Transcript Teen Brains - Kentucky Writing Project

What Should We Do About the Growing Need for
Replacement Organs?
Opinion Mini-Unit
Brenda Cole / Carroll County Middle
& Jean Wolph / Louisville Writing Project
Based on materials created by the National Writing Project i3 College Ready Writers
Program, funded by the Department of Education.
Mini-Unit Overview
Writing
Argument
MINI-UNIT
Emphasis
Reading
ARGUMENT SKILLS
PRODUCT
ELEMENTS OF ARGUMENT
CLOSE READING
STRATEGIES
RESPONSE TO READINGS
Close reading strategies
Writing & talking to develop
knowledge on topic or issue
Studying models to
improve our writing
Writing in response
to texts
Highlighting key
words and
definitions
Turn and Talk
TOPICS
# of Lessons
Draft, Feedback, Revise,
Reflect
Making a strong
claim
5 Lessons
Entering Skills:
Foundational Skills:
Writing a claim that is
debatable, defensible,
and compelling. Use
specific evidence from a
text to support it,
providing attribution.
Making a comment
about evidence.
Digging Deeper:
Developing the context
(introductory material to
provide background to
the reader)
2
Product: Multiparagraph guided
draft
• Kernel Essay
• Revision
Claim
Evidence
Highlighting
sources of
information
It Says/I Say notes
WHAT SHOULD WE
DO ABOUT
ARTIFICIAL
ORGANS?
4 shared texts
(chart, video , 2
articles)
Writing Standards Emphasized in the Mini-Unit
Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence, using valid reasoning.
Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources ….
Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources…and quote or paraphrase the data and
conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism ….
Draw evidence from …informational texts ….
Write routinely over longer and…shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of disciplinespecific tasks, purposes, and audiences.
Mini-Unit Sequence
Day 1
Day 2
Days 3-4
Days 5-6
Day 7
Study chart .
Turn and Talk.
Write
• Explain what the chart
says
• Tell what you think
about it
Take notes from a video
text.
Read articles twice.
• Mark key words
• Note information
that is important or
that you have a
reaction to
• Add to writing
Reread writings and
notes.
Revise to increase
sense of authority
and credibility
•
I Say/ They Say
Review possible notes.
Add to lift the quality of
our notes.
Review student model.
Revise to lift the quality of
our responses.
Add to our writing.
•
•
Evidence
Attribution
Make a claim.
Write a kernel essay.
Write from I Say/ They
Say chart
Use sentence stems to
attribute information to
the source. Comment
on evidence.
Peer Feedback
Note: This portion later
becomes the OVERVIEW
OF THE PROBLEM.
Write what you are
thinking now.
Revision
In this unit, we will read about an issue, examine the
facts, and make a claim.
Claim: A statement of opinion
that others can either agree with
or disagree with
Writer’s Notebook (Day 1):
What does the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Organ Procurement and
Transplantation Network (OPTN) say about organ donation? What do you think about these
facts and statistics?
http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/
Sample Response
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the number of
deaths from patients waiting for organ replacement has risen over 10 years from
around 40,000 to around 120,000. In that same period of time, the amount of
organs transplanted has stayed around 20,000. I think more people need organs
available and we need to look into making these organs for people to use.
 Where do you see the writer explaining what the chart shows?
 Where do you see the writer telling what he thinks about this information?
 Did you do both of these moves as a writer? If not, try again!
Add to or revise your entry by using the words “For example, . . .” and then refer to the
chart for specific information. Try to show the difference between supply and demand.
Add a line that shows where this information came from.
OPTN: Organ Procurement and Transplantation
Network
The OPTN is operated under contract with the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services by the United
Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). The Web site
provides up-to-the-minute organ transplant numerical
data and features information about organ donation,
transplantation and the matching process.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Organ
Procurement and Transplantation Network (2013)
Sample Response: OVERVIEW OF THE ISSUE
Tens of thousands of people in the U.S. are dying from failing organs. For example,
according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2013), the number of
deaths from patients waiting for organ replacement has risen over 10 years from around
40,000 to around 120,000. In that same period of time, the amount of organs transplanted
has stayed around 20,000. I think more people need organs available and we need to look
into making these organs for people to use.
 Where do you see the writer using words like “For example, . . .” to introduce specific
information?
 Where do you see the writer showing us where this information came from?
 Did you do each of these moves in your writing? If not, try again!
Sample Response, cont. / HERE’S WHAT I AM THINKING
ABOUT THIS ISSUE:
Tens of thousands of people in the U.S. are dying from failing organs. For example, according
to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the number of deaths from patients
waiting for organ replacement has risen over 10 years from around 40,000 to around 120,000.
In that same period of time, the amount of organs transplanted has stayed around 20,000. I
think more people need organs available and we need to look into making these organs for
people to use. A question some people raise is, should we make artificial organs to use
in people?
Add a line like this:
A question some people raise is __________.
Fill in your own question.
Example: what should be done about the lack of available organs?
Day 2: A text with an answer to our question
A professor creates an artificial circulatory system prototype and tests it
using a dummy.
Dr. Alex Seifalian
University College London
Watch the video. Jot down facts you hear in
Column 1. Afterward, we’ll take time to add our
reactions in Column 2.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crGa0XDbSBQ
 Watch it twice.
Source: “Using Artificial Organs to Make a Working Circulatory System” (Smithsonian Channel,
Published on Apr 25, 2014)
It Says
•
I Say
Some Key Points You Might Have Captured
It says:
• Professor Alex Seifalian is combining artificial organs to create an entire
circulatory system.
• Consists of heart, lungs, kidneys, pancreas, and spleen
• Artificial kidneys remove toxins using silicon membrane and living kidney cells.
• Artificial pancreas regulates blood sugar (needed for energy)
• Artificial spleen removes impurities from blood using magnetic particles.
• Hope is to solve worldwide shortage of donor organs.
• Prototype is part bionic, part organic.
• Created implantable trachea as well
What do YOU say?
I say:
Make a comment about each idea you
recorded from the video.
Add to your notebook entry . . .use your “They Say / I Say”
chart to add a paragraph or more to your writing about the
issue of artificial organs. Use sentence starters like these:
 As Dr. Alex Sefalian of University College London says, “___________.”
 The video “Using Artificial Organs to Make a Working Circulatory





System” (Smithsonian Channel, Published on Apr 25, 2014)
explains that _______________.
According to the Smithsonian Channel, ____________.
Supporting my example, ____________.
Just as Dr. Sefalian says in the Smithsonian Channel report, ____.
Although “Using Artificial Organs to Make a Working Circulatory
System” says _____________.
While Dr. Sefalian explains ___________.
Sample Response
Tens of thousands of people in the U.S. are dying from failing organs. For example,
according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Organ
Procurement and Transplantation Network (2013), the number of deaths from patients
waiting for organ replacement has risen over 10 years from around 40,000 to around
120,000. In that same period of time, the amount of organs transplanted has stayed around
20,000. Prof. Seifalian has created prototypes of working artificial heart, lungs, pancreas,
kidneys, and spleen. The kidneys are the world’s first implantable kidneys. I think more
people need organs available and we need to look into making these organs for people to use.
A question some people raise is, should we make artificial organs to use in people?
Peer Feedback:
Review your partner’s new paragraph(s). Did he/she use sentence
starters that show where the evidence came from? Did he/she
make a comment about the evidence?
 “As [expert’s name] says, “
 “The video [title] explains …”
 “ According to …”
 “Although the video [title] says
…”
1. Underline the starters you find.
2. Make a * anywhere you see an opportunity for your partner to add one of these
phrases.
3. Circle the comments your partner wrote about the evidence (the facts).
4. Draw an arrow to show where your partner COULD make comments about the facts.
5. Switch papers and talk about your suggestions.
6. REVISE your own writing based on these suggestions.
Day 3: Researching
READ the title: “Diabetes Researchers Report New Steps Towards
the First Artificial Pancreas” by Popsci/2011
A headline gives the GIST (main idea) of the news article.
What is the benefit of an artificial pancreas ?
What do we think the main idea of this article will be?
Mark the Text
READ “Diabetes Researchers Report New Steps Towards the First Artificial Pancreas”
by Popsci.com/2011
 First reading: Highlight important terms, definitions, and sources:

 artificial pancreas
 insulin injections
 endocrinologists
 Mayo Clinic
 diabetes
 diabetics
 Yogish Kudva
 glucose
 glucose monitor
DIABETES RESEARCHERS REPORT NEW STEPS
TOWARDS THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS
By Rebecca Boyle
Posted June 27, 2011 (Used with permission and adapted for classroom use, 9.9)
Medical researchers are making progress toward developing an artificial pancreas.
It would take the place of insulin injections and finger pricks for patients with diabetes.
It would mimic the functions of a healthy pancreas. In other words, it would deliver
insulin and monitor blood sugar using computer technology. Endocrinologists [doctors
who study and treat the endocrine system, which produces hormones] have presented
their findings to the American Diabetes Association.
Insulin Pump (cogdogblog via Flickr)
Mayo Clinic researchers are making an artificial pancreas that can adjust the amount of hormones it delivers. This device
can respond to minor physical activities. Why is that important? Physical activity can affect blood sugar levels. Their
system includes a glucose monitor, automatic insulin pump, activity monitors that attach to the body, and a central
computer. The computer uses an insulin-delivery algorithm [a set of rules for solving a problem] to determine how much
of the hormone to release. A team led by Yogish Kudva at Mayo attached the devices to diabetics [people who have
diabetes]. They tracked their blood sugars while they moved around after eating. They found that even small movements
DIABETES RESEARCHERS REPORT NEW STEPS
TOWARDS THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS, CONTINUED
had a big effect on blood sugar levels. These movements brought their sugar levels almost to normal. But insulin pumps
and glucose monitors don't account for those changes. The new process could help diabetics better manage their insulin
intake, the Mayo researchers said.
In another study, researchers at Yale University tested an artificial pancreas that measures and regulates glucose throughout
the night. They found it worked better than a traditional insulin pump. The monitor sent signals to a laptop. The
computer calculated how much insulin to release. The system is simple enough that it could eventually be added to a
wearable device, according to the researchers.
The device is already approved in Europe.
------------------------------------Copyright © 2015 Popular Science. A Bonnier Corporation Company. All rights reserved. Used with permission.
Second Reading
 RE-READ “Diabetes Researchers Report New Steps Towards the First
Artificial Pancreas” by Popsci.com/2011
 On sticky notes, capture a few key facts and data that seem important
or that you’d like to comment on (you have a reaction to share).
Researchers at the Mayo
Clinic are developing an
artificial pancreas that can
adjust to small movements
that impact blood sugar
levels.
The research could
help diabetics better
manage their insulin
intake, the Mayo
researchers said.
Researchers are working on an
artificial pancreas that
measures and regulates glucose
throughout the night via
computer. It works better
than a traditional insulin pump.
The device is already approved
in Europe.
Add your sticky notes to the notebook writing you
have completed so far
 Try to a find place that this information “fits” and stick your notes there.
OR
 Add it to the end of your notebook writing, if your sticky note is something
you haven’t talked about yet.
 Look back at your article highlighting. Add a line that tells where the
information came from.
Day 4: Researching, continued
READ the title:
“Pros and Cons of Artificial Organs”
Ryerson University/Adapted from http://group1ryerson.weebly.com/pros-and-cons.html
A headline gives the GIST (main idea) of the news article.
What do we think the main idea of this article will be?
Mark the Text
“Pros and Cons of Artificial Organs” from Ryerson University
Adapted from http://group1ryerson.weebly.com/pros-and-cons.html
 First reading: Highlight important terms, definitions, and sources, such as these:
 transplants
 LVAD (left ventrical assist device)
 Keen, 2000
 Rizzieri, Verheijde, Rady, & McGregor, 2008
 Nuremberg Code
 Dialysis
 ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation)
 Zwishenberger & Alpard, 2002
 Go & Macchiarini, 2008
Pros and Cons of Artificial Organs
Ryerson University
Adapted from http://group1ryerson.weebly.com/pros-and-cons.html (9.8)
The need for transplant organs outnumbers the supply. Transplants are needed for many reasons, such as chronic diseases and
injuries. There is no reliable continuous supply of organs. We must look elsewhere to meet the need. As with any procedure, there are
pros and cons to artificial organs.
Artificial heart: “Heart failure is the leading cause of death in much of the developed world” (Keen, 2000). Keen (2000)
describes how “cardiac [heart] transplantation can only meet the needs of a relatively small number of patients.” Even if the number of
donor hearts increases, the supply can’t keep up with the growing rate of end-stage heart failure.
The patient’s natural heart may be failing. The patient may be on a heart-lung machine and unable to live without it. The
artificial heart is always available, but donor hearts often are not. Many candidates have only a few months to live. Some of them are not
eligible for donor hearts.
The left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is one option. The LVAD strengthens existing heart function, increases energy,
prolongs life, and improves quality of life (Rizzieri, Verheijde, Rady, & McGregor, 2008). It allows the patient to recuperate at home until
a donor heart is available. Without this device, up to 40% of patients on the transplant list will die while waiting (Keen, 2000). The LVAD
adds 1-2 years to the lives of the patient (Rizzieri, Verheijde, Rady, & McGregor, 2008).
While there are many benefits of the artificial heart, there are disadvantages. Some feel that the patient is in no position to
make a decision as the only other option is death. Yet death or disabling injury can result from the transplant of the artificial heart.
Opponents refer to the Nuremberg Code, which was designed to protect “human subjects during experimental research trials” (Simmons,
Fall and Winter 2001, p. 402).
Pros and Cons of Artificial Organs, cont.
Among other issues is caregiver burden. The emotional, financial and social strain is huge. The caregiver must be on call at all
times, trained to respond to emergencies, and know when to seek help. Rizzieri, 2008 also notes that caregivers “experience severe
depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorders lasting as long as 12 months” (Rizzieri, Verheijde, Rady, & McGregor, 2008). There is
also a financial burden. There are hospital visits, travel and lost wages for both patient and caregiver (Rizzieri, Verheijde, Rady, & McGregor,
2008).
Added to this are physical complications with the artificial heart. Patients are prone to infections. During the post-op period the
mortality rate is 14 – 27%. Over time the device may malfunction (Rizzieri, Verheijde, Rady, & McGregor, 2008). Patients have increased
risk of stroke, cognitive impairment or brain damage.
Artificial Kidney: The artificial kidney is dialysis. A membrane cleanses the blood of waste products. The artificial kidney
adds years of life. Van Noordwijk, 2001, estimates half a million people worldwide are living on long-term dialysis. Patients can often get
this care close to home. It enables the patient to have a life outside of a hospital (The Kidney Foundation of Canada 2009).
The artificial kidney has some drawbacks. Dialysis takes from 4 – 8 hours, three times a week. During this time the patient is
hooked up to a machine. All other activities revolve around the dialysis schedule. Patients must follow a strict regimen of medications,
dietary changes and fluid restrictions. Otherwise the treatments don’t work. Though there are many centers for dialysis, some patients
must travel for treatment in all kinds of weather (The Kidney Foundation of Canada, 2009).
Another con is the ethical dilemma [problem]. How do we decide whether to stop or continue treatment? Stopping dialysis
results in death. Do we stop treatment when other health conditions arise? Do we resuscitate these patients in event of cardiac or
respiratory arrest (Hermsen & van der Donk, 2009)?
Pros and Cons of Artificial Organs, cont.
Artificial Lung: While we’ve had success with artificial hearts and kidneys, the artificial lung has not done as well
(Go & Macchiarini, 2008). ECMO is one artificial lung option. [ECMO stands for Extracorporeal Membrane
Oxygenation. Extracorporeal means outside of the body. A membrane oxygenator is a piece of equipment which acts as
a lung, providing oxygen to the blood.]
