Transcript Greece

The Shaping of Classical Greece
2000 B.C. – 300 B. C.
Chapter 5
Section 1
Cultures of the Mountains and the Seas
Geography Shapes Greek Life
• Three seas: Ionian, Aegean,
and Mediterranean
– Linked parts of Greece together
– Connected Greece to other
societies
– Sea travel and trade were
important due to Greece’s lack of
natural resources
Key Classical Greek City-States
Black Sea
Aegean Sea
Ionian
Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Land of Rugged Mountains
• Mountains covered ¾ of Ancient
Greece- only ¼ of the land was
arable (suitable for agriculture)
• Effect on politics
– Small, local community governmentsNEVER united into one empire
• Effect on population
– Not enough farm land to support a
large population
The Climate
• Greece’s climate is mild with
varied, moderate temperatures
• This supported outdoor, public
meetings which will shape the
Greek political system
Civilization Develops
• Mycenaeans
– Indo-Europeans who settled in the
southern mountains of the peninsula
– Dominated by strong warrior kings
from 1600 BC to 1100 BC
• Minoans- (Remember the island in the Med
Sea!)
– Mycenaeans had contact with them after
1500 BC- probably through trade
– Mycenaeans adapted the Minoan
language into Greek, and Minoan
culture influenced art, religion, politics,
and literature.
The Trojan War
• When?
– 1200’s B.C lasted 10 years
• Once was thought to be a
fictitious legend (archeologist
discoveries of cities that may
have influenced the stories)
• One of the last Mycenaean
battles.
Dorians
• Represented a decline in Greek culture
following the Trojan War
– Less advanced
– Economy and trade collapsed
– Lack of history from 1150 BC – 750 BC
indicated no form of writing
– Homer
• Blind story teller
• Narrative, heroic poems- Illiad and Odyssey
– Myths
• Traditional stories about gods and goddesses
used to explain nature and natural events
Video
The Greek City States
Chapter 5 Sections 2
•Warring City States
Rule and Order in the City-States
Remember, a city-state is a city and it’s surrounding lands
controlled by a strong government----- the Greeks did not
unite into an empire- but a league of loosely united citystates
• Polis- fundamental political unit in ancient
Greece
– 50-500 square miles
– Less than 10,000 residents
– Citizens gathered at the agora (marketplace) on
the acropolis (fortified hill-top) to discuss city
government
The Acropolis in Athens Today
www.grisel.net/acropolis.htm
Let’s Review:
1. Why did the population in most
city-states stay relatively small?
The lack of arable land
2. What made it possible to have
open markets and an acropolis?
Climate and mountainous terrain
Forms of Government
• Monarchy- a single person, KING, ruled the
government
• Aristocracy- ruled by a small group of
noble, land-owning families.
• Oligarchy- ruled by a few powerful people
a new class of wealthy merchants dissatisfied
with nobles took over power
• Tyrants-powerful leaders who gained
support of common people after agreeing to
set up building programs and provide jobs
for their supporters.
Question:
What is the difference between a
tyrant today and the tyrants of
ancient Greece?
Today tyrants are considered harsh
and cruel.
Athenian Democracy
•
Athenian democracy= rule by the people
in Athens
a.
b.
c.
Draco- legal code- all Athenians were
equal * death was punishment for most
crimes & upheld debt slavery
Solon- four social classes based on wealthonly TOP three could hold political office
all could participate
Cleisthenes- divided citizens based on
where they lived not wealth
*citizens could submit laws, council of Five
Hundred proposed laws and counseled the
Assembly (members were chosen at random)
Question:
What was citizenship based on?
free adult male property owners could be citizens
Sparta- Military State
Branches of government
a.
b.
c.
Citizens and elected officials
general assembly-voted on issues
Elders 30 older citizens that
proposed the laws to the assembly
5 carried out the laws and 2 kings
for military operations
* This is closer to a republic than a
pure democracy.
Military Operations
•All men served in the army until age 60
•From age 7 – 30 they lived in Army barracks and trained
•Girls received some military training
•All put service to Sparta above everything else
•Iron weapons affordable to all
•New army of foot soldiers –
hoplites
•Formation called the phalanx –
the most feared force in the
ancient world.
•Assisted Greeks in the Persian
Wars
The Phalanx
The Golden Age
Chapter 5 Sections 3
•Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age
461-429 BC Pericles’ Plan
• Goals
– Strengthen democracy
– Hold and strengthen the
“empire”
– Glorify Athens
– Strengthen democracy increased
the number of paid officials
Direct Democracy= citizens rule
directly, not through
representatives
Question:
Is the US a direct democracy?
No, we are a representative
democracy
Art and Archetecture
• Parthenon- temple
built to honor
Athena (goddess
of wisdom and
protector of
Athens)
(video)
Greek Sculpture
• Sculptureperfectly
formed figures
not realism
Classical artharmony,
order, balance,
and proportion
Drama
• Tragedy- serious
drama about
love, hate, war or
betrayal
• Comedy- filled
with slapstick
situations and
crude humorusually made
fun of politics
and respected
people
Peloponnesian War
(video)
• Sparta vs. Athens- 431 BC
• Sparta had a strong army, Athens had a
strong Navy- both wanted war!
– Athens weakened (during the 2nd year
b/c of a plague)
– 421 BC- signed a truce
– 415 BC- Athens attacked Sicily (an ally
of Sparta)
– 404 BC- Athens is defeated in Sicily, but
held out for 9 more years defending their
city.
Greek Philosophy
1. Socrates- absolute truth and
justice don’t exist, question
everything (Socratic Method)
2. Plato- student of Socrates:
The Republic (book) his vision
of a perfectly formed societywas not democracy
3. Aristotle- invented rules of
arguing that form the basis of
the scientific method
Alexander and His Empire
Chapter 5
Section 4: Alexander’s Empire
Section 5: Spread of Hellenistic Culture
The Rise of Macedonian
Power
Reminder: Greek city-states were
weakened by the Peloponnesian
War
• Location- Just north of Greece- rocky terrain
and cold climate- Most Macedonians were
animal herders
• Major resource- shrewd & fearless kings
• Thought of themselves as Greeks
– Greeks saw them as uncivilized b/c they
had no great philosophers, sculptors or
writers.
Phillip II
• King at 23 years old
• Brilliant general and a ruthless politician
• Turned the peasants into a strong professional
army
– Phalanxes (16x16) to break through enemy
lines
– Fast moving cavalry to crush opponents
• Attacked & easily defeated the Greeks
– City-states could not agree on anything
– Athens and Thebes united, but it was too
late
– Began centuries of foreign control of Greece
Philip’s Plans
• Greece would be first
• Persia would be next
• Never was able to complete this b/c he
was assassinated at his daughter’s
wedding (literally stabbed in the back)
• Alexander proclaimed himself king
• Crushed an early rebellion by Thebes
– 6000 killed- survivors sold into
slavery and the city was destroyed
Who was Alexander?
• Philip’s 20 year old
son
• Educated by
Aristotle in science,
geography and
literature
• Military training
throughout his
childhood by his
father
The Defeat of Persia
• Goal- to carry out his father’s plan
• Campaign in Anatolia
– 35,000 troops vs. 40,000 Persians
– Launched a quick attack and
destroyed the Persian defenses of
DARIUS II (King)
– Darius vows to win and an army of
up to 75,000 (Alexander was
SERIOUSLY outnumbered)
– Surprise attack- straight to Darius!
Alexander’s Conquests
• Anatolia- Darius II ran away- offered
him all land west of the Euphrates
River, Alexander declined and
vowed to conquer all of Persia
• Egypt- welcomed him as a liberator
and crowned him pharaoh
• Mesopotamia- Darius had 250,000
men- again they fled This ended the
Empire
Was Persia Enough???
• NO WAY!!! He wanted to
control ALL of Asia
• India- huge offensive- but won
• The army was tired
– 11 Years
– 11,000 miles
– Climate changes- deserts,
monsoons, etc.
– BEGGED him to turn backreluctantly he agreed
Alexander’s Empire
Problems with Alexander’s
Empire
• Politics were neglected
• After agreeing to turn back he
planned to strengthen and
unify his lands
– Roads, cities, harbors
– Conquer Arabia
• Alexander never carried out
his plan b/c he died.
The Empire After Alexander
• Divided among three generals
• They ignored the traditions of the
Greek polis and ruled as dictators
• Cultural impact
– Alexander adopted many Persian
customs
– Included Persians in his army
– A new culture- blending of Greek and
eastern emerged
The Spread of Hellenistic
Culture
Chapter 5
Section 5
Q: # 1
• What Cultures
did Hellenistic
Blend
• Why was this
important to
Alexander?
• Greek, Egyptian,
Persian, and
Indian
• His ambitions
were not only
military and
political, but
cultural. He
desired to preserve
culture. He
wanted to unify
his empire.
Q2:
• Why might the
new language,
Koine, be
named for the
word
“common”?
• It allowed
educated
people and
traders from
diverse
backgrounds to
communicate
in cities
throughout the
Empire.
Q 3:
•
• What were some
reasons why
Alexandria may have
been a popular tourist
destination during the
Hellenistic period?
It was a beautiful city
with wide streets lined
with marble statues of
Greek gods. Royal
palaces, Alexander’s
tomb, lighthouse,
library, and museum
(zoo, botanical
gardens) were places
to see.
Q 4:
• Why might
Alexander have
founded a
library in
Alexandria?
• He was
educated by the
Greek
philosopher
and teacher
Aristotle who
taught him to
love learning.
Q 5:
• What were two
theories
astronomers in
Alexandria
believed to be
true?
• The sun was at
least 300 times
larger than the
earth and the
earth and other
planets
revolved
around the sun.
Q 6:
• What
contributions
did the
following
people make to
the worlds of
science and
mathematics?
• Euclid: book,
Elements, proposed
465 geometry
propositions and
proofs- still used
today
• Archimedes- value
of pi, law of the
lever, screw to
raise water from
the ground and
compound
pulleys.
Question 7:
• What did Stoic
Philosophers
believe?
Live a life in
harmony with
god and the laws
of nature
Human desires,
power and
wealth should be
discouraged
Question 8:
• What did the
followers of
Epicureanism
believe?
“The good Life”
Gods with no interest
in humans ruled the
universe.
Greatest good comes
from virtue and
absence of pain
Question 9:
• How did art
change during
the Hellenistic
Period?
Realism, more
natural works of
ordinary daily life
and real people