Transcript Ch. 5 Sec. 3 - J Go World History

Ch. 5 Sec. 3
Sparta & Athens
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Sparta: the Military Ideal
Late 1100s B.C. invaders from
the north conquered the
Peloponnesus
 The invaders conquered a
village that became their
capital, Sparta
 The conquered people were
made to work for the Spartans
& they were called helots
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3
social groups
 1st group: called the equals, controlled
the city-state, had all the land
 2nd group: called the half-citizens,
they were free, paid taxes, served in
the army, had no political power,
farmers, worked in trade & industry
 3rd group: the helots, became slaves
for the Spartans
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Helots outnumbered the
Spartans so the
Spartans used force to
control them & is one
reason why the Spartans
created a military
society
 Spartan gov’t had 2
kings: one king led the
army, the other took
care of matters at home
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 Sparta
had a Council of Elders
made up of 28 male citizens over
the age of 60; proposed laws,
served as a criminal court
 Sparta also had an assembly made
up of all male citizens over the
age of 30; voted or rejected laws
proposed by the Elders
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 The
assembly also elected 5
ephors for one year terms
who were in charge of keeping
the kings w/in the law &
complete control over the
education of young Spartans
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Sparta controlled the lives of its citizens from
birth to death
Any newborn baby that looked unhealthy was
left to die
At age 7, boys left home to live in the military
barracks
Ages 18 to 20 they trained specifically for war
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At age 20 male citizens
began military service;
they could marry but not
live at home until the age
of 30
 Men remained available
for military service until
the age of 60
 Girls received strict
physical training & were
taught devotion to the
city-state
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Athens: The Birth of Democracy
 Athens developed on the Attic
peninsula where the soil was not
fertile, so the Athenians became
excellent sea traders
 With the introduction of coined $,
(600s B.C.) trading became easier
to buy & sell goods
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Athenian Society
 Citizens
formed the top group in
Athenian society (could be rich
aristocrats or poor farmers) only
Athenian-born men had full
political rights
 The next group was the metics,
people were non-citizens bcuz
they had been born outside
Athens
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 Metics
were free & paid taxes,
but couldn’t own land or take
part in gov’t
 Slaves were at the bottom of
society; usually caught in war
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Early Athenian Gov’t
 Athens
started as a monarchy, but
then became an aristocratic gov’t
(citizens who owned land held
office, all adult males were part of
the assembly, elected generals in
time of war, & elected archons,
rulers who served one-year terms)
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 Athenians
complained about the
laws not being in print until Draco
created Athen’s first written law
code around 621 B.C.; laws were
harsh & severe (Draconian Law)
 As Athens developed, nobles &
metics grew wealthy from trade,
but farmers grew poor & many
sold themselves to slavery to pay
debt
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Solon (archon in 594 B.C.)
erased the debts of the
poor & outlawed slavery for
debt
 He divided all citizens into 4
groups based on wealth:
the 2 richest groups could
hold public office, but all
citizens sat in the assembly
that elected those officials
 Solon set up a court made
up of citizen jurors
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Peisistratus ruled from
546 B.C. to 527 B.C. as
a tyrant; he improved
the economy, but
clashed w/ the nobles
 Cleisthenes seized
power in 507 B.C. &
turned Athens into a
democracy
 He divided Athens into
10 tribes & each tribe
chose 50 members to
form the Council of 500
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 Members
of the Council served
1 yr. terms & no more than
twice
 The Council proposed laws to
the assembly, but assembly
had final authority
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 Cleisthenes
made the courts more
democratic by letting citizens be the
jurors, letting each man plead his own
case & the jury voted on each case by
secret ballot
 Cleisthenes used direct democracy citizens participated directly in making
decisions
 The U.S. uses representative
democracy-where citizens elect
representatives to govern for them
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