Transcript Chapter 3 - ROP Pharmacology for Health Care Professionals

Understanding Pharmacology
for Health Professionals
FIFTH EDITION
CHAPTER
3
Drug Forms
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Multimedia Directory
Slide 25
Creams Video
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives
1. Name the various forms in which drugs are
manufactured.
2. Describe seven different types of tablets.
3. Describe the difference between an
ointment, a cream, and a lotion.
4. Name seven different types of drugs that
come in a solution form.
continued on next slide
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives
5. Describe the difference between a solution
and a suspension.
6. Describe how pellets, beads, wafers, and
inserts are used as drug forms.
7. Define the Key Words and Phrases for this
chapter.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Introduction
• Before a drug can receive approval by
FDA, drug company must clearly state
in what form(s) the drug will be
manufactured.
• Different forms are appropriate for
different routes of administration.
continued on next slide
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Introduction
• Some drugs are ineffective when
administered in a certain form.
• Other drugs may seriously injure the
patient if administered in the wrong
form.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Tablet
• A solid form
 Active ingredient
 Inert ingredients
• Comes in different colors and shapes
 Scored
 Effervescent
 Enteric-coated
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Tablet
• Comes in different colors and shapes




Slow-release
Caplet
Lozenge
Troche or pastille
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3–1 Zantac drug box. The drug Zantac is manufactured as a pink, baseball
diamond-shaped tablet with a "Z" imprinted on it. A photograph of the tablet along with
the strength (150 mg) is included on the drug box's label for easy identification. Zantac
is used to treat heartburn and ulcers.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3–3 Scored tablets. A scored tablet can be divided easily and accurately.
These scored tablets can be divided into two or three equal doses, depending on the
number of score marks on the tablet.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Focus on Health Care
• A survey of pharmacists found that a
tablet with a unique color and shape,
one that had the drug name and
dosage imprinted on it, and one that
had a distinctive aroma was the best
combination to help positively identify
the drug and decrease medication
errors.
continued on next slide
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Focus on Health Care
• Nearly 70% of pharmacists report that
patients ask them weekly to identify
tablets or capsules that have been
taken out of the original packaging.
• The Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) advises patients who take more
than one drug to be able to tell them
apart by size, shape, color, imprints, or
drug form.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3–3 Scored tablets. A scored tablet can be divided easily and accurately.
These scored tablets can be divided into two or three equal doses, depending on the
number of score marks on the tablet.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3–4
While the doctor's trying to split one of the tablets he prescribed, I thought
I'd give you a call.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3–5 Effervescent tablet. This large tablet needs to be dissolved before the
drug can be taken orally. This generic drug is a combination antacid and pain reliever.
Another well-known effervescent tablet is Alka-Seltzer, which is used to treat head colds
and pain.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3–6 Extended-release tablet. This tablet releases drug slowly over time to
control the urinary urgency and frequency associated with overactive bladder.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Capsule
• Cap or caps
• One-piece gelatin shell with liquid
inside
• Hard shell in two pieces, powder or
granules inside
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3–7
Capsules. Hard shell capsules come in all colors and contain granular or
powdered drugs of different colors.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Historical Notes
• Many over-the-counter cold remedies
and drugs to treat pain medications
were manufactured as capsules until
some Tylenol capsules were purposely
contaminated with cyanide in the early
1980s.
continued on next slide
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Historical Notes
• Now, most drug companies
manufacture their over-the-counter
drugs for pain in a tablet or caplet
form.
• Many prescription drugs, however, are
still manufactured as two-piece hard
shell capsules.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Film
• Thin, dissolvable substance that
contains a dose of drug
• Sublingual or transbuccal
administration
• Enters blood through oral mucosa,
bypassing stomach and digestion
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Ointment
•
•
•
•
Semisolid emulsion of oil and water
Oil dominant ingredient
Absorbed into the area applied
Local vs. systemic effect
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 3–8 Ointment and cream drug forms. These over-the-counter drugs are
triple antibiotic ointment and hydrocortisone cream. The feel, appearance, and
consistency of the two drugs forms are different.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Cream
•
•
•
•
Semisolid emulsion of oil and water
Water dominant ingredient
Absorbed into the skin
Local vs. systemic effect
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Creams Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of creams.
Click again to pause the video.
Return to Directory
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Lotion
• Suspension of drug in water base
• Absorbed into the skin
• Local vs. systemic effect
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Drug Forms
• Powder






