Transcript Classical Civs

The Shaping of Classical Greece
2000 B.C. – 300 B. C.
Cultures of the Mountains and the Seas
Geography Shapes Greek Life
• Three seas: Ionian, Aegean,
and Mediterranean
– Linked parts of Greece together
– Connected Greece to other
societies
– Sea travel and trade were
important due to Greece’s lack of
natural resources
Key Classical Greek City-States
Black Sea
Aegean Sea
Ionian
Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Land of Rugged Mountains
• Mountains covered ¾ of Ancient
Greece- only ¼ of the land was
arable (suitable for agriculture)
• Effect on politics
– Small, local community governmentsNEVER united into one empire
• Effect on population
– Not enough farm land to support a
large population
The Climate
• Greece’s climate is mild with
varied, moderate temperatures
• This supported outdoor, public
meetings which will shape the
Greek political system
Civilization Develops
• Mycenaeans
– Indo-Europeans who settled in the
southern mountains of the peninsula
– Dominated by strong warrior kings
from 1600 BC to 1100 BC
• Minoans- (Remember the island in the Med
Sea!)
– Mycenaeans had contact with them after
1500 BC- probably through trade
– Mycenaeans adapted the Minoan
language into Greek, and Minoan
culture influenced art, religion, politics,
and literature.
The Trojan War
• When?
– 1200’s B.C lasted 10 years
• Once was thought to be a
fictitious legend (archeologist
discoveries of cities that may
have influenced the stories)
• One of the last Mycenaean
battles.
Dorians
• Represented a decline in Greek culture
following the Trojan War
– Less advanced
– Economy and trade collapsed
– Lack of history from 1150 BC – 750 BC
indicated no form of writing
– Homer
• Blind story teller
• Narrative, heroic poems- Illiad and Odyssey
– Myths
• Traditional stories about gods and goddesses
used to explain nature and natural events
Video
The Greek City States
Athens and Sparta
• Warring City States
Rule and Order in the City-States
A city-state is a city and it’s surrounding lands controlled by a strong
government----- the Greeks did not unite into an empire- but a
league of loosely united city-states
• Polis- fundamental political unit in ancient GreeceTypically a Greek Polis:
–
50-500 square miles
– Less than 10,000 residents
– Citizens gathered at the agora (marketplace) on the
acropolis (fortified hill-top) to discuss city government
The Acropolis in Athens Today
www.grisel.net/acropolis.htm
Let’s Review:
1. Why did the population in most
city-states stay relatively small?
The lack of arable land
2. What made it possible to have
open markets and an acropolis?
Climate and mountainous terrain
Forms of Government
• Monarchy- a single person, KING, ruled the
government
• Aristocracy- ruled by a small group of
noble, land-owning families.
• Oligarchy- ruled by a few powerful people
a new class of wealthy merchants dissatisfied
with nobles took over power
• Tyrants-powerful leaders who gained
support of common people after agreeing to
set up building programs and provide jobs
for their supporters.
Question:
What is the difference between a
tyrant today and the tyrants of
ancient Greece?
Today tyrants are considered harsh
and cruel.
Athenian Democracy
• Polis established in 700 BCEOriginally a monarchy- by 7 BCE
controlled by aristocrats (land
owners)
– Assembly of citizens- little real
power
– Farmers in debt sold into slavery
– Leader= Draco• Famous for legal code- all Athenians
were equal *
• death was punishment for most
crimes & outlawed debt slaver
Changes to Athenian Democracy
rule by the people in Athens
• Solon- four social classes based on wealth- only TOP three
could hold political office all could participate
– Cancelled all land debts
– Outlawed loans with human collateral
– Freed slaves due to debt for land loans
– Poor still unhappy (didn’t get lost land back)
– Aristocracy still had most power
• Cleisthenes (508 BCE)- citizens based on where they lived not
wealth
– citizens could submit laws,
– council of Five Hundred proposed laws and counseled the
Assembly (members were chosen at random)
– Assembly= ALL male citizens had final authority after open
debate
Question:
What was citizenship based on?
free adult male property owners could be citizens
Sparta- Military State
a.
b.
c.
d.
