of
cognitive therapy similar to Ellis’, but with
the focus on illogical thought processes.
– The clients are encouraged to engage in
actual tests of their own beliefs.
– The goal is to change the way people
think.
Beck’s Maladaptive
Thought Patterns
Cognitive Therapy (cont.)
• The therapist should determine the pace
and direction of the therapy and help the
client detect negative thinking patterns.
Which term means working toward an
alternative belief system to explain their
experiences or current observations?
A. Disconfirmation
B. Reconceptualization
C. Insight
D. Activating
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Behavior Therapies
• Behavior therapy
• The reasons for the patient’s undesirable
behavior are not important; what is
important is changing the behavior.
• Counterconditioning is one technique
used.
Behavior Therapies (cont.)
• Three steps:
– The person builds an anxiety hierarchy with
the least feared situation on the bottom and
the most feared on top.
– The person learns deep muscle relaxation.
– The person imagines or experiences each
step in the hierarchy, staring with the least
anxiety-provoking situation, while learning
to be relaxed.
Behavior Therapies (cont.)
• Systematic desensitization
• The goal is to encourage people to
imagine the feared situation while relaxing,
thus extinguishing the fear response.
• Flooding refers to another treatment in
which the therapist exposes the client to a
feared object or situation.
Losing Fears
Behavior Therapies (cont.)
• Modeling refers to teaching a client how to
do something by watching someone else
do it.
Behavior Therapies (cont.)
• Aversive conditioning
• Operant conditioning is based on the
assumption that behavior that is reinforced
tends to be repeated, whereas behavior
that is not reinforced tends to be
extinguished.
Behavior Therapies (cont.)
• Contingency management
• A token economy may be used—
desirable behavior is reinforced with
valueless objects or points, which can be
accumulated and exchanged for various
rewards.
Which term means exposing a client
to a feared object or situation?
A. Flooding
B. Modeling
C. Averse conditioning
D. Token economy
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
• Cognitive-behavior therapy
• Helps clients differentiate between serious,
real problems and imagined or distorted
problems.
What does cognitive-behavior
therapy help clients with?
A. Differentiating between
serious real problems
and imagined or
distorted problems
B. Planning ahead
C. Getting organized
D. All of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Main Idea
Biological approaches to treatment rely on
methods such as medications, electric
shock, and surgery to help clients.
Vocabulary
• drug therapy
• psychosurgery
• antipsychotic drugs
• prefrontal lobotomy
• antidepressants
• lithium carbonate
• antianxiety drugs
• electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Objectives
• Explain biological approaches to
treatment.
• Give examples of treatment medicines and
their effects on patients.
Do you feel that drugs should be
used to relieve the symptoms of
some psychological problems?
A. Yes
B. No
0%
D
A
0%
C
D. Sometimes
A. A
B. B
0%
C. 0%C
D. D
B
C. Not sure
Biological Therapy
• Biological approaches assume there is an
underlying physiological reason for the
disturbed behavior, faulty thinking, and
inappropriate emotions.
• Drug therapy
Biological Therapy (cont.)
• Four main types of psychoactive
medications:
– Antipsychotic drugs
– Antidepressant drugs
– Lithium carbonate
– Antianxiety drugs
– Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Deinstitutionalization
Biological Therapy (cont.)
• Other treatments include:
• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
• Psychosurgery including a prefrontal
lobotomy
Which medication is used to
counteract mood swings of bipolar
disorder?
A. Antidepressants
B. Lithium carbonate
C. Antianxiety
D. None of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
Types of Psychotherapies
There are several types of therapies. The ones listed in this chart are commonly
used methods.
Kinds of Therapists
Several groups of people practice psychotherapy. Not all of them have professional
training in psychology.
Examples of Irrational Thinking
Albert Ellis (1961) asserted that the irrational ideas we believe stand in the way of
achieving lives that are free of anxiety.
Ellis’s ABCs
Many cognitive therapists believe
that our emotional reactions to
situations are the result not of the
situations but of our beliefs about
the situations or our interpretations
of the situations.
Beck’s Maladaptive Thought Patterns
Beck believed that maladaptive thought patterns cause a distorted view of oneself and
one’s world, leading to various psychological problems.
Losing Fears
Counterconditioning techniques,
such as systematic desensitization,
are used to help people overcome
their irrational fears and anxieties.
Deinstitutionalization
Over the past three decades the national policy has been one of deinstitutionalization.
Deinstitutionalization refers to the release of patients from mental hospitals. These
patients rejoin the community to attempt to lead independent lives.
Dorothea Dix
1802–1887
“I proceed, Gentlemen,
briefly to call your
attention to the present
state of Insane Persons
confined within this
Commonwealth, in
cages, closets, stalls,
pens! Chained, naked,
beaten with rods, and
lashed into obedience!”
Chapter Concepts
Transparencies
What Makes a Good Therapist?
Types of Psychotherapy
Select a transparency to view.
psychotherapy: any treatment used by
therapists to help troubled individuals
overcome their problems
eclectic approach: method that
combines various kinds of therapy or
combinations of therapies
placebo effect: the influence that a
patient’s hopes and expectations have
on his or her improvement during therapy
empathy: capacity for warmth and
understanding
group therapy: patients work together
with the aid of a leader to resolve
interpersonal problems
psychoanalysis: therapy aimed at
making patients aware of their
unconscious motives so that they can
gain control over their behavior
insight: the apparent sudden realization
of the solution to a problem
free association: a method used to
examine the unconscious; the patient is
instructed to say whatever comes into his
or her mind
resistance: the reluctance of a patient
either to reveal painful feelings or to
examine longstanding behavior patterns
dream analysis: a technique used by
psychoanalysts to interpret the content of
patients’ dreams
transference: the process, experienced
by the patient, of feeling toward an
analyst or therapist the way he or she
feels or felt toward some other important
figure in his or her life
humanistic therapy: focuses on the
value, dignity, and worth of each person;
holds that healthy living is the result of
realizing one’s full potential
client-centered therapy: reflects the
belief that the client and therapist are
partners in therapy
nondirective therapy: the free flow of
images and ideas, with no particular
direction
active listening: empathetic listening; a
listener acknowledges, restates, and
clarifies the speaker’s thoughts and
concerns
unconditional positive regard: a
therapist’s consistent expression of
acceptance of the patient, no matter what
the patient says and does
behavior modification: a systematic
method of changing the way a person
acts and feels
cognitive therapy: using thoughts to
control emotions and behaviors
rational-emotive therapy (RET): a form
of psychological help aimed at changing
unrealistic assumptions about oneself
and other people
behavior therapy: changing undesirable
behavior through conditioning techniques
systematic desensitization: a
technique to help a patient overcome
irrational fears and anxieties
aversive conditioning: links an
unpleasant state with an unwanted
behavior in an attempt to eliminate the
behavior
contingency management: undesirable
behavior is not reinforced, while
desirable behavior is reinforced
token economy: desirable behavior is
reinforced with valueless objects or
points, which can be accumulated and
exchanged for various rewards
cognitive-behavior therapy: based on a
combination of substituting healthy
thoughts for negative thoughts and
beliefs and changing disruptive
behaviors in favor of healthy behaviors
drug therapy: biological therapy that
uses medications
antipsychotic drugs: medication to
reduce agitation, delusions, and
hallucinations by blocking the activity of
dopamine in the brain; tranquilizers
antidepressants: medication to treat
major depression by increasing the
amount of one or both of the
neurotransmitters noradrenaline and
serotonin
lithium carbonate: a chemical used to
counteract mood swings of bipolar
disorder
antianxiety drugs: medication that
relieves anxiety and panic disorders by
depressing the activity of the central
nervous system
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): an
electrical shock is sent through the brain
to try to reduce symptoms of mental
disturbance
psychosurgery: a medical operation
that destroys part of the brain to make
the patient calmer and freer of symptoms
prefrontal lobotomy: a radical form of
psychosurgery in which a section of the
frontal lobe of the brain is destroyed
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