Transcript Ancient Greece ppt

ANCIENT GREECE
World History
Unit II, Part I
EARLY HISTORY
AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONS
(See Map)
• Minoan (Cretan) Civilization
(3000-1400 BC)
• Island of Crete / City of Knossos
An idea of Knossos
From the Palace of Knossos: The famous "bull leaping" fresco from the East wing of
the palace
EARLY HISTORY
AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONS
(See Map)
• Mycenaean Civilization (2000-1100
BC)
• Northern Greece Mainland
• Indo-European Descent
• Intermarried with Hellenes (indigenous
Greeks)
• Will become the early Greeks . . .
Mycenaean Warriors
EARLY HISTORY
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“Homeric Age” (Until 750 BC)
Homer; epic poet
Illiad & Odyssey / Trojan War
Belief in Greek Gods / Mythology
Homer
Troy
Achilles
The death mask
of “King
Agamemnon”
Mycenae
GEOGRAPHY
Geographic Influences (see map/location)
Deep harbors, trade/merchant fleets
Rugged, rocky, semi-arid
Not much arable land
Colonies established on shores
Independent City-States located in small,
isolated fertile valleys
• City-State = Greek polis
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Landscape
Greek Countryside
GREEK CITY-STATES
• Major Rival City-States
• Athens, Sparta, Corinth
Greek cities and colonies, 750-650 B.C.
GREEK CITY-STATES
• Athens – Democratic City-State
–Progression of Athenian Government
• Monarchy (Kings)
• Aristocracy (Nobles)
• Tyranny (Tyrants)
• Direct Democracy
(Constitution/Citizens)
GREEK CITY-STATES
• Important Democratic Reformers
– Draco ~ 621 BC
– Solon ~ 594 BC
– Cleistenenes ~ 508 BC
• Then the most important:
– PERICLES (461 – 429 BC)
• “Golden Age” of Athens/Pericles
• Great and popular leader of Athens/Democracy (see
video)
GREEK CITY-STATES
• Athenian Philosophy/Lifestyle
– Liberal, free-thinking
– Artistic, creative, educated
– Built beautiful public buildings/temple on
the Acropolis (see pictures/video)
– See comparison chart of democracy on
Athens/USA
Pericles of
Athens
The Acropolis of Athens
GREEK CITY-STATES
• Sparta
– Military City-State
– Aristocracy / autocratic / totalitarian
– Lifestyle: Agrarian / Militaristic
– Philosophy: “The individual exists to serve the
State”
– Conservative / “Status Quo”
– Considered an armed camp with great warriors
• Extremely competitive with Athens (mutual)
GREEK CITY-STATES
• Athens and Sparta were extreme
opposites.
• But, there were four major things that
united/unified the Greeks:
1. Language
2. Religion (mythology)
3. The Olympic Games
4. Fear of the Persian Empire
MAJOR HISTORICAL EVENTS
• Two Major Wars
1. Persian Wars (500-479 BC)
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External war/common enemy (unified the
Greeks)
Darius – Persian King
Important Battles: Marathon, Salamis,
Thermopylae (300) (see videos)
Following the Greek victories: The growth
of Athens and Sparta which led to the
“Golden Age” of Athens (Pericles)
Themistocles
Greek Fighting Ship: TRIREME
Persian Empire
Leonidas
Hoplite phalanx: classical Greece
MAJOR HISTORICAL EVENTS
• Then following the Golden Age of Pericles:
War, decline, disaster . . .
2. Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
• “Civil” war between two great rivals
– Athens vs. Sparta for control of Greece
• Protracted, destructive war
• Sparta “won” but at too high a price
• The Spartans were hated and resented by Athenians
and the other Greeks
• No loyalty to the Spartans
• This war led to the decline of Greek culture and
civilization . . . Chaotic conditions until mid-300’s
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TWO MAJOR PERIODS in GREEK HISTORY:
HELLENIC (CLASSICAL)
Five centuries preceding Alexander the Great
-750-336 BC
Height reached during age of Pericles
(461-429 BC)
Primarily ATHENIAN
HELLENISTIC (Hellenism)
•Culture spread by Alexander the
Great
•Fused Western Greek culture with
Egyptian, Persian, and Oriental
(Eastern)
Philip and Alexander
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Philip of Macedon (King Philip II)
Invades and conquers Greece by force
(359-338 BC)
Murdered in presence of his son
ALEXANDER
• Alexander was only 20 when he took
control of Philip’s Kingdom (Macedonia
and Greece)
ALEXANDER’S- MAJOR BATTLES
(all -vs- the Persian Empire)
• 1. GRANICUS
• 2. ISSUS
• 3. GAUGAMELA
• Outnumbered by the Persians in all three
battles either 3:1/4:1!!!
• None of the outcomes were even close…
• Total annihilation of the enemy!
CONQUESTS of ALEXANDER the GREAT
• 336-323 BC -Largest Empire in World
History (up to that time-see maps/videos)
• From Greece to the Indus River!
• Marched 22,000 miles and never lost a
battle!
•Dies at age 33 in Babylon, body
taken back to Alexandria, Egypt
•His Empire soon falls apart and is
divided into three Kingdoms-among
his Generals
ALEXANDER’S LEGACY
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1. Spread of Greek (Hellenistic) Culture
2. Establishment of Greek cultural centers
- Many Greek cities built
- ALL named ALEXANDRIA
Cultural diffusion between East/West
Period of peace/prosperity would be the
model for the Pax Romana (Roman Peace)