Appela- citizens and elected officials general
assembly-voted on issues (no discussion)
Gerousia- Elders 28 older citizens elected for
life that proposed the laws to the assembly
5 (Ephors) carried out the laws and responsible
for education of the youth
2 kings for military operations (oligarchy)
* This is closer to a republic than a pure democracy.
ISOLATION
• To keep control no travel allowed and no
foreigners could enter Sparta
• Discouraged from studying philosophy,
literature or arts
• The art of war was the Spartan Ideal
– They were raised from birth to be 100% loyal
Military Operations
•Needed land (like all city states) began conquering others
– All men served in the army until age 60
– From age 7 – 30 they lived in Army barracks and trained
– At age 20 entered active military service
• Could marry, but lived in the barracks
– All put service to Sparta above everything else
• Role of women
• Girls received some military training
• Power of movement and control of
household
The Phalanx
The Golden Age
•Persian Wars
•Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age
Conflict with the Persians
• Ionian city states were conquered by Persia
– They revolted (with Athens’ help)…lost… and
Darius (Persia’s king) attacked the Greek
mainland.
– Greeks banned together and beat Darius
• New leader Xerxes- vowed revenge
– Athens built a navy others joined with Sparta
Xerxes’ Invasion
• Land Battle- Persia 150,000 troops, 700 war ships, and
hundreds of supply ships
– Pass of Thermopylae defense- 9,000 Greeks
– Led by Spartan king, Leonidas and 300 Spartans
– Held of Persians for 2 days
• A traitor told the Persians of a path to outflank them
• Spartans fought to the last man
• Sea Battle– Athens abandoned, sacked and burned
– Athens’ navy challenged the Persian navy
• Seriously outnumbered, but Athens won
• Result- lasting hatred between the Greeks and Persians Greeks
control their destiny.
461-429 BC Pericles’ Plan
Athens gains power in the Greek world- formed the Delian League
and eventually an Empire
Power was eventually all centered in Athens- liberated all the Greek
states under Persian control
• Goals
– Strengthen democracy
– Hold and strengthen the “empire”
– Glorify Athens
– Strengthen democracy increased the
number of paid officials Direct
Democracy= citizens rule directly, not
through representatives
Art and Archetecture
• Based on eternally true idealsHumans were the main subjectexpressed idealistically
– Symmetry, balance, harmony
– As time advanced the sculptures
became more relaxed, but still
idealistic beauty- not realism
• Architecture- TEMPLES to the
Greek gods and goddesses
– Parthenon- temple built to honor
Athena (goddess of wisdom and
protector of Athens)
(video)
Drama
• Tragedy- serious drama
about love, hate, war or
betrayal
• Comedy- filled with
slapstick situations and
crude humor- usually made
fun of politics and
respected people
Greek Philosophy
1. Socrates- absolute truth and
justice don’t exist, question
everything (Socratic Method)
2. Plato- student of Socrates:
The Republic (book) his vision
of a perfectly formed societywas not democracy
3. Aristotle- invented rules of
arguing that form the basis of
the scientific method
Philosophy
Read more information about the
Greek philosophers on pages 104-107.
Choose the philosopher you believe
has had the greatest impact on
history and defend your choice on the
philosophy section of your unit
guide.
Greek Religion and Daily Life
Read pages 107-108 answer the following questions
– How did Homer’s stories impact Greek religion?
– Analyze how Greek religion differed from other
religions studied in class?
– Evaluate how the early Olympic games honored
the Greek gods and how they compare with today’s
Olympics.
– What evidence is given to support this statement,
“Trade was very important to the Athenian economy”?
– Based on the information, how would you describe
life in Athens?
Alexander and His Empire
Alexander’s Empire
Spread of Hellenistic Culture
Peloponnesian War
(video)
• Sparta vs. Athens- 431 BC
– Neither liked the other’s politics and feared their military
strength
• Sparta had a strong army, Athens had a strong Navy- both
wanted war!
– 1st year Athenians stayed behind their walls as Spartan
Armies destroyed their fields (they had colonies for supplies)
– Athens weakened (during the 2nd year b/c of a plague)
– 421 BC- signed a truce
– 415 BC- Athens attacked Sicily (an ally of Sparta)
– 404 BC- Athens is defeated in Sicily, but held out for 9 more
years defending their city.