Finely ground drug
Can be found within capsules
Can be reconstituted
Sprinkled topically on skin
Sprayed on skin
Inhaled into the lungs
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Table 3–1 Comparison of ointment,
cream, and lotion drug forms
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Liquid
• Aqueous
 Latin word aqua
 Pertaining to a watery consistency
• Viscous
 Pertaining to a nonwatery, thick
consistency
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3–9 Ampule. An ampule is a small, slender glass container with a main body, a
narrow, indented neck, and an extended top. The colored band near the neck of the
ampule indicates the area where the ampule can be safely broken in two. An alcohol
swab is placed around the neck of the ampule, and the ampule is quickly snapped into
two pieces. A syringe and a needle are used to withdraw the liquid drug from the body of
the broken ampule. An ampule can be used only once and the remaining, unused drug
must be discarded because it contains no preservative.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3–10 Vial. A vial is a small glass bottle. The top has an aluminum or plastic cap
that protects a rubber stopper beneath until the vial is opened. Vials contain either a
liquid drug or a powdered drug (that must be reconstituted before using).
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Liquid
• Solution
 Drug dissolved in sterile water or saline
for injection
• Ampules or vials
 Drug dissolved in liquid base
• Elixirs
• Syrups
• Tinctures
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3–11 Consistency of a syrup. A syrup is a viscous solution with a thicker
consistency than other liquid drugs. Source: Stephen Mcsweeny/Shutterstock
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3–12 Syrup. Many over-the-counter and prescription drugs for pediatric
patients come in the form of a syrup because it has a sweet taste and is easy for children
to swallow. Zidovudine is an antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV and AIDS.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Liquid
• Solution
 Drug dissolved in liquid base
• Liquid sprays
• Foams
• Mousse
 Drug separate from base but evenly
distributed in solution
• Emulsions
• Gels
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 3–13
Liquid drug. Flunisolide is a liquid corticosteroid drug that is sprayed into
the nose to decrease inflammation caused by allergies.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Did You Know?
• Liquid drugs that are given orally come
in a variety of flavors to please
everyone and "help the medicine go
down": grape, cherry, bubblegum,
pineapple, maple, wine, raspberry,
mocha, butterscotch, strawberry, mint,
orange, honey lemon, root beer,
watermelon, coconut, licorice, banana,
etc.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3–14 I think you'll like this new medication, it's a little spritzy, sweet and spicy
with some bite, but not abrupt and it has a rich, toasted almond peach aftertaste with
lots of character.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Liquid
• Suspension
 Fine, undissolved particles suspended in
a water or oil base
 Particles gradually settle
 Important to shake
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Powder
• Finely ground form of a drug
• Capsules
• Glass vials
 Must be reconstituted with sterile water
before injecting
• Oral use
 Reconstituted
• Canister
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Suppository
• Solid base of glycerin or cocoa butter
containing the drug
• Manufactured in appropriate sizes




Vaginal
Rectal
Adult
Pediatric
• Can be inserted into mouth for treating
yeast infections
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Transdermal Patch
• Patches that contain drugs
• Applied to the skin
• Releases small amount over a period of
time
• Exert a systemic effect, not topical
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3–15 Transdermal patch. Transdermal patches release drugs slowly over a
long period of time. They are used to treat severe, chronic pain or to prevent angina
attacks in patients with heart disease. (a) This patient has applied a trade name
(NicoDerm CQ) transdermal patch to her arm to help her stop smoking. (b) This generic
transdermal patch system to stop smoking comes as three steps, each of which provides
less nicotine over time.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Figure 3–16 Cross section of a transdermal patch. A transdermal patch consists of
a multilayered disk containing a drug reservoir, a porous membrane, and an adhesive
layer to hold it to the skin. The porous membrane regulates the amount of drug entering
the skin, releasing small amounts over time.
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Pellet, Bead, Wafer, and Insert
• Placed within a body cavity
• Slowly releases drug
• Examples
 Septopal beads implanted in bone to
treat chronic infection
 Mirena inserted in uterus to prevent
pregnancy
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Gas
• Inhaled
• Example
 General anesthetic gas to produce
unconsciousness prior to surgery
Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 5th Ed.
Susan M. Turley
Copyright © 2016, 2010, 2003
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved