Transcript Winning (success) takes work!

“Winning (success) takes
work!”
“The will to win is not nearly as
important as the will to
prepare to win.”
-Bobby Knight
Diseases of Small Intestine

Acute Diarrhea—one of the most commonly seen types of
diarrhea

Often involves impairment of absorptive surface of small intestine

Often accompanies acute gastritis

Causes:

Diet change

Stressful situations

Drug therapy
◦ Signs
 Acute onset diarrhea
 ± vomiting
 Normal appearance otherwise
Acute Diarrhea

Diagnosis
Fecal sample
 HCT


Treatment






Fluids for dehydration, electrolyte imbalance
NPO x 24 h; water OK if no vomiting
Intestinal absorbants/coating agents
Loperamide - slows gut motility
+/-Antibiotics
Bland diet after 24 h
Hills I/D
 Boiled chicken/rice

Parasite Diarrhea


Signs

Diarrhea

Wt loss

Poor hair coat

Listlessness
Diagnosis


Fecal exam
Treatment

Anthelmintics: Fenbendazole, pyrantel pamoate

Antiprotozoal medication for Giardia, Coccidia
Viral Diarrhea

Causes:

Canine Parvovirus

Canine distemper virus

Coronavirus (self-limiting)

Feline panleukopenia virus (parvovirus)
Bacterial Diarrhea


Pathogenic bacteria produce intestinal disease by:

Releasing enterotoxins

Attaching to the mucosal surface and produce cytotoxins

Bacteria: Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, E. Coli,
Clostridium, Staphylococcus
Clinical signs

Diarrhea with or without blood

+/- fever

anorexia
Bacterial Diarrhea

Diagnosis


Fecal

Rule out parasites

Observe for gram (-) bacteria
Treatment

Oral antibiotics

Fluid therapy
Dietary Intolerance and Sensitivity


Dietary Intolerance is seen in animals that are unable
to handle certain substances in their diet

Table scrabs, garbage

May have a history of eating indiscriminate objects
Dietary Sensitivity is due to immune-mediated damage
to the intestinal mucosa
Dietary Intolerance and Sensitivity


Diagnosis

Hx of sensitivity to specific foods or recent diet change

Fecal

Radiographs

Bloodwork to rule out other diseases

Check for pancreatitis
Treatment

Diet trial for at least 6 weeks (may take 3 months to see
response)

Oral Prednisone to decrease immune response
Dietary Intolerance and Sensitivity

Client Info

Prevent pets from eating trash and indiscriminate objects

Be patient – It may take trial and error

Pets on a food trial should not eat treats or flavored
medications
Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease



Common disease seen in dogs and cats
Chronic antigenic stimulation results in lymphocytes
and plasma cells infiltrating the intestinal tissue

Causes are variable

Damage results in abnormal intestinal absorption
Clinical signs

Vomiting +/- diarrhea

Wt loss

Borborygmus

Halitosis

flatulence
Treatment


Diagnosis

History , Physical exam

BIOPSY to identify the lymphocytes and plasma cells
Treatment

Eliminate the antigen and decrease immune response

Immunosuppressants and/or immune modulating drugs

Prednisone, azathioprine, metronidazole

Intestinal protectants
Intestinal Lymphangiectasia

A protein-losing intestinal disease due to abnormal
lymphatic drainage.


Fluid is released into the intestinal lumen, causing loss of
lipids, proteins, and lymphocytes
Clinical signs

Edema and effusion

Ascites, hydrothorax

Diarrhea

Wt loss
Intestinal Lymphangiectasia


Diagnosis

Bloodwork

Biopsy
Treatment

Decrease loss of protein

Choose food with minimal fat and high quality protein

Drugs: prednisolone, metronidazole

No cure – most dogs will finally succumb to protein depletion,
diarrhea, or severe effusions
Intestinal Neoplasia

Intestinal Adenocarcinoma


Lymphosarcoma


Most commonly found in older animals
Middle-aged to older animals are most commonly affected
Clinical signs

Related to the location and growth rate of the tumor
 Wt
loss
 Abdominal
pain
 Melena
 Signs
of GI obstruction
Intestinal Neoplasia


Diagnosis

P.E. – mass may be palpated, intestinal lymph nodes may be
enlarged

Radiography- contrast studies

Biopsy

Blood work
Treatment

Surgical removal of tumor

Chemotherapy –cats do better than dogs

Supportive care
YOUR LIFE FOLLOWS
YOUR THOUGHTS
“If it is to be it’s up to me.”
Intestinal Neoplasia

Client Info

Prognosis for adenocarcinoma is poor


Survival times from 7mths -2yrs w/treatment
Cats with lymphosarcoma undergoing chemotherapy may go
into remission for up to 2 yrs
Diseases of Large Intestine
Function is to reabsorb water, electrolytes and store
feces
 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)



Clinical Signs

Diarrhea with wt loss

↑ frequency of defecations, ↓ volume

Tenesmus

↑ mucus
Diagnosis

Fecal to r/o parasites

Bloodwork r/o metabolic causes

Biopsy of LI wall

↑ lymphocytes and plasma cells
Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Treatment

Sulfasalazine—a sulfa drug with anti-inflammatory effects


Most effective against colitis

Prednisone

Metronidazole, Tylosin

Mesalamine—a metabolite of Sulfasalazine in LI (actions unknown)

Hypoallergenic diet

Hill’s d/d, z/d, i/d

Homemade diets
Client info

Treatment is often prolonged

Goal of Rx is to control symptoms, not cure disease

Animals with IBD need to be taken outside frequently for BM’s
Intussusception
Cause usually unknown; can result from
parasites, FB, infection, neoplasia
 Signs




Vom/diarrhea with or without blood
Anorexia, depression
Diagnosis

Palpation of sausage-like mass in cranial abdomen
Intussusception

Treatment




Surgical reduction/resection of necrotic bowel
Restore fluid/electrolyte balance
Restrict solid food x 24 h after Sx; then bland diet
x 10-24 d
Client info



Recurrence is infrequent
Prognosis depends on amt of bowel removed
Puppies should be treated for parasites to prevent
intussusception
Intussuception
Megacolon

Uncommon in dogs, more common in cats (mostly idiopathic)

Associated with Obstipation (intestinal obstruction, severe
constipation)

Clinical Signs

Straining to defecate
 Must
be distinguished from straining to urinate in male
cats

vomiting

Weakness, dehydration, anorexia

Small, hard feces or liquid feces
 With
or without blood, mucus
Megacolon
The width of the colon is greater than length of
lumbar vertebrae
Megacolon


Diagnosis
◦
Palpation of distended colon filled with hard, dry feces
◦
Radiographs show colon full of feces
◦
Rectal palpation assures adequate pelvic opening
Treatment
◦
Warm water enema
◦
Manual removal under anesthesia

◦
Mucosal surface is delicate
Client info

Encourage water intake
Salt food
◦ Always provide adequate supply
◦

High-fiber diet