Transcript General review of unit PPT with Hellenism

Ancient Greece
500-323 B.C.E.
Question
What state in America is about the size
of Greece?
 What Geographical term refers to
Greece? i.e. island, peninsula, strait….

How did geography play a part in
how Greece formed its culture?
Geography
Greece is a
peninsula about
the size of
Louisiana in the
Mediterranean
Sea.
 It’s very close to
Egypt, the Persian
empire (includes
Turkey) and Rome.

Greek geography



Greece is mountainous
Greek communities
often times developed
independently because
of the mountains, thus
they were diverse
As a result, they fought
each other a lot.
How does this isolation, this
rugged geography lead to the rise
of technology?
Technology results from
necessity

Since Greek coastal
cities were sandwiched
between the ocean and
the sea, they developed
an awesome navy for
trading and fighting.
Technology results from
“scarcity”

All cities need fresh
water. This is a
Greek aqueduct,
basically a brick
water pipe.
 The first aqueduct
was Assyrian, but
most ancient
societies had them.
Terracing saves water and soil in
mountainous environments
Other Greek
Inventions

The Greeks
invented dice.
The Greeks were the original
Olympiads.
Their scientists studied the best
way to perform sports…the
first coaches?
Greek Invention

The Greeks
invented the crane.
Greek Architecture

Greeks invented
arches and
columns.
 This obviously took
advanced
mathematics.
More Greek Architecture
Greek Military inventions

This is a hoplite, a
Greek infantry
soldier.
 Hoplites were
middle-class
freemen who had to
pay for their own
weapon and shield.
Greek Military inventions

This is a phalanx.
 Soldiers get in a
tight box. They
each have a large
shield and a 9 foot
long spear.
Greek Military inventions


This is a catapult, a
Greek invention.
The word Catapult comes from
the Greek words kata and
peltes. (Kata means downward
and peltes describes a small
shield ). Catapult means shield
piercer.
 It could throw 300 pound stones
at walls, buildings, and people
Using Torque

The principle of torsion was
probably discovered by
inventors working in
Macedonia under Philip II
between 353 and 341 BC.
There exists no hint of
torsion catapults before
Philip's reign.
Alexander’s use of technology

Alexander the Great used catapults in a completely different way -- as covering
artillery. Alexander's army carried smaller prefabricated catapults that weighed
only 85 pounds. Larger machines were dismantled and carried along in wagons.
Major Greek cities adopted the use of catapults.

The use of catapults in the field is evidenced in one of Alexander's early battles
in the Northern Marches of Macedon. At Pelion, Alexander, in a rare loss of the
initiative had to retreat his army from a siege position around the town and cross
a river to a defensive position in the foothills. Surrounded, Alexander lulled the
barbarian army into watching his phalanx and cavalry maneuver on the plain
outside of the city, then in a typical lightening move, he forced a crossing of the
river creating a defensive bridgehead. He then set up some of his siege artillery
to fire back across the river, over the heads of his own troops to cover their rear
with a curtain of missiles as they crossed the river after disengaging with the
enemy. This is the first reported use of siege artillery in the field as an assault
weapon (in spite of the fact that it was used defensively). Alexander the Great
and His Army
Alexander’s close calls

In 334 BC Alexander the Great
used at the siege of
Halicarnassus heavy palintona.
At Tyre he used arrow catapults
and palintona against the wall
fortifications.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgibin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.000
9&layout=&loc=16.10.html

At the siege of Gaza in 332
BC. Alexander was wounded
in the neck by a catapult
arrow that had pierced both
his shield and his
breastplate.
Flamethrower!!!!!
Greek religion was polytheistic.
The need to Govern efficiently
So what is the difference between
the democracy of ancient Athens
and that of our democracy here
today?
Political: Athens was the first
democracy.
Democracy: type of government where
people vote.
 Well, actually, Athens was a direct
democracy where people vote on
everything.
 The U.S. today is a representative
democracy, where we vote for people to
make decisions for us.

Direct participation was the key to Athenian democracy. In
the Assembly, every male citizen was not only entitled to
attend as often as he pleased but also had the right to debate,
offer amendments, and vote on proposals. Every man had a say
in whether to declare war or stay in peace. Basically any thing
that required a government decision, all male citizens were
allowed to participate in.
Then again Athens
was much smaller
than the U.S. today.
Right?
Remember! If you think the U.S.
is so much better. . .
Some southern states did not let African
Americans vote until the 1960s (Voting
Rights Act 1965)
 Women could not vote in the U.S. until
1920 (19th Amendment)
 Eighteen year olds could not vote until
the late 1970s.

Political terms
All of Greece wasn’t
a democracy.
 Most of Greece was
a monarchy a type of
government ruled by
a king or queen.
 At right is Pericles, a
good king of Athens.

So what kind of government did
Sparta have?
Sparta’s type of government

Sparta was an isolated
city-state that was
culturally and politically
different from Athens.
 Sparta was an
oligarchy, government
ruled by a few. They
had 2 kings.
 During the
Peloponnesian Sparta
sacked Athens.
Sparta



Spartan society was
obsessed with war.
Boys were sent to
military school at a
young age. Remember
how young?
Boys who are born
deformed are left to die
where?
Athens

Athenians were
tough but were
encouraged to
engage in
activities like art,
philosophy,
music.
Alexander the Great

Alexander was not
from Athens, but
from?
 Alexander was a
brilliant military
strategist. What are
some specific
examples that show
this to be true?
 His favorite book to
read was?
Alexander conquered the Persian
empire and controlled the largest
empire the world has ever seen.
Its hot here
What are you looking here for?
What happens when cultures
collide?
Alexander spread Hellenistic
culture throughout Asia.
“Hellenistic” is a
fancy word for
“Greek-like”
 Alexander spread
Greek technology
and ideas
throughout his
empire

His new cities

Modeled on Athens
 Temples,
government
buildings, theaters,
gymnasiums
 A central Agora
 Corinthian columns

Greek governments,
and festivals
 Blends of local
culture with Greek
Alexandria


He laid out each
“Alexandria” in a
specific pattern and
had it combine
architecture from the
Greek and Persian
worlds
Sketched it in the sand
Alexandria, Egypt todaynote the mosques …
Influence of Alexandria

Vast library700,000 volumes
 Center of learning
and culture for many
years
 The great lighthouse
called the Pharos7th wonders of the
world
The Roman Coliseum has a
strong Hellenistic influence.
What is a building in the USA
that has a Hellenistic influence?
Lincoln Memorial
After Alexander’s Death

Decline of Athens as
most important
place
 “Aetolian League”
and “Achaean
League” unite

Hellenistic Art
 Great demand
Mass production of
statutes
-Hellenistic art differs
from the Golden
Age
***Realistic, emotional
“The Laocoon”

Hellenistic sculpture
 Trojan priest and his
two sons being
attacked by a
serpent
 Painful expressions,
realistic action and
movement
Hellenistic religion

Rise of foreign
religious cults in
Greece
 Influx of Asian ideas
 Old Greek religion
had no moral code,
no ideas about
leading a better life

New religions point
to more personal
question on sin, how
to get better, how to
go to “heaven”
 Many Greeks turn to
Asian religions that
have a “mystical”
feel to them
bust of Serapis
Mystical religions




Many came from
areas Alexander
conquered
From Egypt- goddess
Isis (women)
From Persia- god
Mithras (soldiers)
Alexandria- “Serapis”
invented by Ptolemy
Hades and Isis both deal
with the afterworld so
this god was acceptable
to Egyptians and Greeks
Quick review

1. what do you call
the merging of
Greek and Persian
cultures?

2. What are three
specific examples of
how Alexander
attempted to make a
“one world”
community in the
lands he
conquered?
Greek Advances in Science
Thales of Miletus
 -1st great philosopher
 Astronomy, math
 365 day calendar
adopted from Egypt
 *world formed by
natural causes
 Science of nature“Physics”
Anaximander


-Theory- world formed
by large explosion,
creatures started in
ocean and moved to
land.
-Drew the earliest
known map of the
world- Greece in
middle, ocean all
around.
Democritus- Atomic Theory

What is everything
made up of?
 Democritus said
tiny particles called
“atoms”
Pythagoras



-Theory- Pythagorean
Theorem-Theory- Earth is center
of the universe.
-Created seven note
musical scale.
Heliocentric Theory
Anaxagoras-moon reflects light from
Sun
Aristarchus- educated at
Aristotle’s Lyceum
*Sun the center
(not accepted until
16 cent AD)
*He accurately measured
size of sun, moon, and
distances from earth
*The length of a
year(only 7 minutes,
16 seconds off)
Aristotle + Theophrastus

Supporter of
scientific method
 Ex. Dolphins =
mammals
 Classified over 500
animals

Theophrastusworked with
Aristotle’s
collections
 Studied info and
collections of
Alexander’s
conquests
Geography

Eratosthenes
World is a sphere

Hipparchus
-created early grid-like
patterns that we
later turn into
longitude and
latitude lines
-charted starts
Ptolemy- Astronomy

History of early
astronomers
 Said Earth was
stationary and
center of universe
 Arranged all known
places on Earth with
longitude and
latitude
Archimedes
1. Diameter of a circle
“pi”
2. Mass of a body put
into water- gold
crown story
3. Invented the waterscrew used to lift
water (see pg. 204)
Story of the Gold Crown
Is my crown made of
more silver or gold?
Hippocrates

Looked for physical
causes of illnessesnot religious
reasons
 Created school of
medicine on island
of Kos
 Hippocratic Oath
Any questions
before the quiz?
Greece Quiz






1.What is Greece’s political contribution to
the political world (especially the United
States)?
2. How did geography influence Greece’s
economy and military technology?
3. How did Hellenistic ideas spread
throughout Asia?
4. Describe an example of how necessity
brings about technological change.
5. Define monarchy
6. Define oligarchy
This PowerPoint was kindly donated to
www.worldofteaching.com
http://www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a
thousand Powerpoints submitted by teachers. This is a
completely free site and requires no registration. Please
visit and I hope it will help in your teaching.