The Rise of Macedonian
Power
Reminder: Greek city-states were weakened by the
Peloponnesian War They also continued to fight
among themselves for power
• Location- Just north of Greece- rocky terrain and
cold climate- Most Macedonians were animal
herders
• Major resource- shrewd & fearless kings
• Thought of themselves as Greeks
– Greeks saw them as uncivilized b/c they had
no great philosophers, sculptors or writers.
Phillip II
• King at 23 years old
• Brilliant general and a ruthless politician
• Turned the peasants into a strong professional army
– Phalanxes (16x16) to break through enemy lines
– Fast moving cavalry to crush opponents
• Attacked & easily defeated the Greeks
– City-states could not agree on anything
– Athens and Thebes united, but it was too late
– Corinthian League- agreed to loyalty to Phillip II
– Began centuries of foreign control of Greece
Philip’s Plans
• Greece would be first
• Persia would be next
– Goes back to confrontations with Xerxes and Darius
• Never was able to complete this b/c he was
assassinated at his daughter’s wedding (literally
stabbed in the back)
• Alexander proclaimed himself king
• Crushed an early rebellion by Thebes
– 6000 killed- survivors sold into slavery and
the city was destroyed
Who was Alexander?
• Philip’s 20 year old
son
• Educated by
Aristotle in science,
geography and
literature
• Military training
throughout his
childhood by his
father
Video
The Defeat of Persia
• Goal- to carry out his father’s plan
• Campaign in Anatolia
– 35,000 troops vs. 40,000 Persians
– Launched a quick attack and
destroyed the Persian defenses of
DARIUS II (King)
– Darius vows to win and an army of
up to 75,000 (Alexander was
SERIOUSLY outnumbered)
– Surprise attack- straight to Darius!
Alexander’s Conquests
• Anatolia- Darius II ran away- offered
him all land west of the Euphrates
River, Alexander declined and
vowed to conquer all of Persia
• Egypt- welcomed him as a liberator
and crowned him pharaoh
• Mesopotamia- Darius had 250,000
men- again they fled This ended the
Empire
Was Persia Enough???
• NO WAY!!! He wanted to
control ALL of Asia
• India- huge offensive- but won
• The army was tired
– 11 Years
– 11,000 miles
– Climate changes- deserts,
monsoons, etc.
– BEGGED him to turn backreluctantly he agreed
Alexander’s Empire
Problems with Alexander’s
Empire
• Politics were neglected
• After agreeing to turn back he
planned to strengthen and
unify his lands
– Roads, cities, harbors
– Conquer Arabia
• Alexander never carried out
his plan b/c he died.
The Empire After Alexander
• Divided into 4
Kingdoms- ruled as
dictatorshipsconquered by Rome
– MacedoniaAntigonid Dynasty
– Syria and the EastSeleucids
– Western Asia MinorAttalid
– Egypt- Ptolemies
Hellenistic Culture
Hellenistic Culture
• Blended Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian
• Alexander’s ambitions were not only military and political, but
cultural. He desired to preserve culture. He wanted to unify his
empire.
• Economy– Primarily agrarian
– Commerce expanded- lack of barriers
• Many trade goods- most important= grain
• Society– Greater opportunities for upper class women
• Slave management, selling property, making loans contracts
had to include male guardian- NOT IN SPARTA they owned
40% of the land
• More opportunities for education
• Politics (Egypt) kings married their sisters who gained
power
Koine- Language of Hellenism:
• It allowed educated people and
traders from diverse backgrounds
to communicate in cities
throughout the Empire.
The City of Alexandria, Egypt
• It was a beautiful city with wide
streets lined with marble statues of
Greek gods. Royal palaces,
Alexander’s tomb, lighthouse, library,
and museum (zoo, botanical gardens)
were places to see.
• The Library- founded by Alexandria
– Remember his love of learning and desire
to glorify and preserve culture
Literature and art during the
Hellenistic Age:
• Most literature did not survive
– Library was burned by the Romans
– Housed over 500,000 books
– Historical and biographies
• Polybius- 40 books of Roman history from 221-146
BCE
– Only 1st 5 survive
• Athens= center of theater and art
– New plays
• Sculpture= still uniform
– Technical skill of classical Greece
– Away from idealism toward emotional and more realistic
Scientific Achievements:
• Astronomy– The sun was at least 300 times larger than the
earth
– earth and other planets revolved around the
sun.
