Transcript File
Musculoskeletal System Lesson 3 Sports Medicine 10 Major Muscle Groups to Know Rotator Cuff Abdominals Quads Glutes Hamstrings Rotator Cuff Remember: “S I T S” Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis Abdominals • Transverse Abdominis • Rectus Abdominis (“6 pack”) • Internal Oblique (Deep) • External Oblique (Superficial) Quadriceps Group Quad = 4 Rectus Femoris (A) Vastus Intermedius (Deep) (B) Vastus Medialis (C) Vastus Lateralis (D) Glutes Gluteus Maximus (Superficial) Gluteus Medius (Middle) Gluteus Minimus (Deep) Piriformis (Deep) Hamstrings Biceps Femoris (1) Semitendinosus (2) Semimembranosus (3) Other Muscles to Know: Muscles of the Upper Back: Trapezius Deltoid (anterior and lateral portions as well) Triceps Brachii Latissiumus Dorsi Other Muscles to Know: o Muscles of the Shoulder/Chest (anterior) o Deltoid (posterior and lateral portions as well) o Pectoralis Major o Biceps Brachii o Sternocleidomastoid Other Muscles to Know: Muscles of the Lower Leg (calf muscles): Anterior (Front) Tibilais Anterior Posterior (Back) Gastrocnemius (Superficial) Soleus (Deep) Musculoskeletal Conditions and Disorders Valgus and Varus Knee Varus “Bow Legged” Varus alignment causes the loadbearing axis of the leg to shift to the inside, causing more stress and force on the medial (inner) compartment of the knee. Valgus “Knock Knee” Valgus alignment shifts the load-bearing axis to the outside -- causing increased stress across the lateral (outer) compartment of the knee. Valgus alignment (knock-kneed) is not considered quite as destructive as varus alignment. Prognosis and Treatment Malalignment not only stresses articular cartilage but it also affects menisci, and ligaments, which can influence acute and chronic injury at the knee Higher risk for osteoarthritis, meaning you may develop knee pain and function problems later in life. It's important to keep your weight within a normal range, as obesity can make knee problems worse. You may look in the mirror and decide you have bowlegs or knock-knees, but a doctor can make a more objective measurement compared to what is normal. You may be referred to consult an orthopedic surgeon if you suspect malalignment. Have it evaluated by your doctor and get advice on what you can or should do now to protect your joints. In some severe cases, joint replacement surgery can correct valgus or varus deformities. Structural Disorders - Scoliosis Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine Causes: 1) Congenital scoliosis. Caused by a bone abnormality present at birth. 2) Neuromuscular scoliosis. Abnormal muscles or nerves. Frequently seen in people with spina bifida or cerebral palsy Structural Disorders - Scoliosis 3) Degenerative scoliosis. May result from traumatic (from an injury or illness) bone collapse, previous major back surgery, or osteoporosis (thinning of the bones). 4) Idiopathic scoliosis. The most common type of scoliosis, idiopathic scoliosis, has no specific identifiable cause. Strong evidence that idiopathic scoliosis is inherited. Who gets Scoliosis? Approximately 2% to 3% of Americans at age 16 have scoliosis. Less than 0.1% have spinal curves measuring greater than 40 degrees, which is the point at which surgery becomes a consideration. Overall, girls are more likely to be affected than boys. Idiopathic scoliosis is most commonly a condition of adolescence affecting those ages 10 through 16. Idiopathic scoliosis may progress during the "growth spurt" years, but usually will not progress during adulthood. Treatment Braces. Bracing is the usual treatment choice for adolescents who have a spinal curve between 25 degrees to 40 degrees -- particularly if their bones are still maturing and if they have at least 2 years of growth remaining. Surgery. Those who have curves beyond 40 degrees to 50 degrees are often considered for scoliosis surgery. Many studies have shown that electrical stimulation, exercise programs, and manipulation are of no benefit in preventing the progression of scoliosis. However, people with scoliosis should stay active and fit. Other Spinal Column Disorders Lordosis – “swayback” (abnormal anterior curve in lumbar vertebrae) Kyphosis – “hunchback” (abnormal posterior curve in thoracic vertebrae) Joint Disorders Arthritis - inflammation of a joint. It causes pain, stiffness, and swelling. Over time, the joint can become severely damaged. Bursitis - inflammation of a fluid-filled sac that cushions the joint Dislocations - injuries that force the ends of the bones out of position Arthritis "Arthritis" defines around 200 rheumatic disease and conditions that affect joints. Pain, aching, stiffness and swelling in and around one or more joints. The symptoms can develop gradually or suddenly. Certain rheumatic conditions can also involve the immune system and various internal organs of the body. Arthritis is more common among adults aged 65 years or older, but people of all ages (including children) can be affected. Arthritis can impair a person's ability to perform "everyday" tasks. Potential Causes/Treatment Causes: Treatment: Injury - leading to degenerative arthritis Medications Abnormal metabolism - leading to gout Splints or joint assistive aids Physical or occupational therapy Inheritance - such as in osteoarthritis Patient education and