The need for artificial lungs has increased steadily during the last decade (Sato MD, et al., 2007). “The only current
treatment for chronic irreversible pulmonary failure is lung transplantation” (Zwishenberger & Alpard, 2002, p. 253).
One con is that it is risky. Patients with artificial lungs must take medicine to prevent blood clots (Zwishenberger & Alpard,
2002). They need multiple blood transfusions and intensive therapy. There is also a risk of infection (Go & Macchiarini,
2008). The low success rate and complications make artificial lungs a less popular option. Japan developed percutanous
cardiopulmonary support (PCPS). Unfortunately, it lasts just days or weeks. These problems have kept the artificial lung from
becoming a bridge to lung transplant (Nogawa, 2002).
The thoracic artificial lung (TAL) has shown more promise (Sato MD, et al., 2007). These successes have been
limited to short term use of the ECMO for up to 3 weeks. This has given doctors time to reverse the lung problem so that the
patient can use his own lungs again (Zwishenberger & Alpard, 2002).
Advances in the field of artificial organs are saving many lives. There are pros and cons with each organ to consider
prior to treatment. Ethical issues arise as patients needing organs usually have end-stage disease or are critically ill, limiting
their options. This is a complex issue that will continue to evolve as new treatment options are developed.
Day 4, cont.: Second Reading
 Re-READ “Pros and Cons of Artificial Organs” from Ryerson University
Adapted from http://group1ryerson.weebly.com/pros-and-cons.html
 On sticky notes, capture facts and data that seem important or that
you’d like to comment on (you have a reaction to share).
ECMO stands for
Extracorporeal Membrane
Oxygenation.
Extracorporeal means
outside of the body. A
membrane oxygenator is a
piece of equipment which acts
as a lung, providing oxygen to
the blood.
There are disadvantages. Death or
disabling injury can result from the
transplant of the artificial heart.
The Nuremberg Code protects
“human subjects during
experimental research trials”
(Simmons, Fall and Winter 2001, p.
402).
Caregiver burden (emotional,
financial and social strain) and
financial burden should be
considered (Rizzieri, Verheijde,
Rady, & McGregor, 2008).
Add your sticky notes to the notebook writing you
have completed so far
 Try to a find place that this information “fits” and stick your notes there.
OR
 Add it to the end of your notebook writing, if your sticky note is something
you haven’t talked about yet.
 Look back at your article highlighting. Add a line that tells where the
information came from.
Day 5: Forming a claim
Re-read what you have written so far.
Then write what you are now thinking. These questions
may help:
Are artificial organs a good idea or not?
Is the organ shortage a problem or not? Is organ
replacement important or not? Explain your thinking.
What’s your answer to the problem? What should we do
HERE? Bring it home!
WRITE A CLAIM!
We’ll brainstorm claims about this issue (next slide). But first…
Good claims

Are debatable: There is more than one side; it’s not just your opinion. “I like artificial organs” isn’t a good claim because even though it shows your
preference or opinion, there’s no argument to be made.

Are defensible: There is text-based evidence available to support the claim.

Are compelling: Others will care about debating the issue. “Artificial organs are important in our lives” is not a good claim. We would say, “So
what? Everybody knows that.”

Show the writer’s position on the issue
 We should or we should not …
 It would be better to ….

Are focused--so we’ll try to narrow the topic. We could focus on increasing awareness of donating organs or the increasing funding
for artificial organ research, for example.
Possible Claims:
[WHO] should (or should not) do [WHAT]
because [WHY].
Examples:
The U.S. should increase research to develop artificial organs because
__________________.
While we need more organs for people with chronic diseases, we should increase organ
donation rather than focus on developing artificial organs.
What Other Claims Could We Make?
Is this a good claim?
With more and more people needing replacement organs,
the U.S. needs to increase funding for research to develop
artificial organs.
Good claims are debatable, defensible, and compelling.
Does the writer take a position on the issue, pro or con?