• Mathematics
– Euclid: book, Elements, proposed 465
geometry propositions and proofs- still used
today
– Archimedes- value of pi, law of the lever,
screw to raise water from the ground and
compound pulleys.
–
Philosophy
Stoicism
• Live a life in
harmony with god
and the laws of
nature
• Human desires,
power and wealth
should be
discouraged
Epicureanism“The good Life”
• Gods with no
interest in
humans ruled
the universe.
• Greatest good
comes from
virtue and
absence of pain
The Romans
Legend vs. Reality
• Twins, Romulus and Remus, raised
by she-wolves and decided to build
a city near the spot they were
abandoned by their father, the god
Mars, and a Latin Princess.
• Reality- spot was chosen due to it’s
location and fertile soil.
– Seven rolling hills located near the Tiber
River in the center of the Italian
Peninsula
– Near the mid-point of the
Mediterranean sea.
Early Settlers
• Arrived between 1000 and 500 BC
• Greeks, Latins and EtruscansLatins built the original Rome
• Greeks established colonies in
southern Italy which brought
them in contact with Greek
culture
• Etruscans known for metal
working, writing and architecture
Early Roman Republic
• Rome became controlled by
Etruscan kings around 600 BC
• Last one Tarquin the Proud
was a harsh dictator
– Romans established res Republica
(means public affairs)
– A republic is a form of
government in which power rests
with citizens who have the right
to vote for their leaders (Free
born male citizens)
Roman Law
• Tribunes- the elected representatives of
the plebeians’ assembly to protect the
plebeians from unfarir acts of patrician
officials
• The Twelve Tables
– 451 BC- laws were carved on 12
stone tablets and hung in the forum
(center of government)
– Guaranteed the ideas of free citizens
having equal protection under the
law.
The Struggle for Power
• Patricians- wealthy land owners
– Had and wanted to retain most of the
power
– Inherited power based on social status
– Held the highest government positions
• Plebeians- commoners
–
–
–
–
Farmers, artisans, and merchants
Made the majority of the population
Citizens with the right to vote
Barred from holding the highest
positions in government
What the Romans Valued
• Their Government
– republic
• Their Military
– All land owners required to serve
– 10 years service required for
some political offices
– Key factors in Rome’s rise
• Fighting skills
• Military organization
Military Organization
Legion
Infantry
5000
Century
80
Century
80
We
support
the
Infantry
Calvary
Century
80
Century
80
The Spread of Roman Power
Conquest
• By 265 BC Rome controlled the
Italian Peninsula
• Treated conquered people
differently (LENIENCY)
– Nearest to Rome= Full Citizens
– Citizenship w/out right to vote
– Allies of Rome- 2 conditions
• Must supply soldiers for army
• Can not make Allies with anyone
else but Rome
The Spread of Roman Power
Trade & a Commercial Network
• Location, Location, Location
• Land and Sea
• Traded olive oil and wine for
foods, raw materials and
manufactured goods
• Other powerful traders interfered
with the access to the
Mediterranean
Patricians or Plebians
Make a Venn-Diagram and fill it in using
the following:
Could vote
Wealthy Aristocrats
Landowner, merchants,
shopkeepers, farmers
Required to pay taxes
Could hold public office
from the start
Resented lack of power
Elected the tribunes
Could not hold highest
public office
Mandatory military service
Punic Wars
The First Punic Wars
• Rome vs. Carthage (a
civilization in N. Africa) over
control of Mediterranean trade
• Events
– Control of Sicily & Western Med.
– Lasted 23 years
– Rome won
Second Punic War
•
•
•
•
•
Hannibal
50,000 infantry & 9000 cavalry
60 elephants
Goal= Capture Rome
Path across Spain through the
Alps
• For 10 years his army taunted
the Romans
The Third Punic War
• Hannibal had been in Italy for
all those years, but Romans
held out
• Roman general (Scipio) had a
plan
– GET HANNIBAL OUT OF ITALY
– Attack Carthage
– Rome burned the city and sold 50,000
residents into slavery
– made it a Roman territory= control
The Roman Empire
Chapter 6
Section 2
The Collapse of the Republic
• As the Romans expanded,
their republic form of
government gradually
became unstable
• Things that brought problems
to the republic:
1. Economic turmoil:
2. Military Upheaval:
Economic Turmoil and More
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Huge gap between rich and poor, slaves
were largest group
Former soldiers sell land to estates
They become homelessness (urban poor)
or migrant laborers
Generals seized more personal power,
New group of soldiers (urban poor or
migrants) rejoined the army
New soldiers owed allegiance to their
generals who promise them wealth
The Republic is now in a position to be
taken over by one of them
Military Upheaval (Review)
• The military was once very loyal to
Rome. (Because they were
“Romans”)
• They began to recruit non-Romans
who fought for their commander
who promised them things, rather
that fighting for ROME
• This gave the military more power,
and the military leaders gained
power too
Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power
• He was a powerful general
• Elected as counsel to run the
government as a Triumvirate
(Group of 3 rulers)
• He served as counsel for 1 year
• Appointed himself governor of
Gaul
Julius’ Rise to Power (pt.2)
• Conquered Gaul by fighting
along side his soldiers and won
their allegiance
• People in Rome are talking
about him
• Pompey (Counsel) feared
Caesar's popularity and
ordered his legion to disband
Caesar’s Return to Rome
• Caesar Crosses the Rubicon
River and Pompey runs away!
• 46 BC Caesar defeats the
opposition in the senate
• 44 BC- he was appointed
dictator for life
Caesar’s Leadership as an
Absolute Ruler
Reforms brought to the empire
1. Granted citizenship to people in
provinces
2. Expanded the senate & added
supporters from throughout
Italy and other region
3. Jobs for poor (public buildings)
4. Started colonies for more people
to own land
5. Increased pay for soldiers
The Results of Reform
1. Nobles feared their own loss of
power
2. Some considered him a tyrant and
wanted him dead.
Death of Julius Caesar:
March 15, 44 BC 23 important
senators led by Marcus Brutus and
Gaius Cassius plotted to kill him in
the senate chamber- all stabbed
him to death
Pause and Review:
• Create an Acrostic with a partner for
“COLLAPSE” in which you describe
the end of the republic and
formation of the Empire
Rome after the assassination of
Julius Caesar
• After Caesar’s death civil war broke
out in Rome
• Second Triumvirate came to rule
consisting of
– Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son)
– Mark Antony (A general)
– Lepidus (Powerful politician)
• Eventually Octavian came out on
top
• Octavian took the title of Augustus
which means: exalted one or
emperor
A Vast and Powerful Empire
• Augustus’ rule ushered in the
Pax Romana meaning: Roman
Peace
–
–
–
–
–
207 years
Time of prosperity
3 million square miles
Population = 60-80 million
1 million lived in the city of
Rome
Aspects of Augustus’ rule
• Efficient government with strong
rule
• Stabilized the frontier
• Glorified Rome with public
buildings
• Civil service= paid government
workers
• Plebeians became civil servants and
eventually administered the empire.
After the death of Augustus
• The Empire continued to
remain stable (due to the large
civil service), but he forgot to
do one thing…appoint a
successor.
Trade and Industry
•
Trade was made possible through
1.
2.
3.
•
Thriving agriculture
Common coinage (money)
Trading network of roads and
shipping
Most important industry in Rome
was agriculture
–
About 90% of Romans were farmers
Slavery and Society
• About 1/3 of the population were
slaves
• Most slaves were property meaning
that their owner could punish,
reward, set free or kill them.