support Infections - such as in the arthritis of Lyme disease Surgery - joint replacement and joint surgery. Immune system dysfunction Weight loss Bursitis A painful condition that affects the small, fluid-filled sacs — called bursae, that cushion the bones, tendons and muscles near your joints. But you can also have bursitis by your knee, heel and the base of your big toe. Bursitis occurs when bursae become inflamed. Bursitis often occurs near joints that perform frequent repetitive motion. Most common locations for bursitis are in the shoulder, elbow and hip. Bursitis If you have bursitis, the affected joint may: Feel achy or stiff Hurt more when you move it or press on it Look swollen and red Treatment Usually involves conservative measures, such as rest, ice and taking a pain reliever. If conservative measures don't work, treatment may include: Therapy. Your doctor may recommend physical therapy or exercises to strengthen the muscles in the affected area to ease pain and prevent recurrence. Injections. Your doctor may inject a corticosteroid drug into the bursa to relieve inflammation in your shoulder or hip. This treatment generally brings rapid pain relief and, in many cases, one injection is all you need. Assistive device. Temporary use of a walking cane or other device will help relieve pressure on the affected area. Surgery. Sometimes an inflamed bursa must be surgically drained, but only rarely is surgical removal of the affected bursa necessary. Dislocations Temporarily deforms and immobilizes your joint. Most common in the shoulders and fingers. Other sites for dislocations include the elbows, knees and hips. If you suspect a dislocation, seek prompt medical attention to return your bones to their proper positions. When treated properly, most dislocations return to normal function after several weeks of rest and rehabilitation. However, some joints, such as your shoulder, may have an increased risk of repeat dislocation. Dislocations A dislocated joint may be: Visibly deformed or out of place Swollen or discolored Intensely painful Immovable You may also experience tingling or numbness near or below the injury — such as in your foot for a dislocated knee or in your hand for a dislocated elbow. Bone Fractures Excessive force applied to your bone causes it to break or shatter. Some fractures break the bone completely, while others just cause a crack in the bone. Fracture types vary depending on the circumstances of the injury and the amount of force applied to the bone. Bone Fractures Bones are very strong. Their design allows them to absorb pressure if you fall or you’re in an accident. But your bones can only absorb so much pressure before breaking. A broken bone commonly occurs for the following reasons: injury (accidental or intentional) falls from heights falls on ice or other unsafe surfaces overuse, particularly if you run or participate in sports Osteoporosis is also a common cause of broken bones. This disease causes bones to weaken in older adults. Signs and Symptoms Pain in the bone or surrounding area. Area may become swollen. You may hear a popping or snapping sound at time of injury. If the broken bone is in your arm or leg, the limb may bend at an unusual angle or look deformed. Skin may appear bruised or is bleeding. If you have a compound fracture, part of the bone may protrude from the wound. Difficulty moving affected limb or with walking. Types of Fractures Simple fracture - bone breaks into two pieces. Open or compound fracture - a piece of bone protrudes through your skin or the force of the injury breaks the skin. Closed fracture is when the bone breaks, but the skin is still intact. Greenstick fracture happens most in children. It’s when a break occurs on one side of the bone, and the other side bends in response to the pressure. Comminuted fracture is when an injury causes a bone to shatter into at least three bone fragments. Stress fracture is when overuse or repetitive motion causes a small crack in the bone (often in feet). Treatment If you have a suspected fracture: Ice the injury and elevate the injured area to reduce swelling. Seek medical attention immediately. Hospitalization X-Ray will determine if the bone is broken and also identify the type of fracture. The doctor will align your bone correctly before stabilizing it or placing it in a cast. If the bones aren’t aligned correctly, the injury won’t heal properly. If you have a broken bone that can’t be put in a cast, such as a broken collarbone, your doctor may recommend that you keep the bone still by using a sling or special bandage. Surgery Many fractures and compound fractures require surgery. During surgery, your doctor might put pins, plates, screws, or wire cables in the bone to hold it together while it heals. Treatment What Is the Long-Term Outlook? Healing can take weeks or months, depending on the type and severity of the break. Fractures in adults usually take a minimum of six weeks to heal, while a fracture in a child may heal faster. After the bone heals, you may need to perform exercises to strengthen muscles that you didn’t use while your bone was in a cast. Your doctor may suggest some exercises you can do at home. You may need to work with a physical therapist to strengthen your muscles and regain flexibility in your joints.