Is there evidence to support it? Will others care?
Does the writer narrow the topic?
Can we see what direction the writer plans to go?
Create a class list of Claims. Check each one!
 Does the writer take a position on the issue, pro or con?
 Is the claim debatable, defensible, and compelling?
 Does the writer narrow the topic? How?
 Can we see what direction the writer plans to go? How?
 Choose one that interests you.
Day 6:
Introducing Claims: Here’s What I’m Thinking
Tens of thousands of people in the U.S. are dying from failing organs. For example, according to the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, the number of deaths from patients waiting for organ replacement has risen over 10 years from around
40,000 to around 120,000. In that same period of time, the amount of organs transplanted has stayed around 20,000. A question
some people raise is, should we make artificial organs to use in people?
Professor Seifalian has created prototypes of working artificial heart, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, and spleen. The kidneys
are the world’s first implantable kidneys.
There also have been gains in the fight against diabetes thanks to an artificial pancreas. According to Rebecca Boyle in a
2011 article in Popular Science,
Researchers at the Mayo Clinic are developing an artificial pancreas that accounts for slight, low-intensity physical
activities that can impact blood sugar levels. The researchers are developing a closed-loop system that includes a glucose
monitor, automatic insulin pump, activity monitors that attach to the body and a central computer that uses an insulindelivery algorithm to determine how much of the hormone to dispense.
This is a closer reaction to how the body uses insulin compared to current pumps. The FDA is developing guidelines to determine
what needs to happen for these pumps to be used in the US. With more and more people needing replacement organs,
the U.S. needs to increase funding for research to develop artificial organs.
Day 6-7: Completing a Draft:
The Kernel Essay (Bernabei)
Use your notes to organize a draft using these
sections:
Overview of
the
problem...
Some people
think...
Here's what
I'm
thinking...
In the
end, I
say...
We have written this part
already!
Overview of
the problem...
Tens of thousands of people in the U.S. are dying from
failing organs. For example, according to the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, the number of deaths from patients waiting
for organ replacement has risen over 10 years from around 40,000 to
around 120,000. In that same period of time, the amount of organs
transplanted has stayed around 20,000. A question some people raise is,
should we make artificial organs to use in people?
Professor Seifalian has created prototypes of working
artificial heart, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, and spleen. The kidneys are the
world’s first implantable kidneys.
There also have been gains in the fight against diabetes
thanks to an artificial pancreas. According to Rebecca Boyle in a 2011
article in Popular Science,
Researchers at the Mayo Clinic are developing an artificial
pancreas that accounts for slight, low-intensity physical
activities that can impact blood sugar levels. The
researchers are developing a closed-loop system that
includes a glucose monitor, automatic insulin
pump, activity monitors that attach to the body and a
central computer that uses an insulin-delivery algorithm
to determine how much of the hormone to dispense.
This is a closer reaction to how the body uses insulin compared to
current pumps. The FDA is developing guidelines to determine what
needs to happen for these pumps to be used in the US. With more
and more people needing replacement organs, the U.S. needs
to increase funding for research to develop artificial organs.
What does the opposition say?
Why do they oppose your
position?
Some people
think…
Why do you disagree?
What evidence can you cite to
support your claim?
Here’s what
I’m thinking…
1. Remind your reader about any evidence that
you’ve written about so far. Explain how it
supports your claim.
2. Review the chart, notes, and articles for any
other support that will help you convince your
readers.
3. Use a starter to introduce each piece of
evidence (fact). Explain how and why it helps
you prove your claim.
What do you want your reader to
do, think, or believe about this
issue?
In the end, I
say…
Day 7, Revision.
Read what you have written so far.
What Key Words or Phrases might you want to provide
definitions of for your reader? These will give your writing
authority.
Who says? Go back to the highlighting of the article and
add any names of people or programs that you need.
These will give your writing credibility.
Teacher Feedback
 Writing a strong claim
 Identifying the source of the evidence
 Accurately representing facts
 Selecting facts to support the claim
 Commenting on the facts (explaining how they apply to or support
the claim)