• Society
– Many Romans were poor
– The government gave them
“entertainment”
• Gladiators
Religion in the Roman Empire
Chapter 6 Section 3
The Rise of Christianity
The Romans and The Jews
• Roman power spread to Judea
around 63 BC
• Romans allowed the Jews to remain
independent (in name)
• Jews practiced their faith
• In AD 6, Rome took control of the
Jewish province
• Many Jews believed they would be
free again- based on the Savior God
promised
The Life and Teachings of Jesus
• 6-4 BC Born in the Roman
Empire• Raised in the Jewish tradition
• Was a carpenter by trade
• Ministry at age 30= preached,
taught, did good works,
performed miracles
Jesus’ Teachings
• Ideas from the Jewish tradition
– Monotheism
– Ten Commandments
• Emphasized and stressed
– God’s personal relationship to each
person
– Love for God, neighbors, enemies and
self
– God would end wickedness
– Eternal kingdom for those who
sincerely repent for their sins
More About His Life
• Few historical records
• Gospels= First four books of
New Testament are the best
record of his teachings
• His fame grew as he preached
and ignored wealth, fame, and
status
• He especially appealed to the
poor
Jesus’ Death
• Jesus claimed to be the
MESSIAH- or savior- Jewish
leaders denied this claim
• Jewish leaders accused him of
blasphemy
• Pontius Pilate accused him of
defying Roman authority
• Sentenced to death by
crucifixion
A New Religion
• Christianity began following
His death
• Pax Romana allowed this to
spread freely
• Paul (apostle) wrote Epistles in
the common languages of Latin
and Greek clarifying the
Christian belief system
Jewish Rebellion and Christian
Persecution
• Two Jewish rebellions led to the
destruction of their holiest temple
and the Diaspora- dispersal of Jews
from their homeland * will last 1800
yrs.
• Christians refused to worship
Roman gods and were blamed for
political and economic troubles in
the empire.
• Decline of Pax Romana= increased
persecution of Christians
– Crucified, burned, fed to animals
A New World Religion
• Appeals of Christianity
• Constantine accepted
Christianity
• End of persecution of
Christians in 313 AD
• 380 AD the emperor
Theodosius made Christianity
the official religion of the
empire
Note about section 4
• This section was not presented
as a lecture, so no Power Point
presentation was given
Rome’s Enduring Legacy
Chapter 6 Section 5
Rome and the Roots of Western
Civilization
Greco-Roman Culture
• A.K.A. classical civilization
• Combination of Greek,
Hellenistic, and Roman
cultures and beliefs.
• “Greece, once overcome, overcame
her wild conqueror”
– What does this mean?
The Fine Arts of Rome
• Art and literature represented
Roman ideals of strength,
permanence and solidity.
• Learned sculpture from the
Greeks, but theirs was more
realistic
• Art was used for public
education
Bas Relief Sculpture
• Carved
image
projecting
from a flat
background• usually
represented
soldiers,
crowds of
people, or
landscapes
Mosaics
• Pictures or designs
made by placing
small stones, tiles, or
glass onto a flat
surface.
Dionysos is the god of wine
Painting- Frescos
• Bright, large
murals painted
directly onto
walls
• Best examples
are at Pompeii
and were
preserved by
the eruption of
Mt Vesuvius
Venus and Mars
Literature and Philosophy
• Again, borrowed from the
Greeks
• Stoicism= encouraged virtue,
duty, moderation and
endurance
• Virgil= poet who modeled his
writing after Homer. Wrote
the Aneid which glorified the
Roman government
The Recording of Roman History
• Livy- wrote a multivolume
Roman history that
incorporated legends and
myths- not a true history
• Tacitus- presented accurate
facts- even when it was critical
of the actions of some
emperors
The Legacy of the Roman
Language
– Latin
– Basis for education long after the
fall of the empire and R.C.C. until
the 20th century
– Influenced “Romance” languages
(French, Spanish, Portugese,
Italian, Romanian and English)
The Legacy of Roman
Architecture
• Spectacular building (Coliseum)
combined arches, columns and
concrete
– Thomas Jefferson= models for the US
capital and other public buildings
• Aqueducts- water channels that
brought water into cities
• Roman Roads- some are still in use
today
Influence of Roman Law
• Their most lasting and wide-spread
influence
–
–
–
–
–
Equal treatment under the law
Innocent until proven guilty
Burden of proof with accuser, not the accused
Punishment for actions, not thoughts
Set aside unreasonable or unfair laws
•VENN DIAGRAM LESSON!!!
•Use the power point to complete
the Venn Diagram on the Unit Guide