Transcript Early Greece - Saint Joseph High School

Early Greece
10-10-08
Geography
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Peninsula and several
islands
Covered in mountains
Cities were isolated from
each other and therefore
were smaller
Surrounding sea
More nautical people
The Mycenae Greeks
Originally began as an Indo-European
tribe that settled in Greece
 Was able to overtake the mainland
 Reached its high point between 14001200B.C.
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Mycenae
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Fortified site in
Greece
Thought to have
begun the ancient
culture of Greece
Including: Religion,
Warfare and History
Warrior people
The Mycenae people were great warriors
 Conquered many of the surrounding
people
 Used military to expand their commercial
network
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Trojan War
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Most famous attack of
the Mycenae Greeks
Made famous in the
epic poems The Iliad
and The Odyssey by
Homer
Recent finds have
found some historical
basis for Trojan war
Dorians
Moved into Greece after the Mycenae
 Less advanced
 Trade collapsed
 No written record of the decline
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The Iliad
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The story of the Trojan war
Paris, the Prince of Troy,
Kidnaps Helen the wife of the
Greek Kings
The Greeks set sail to attack
Troy and take Helen back
Helen was considered the
most beautiful woman in the
world
The Iliad
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The Greeks have a great warrior named
Achilles, the main character of the Iliad
Achilles had been made invincible by his mother
Achilles, had vowed never to fight again
But convinced to fight Achilles is angered and
leads to disaster
Greeks eventually win with Trojan Horse
The Odyssey
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The story of the return
home of soldiers from
the Trojan War, led by
Odysseus
The story has many
more supernatural
moments
Questions
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Do you think there was there a Trojan War?
What does the book say (at the bottom of page
114)? What was it’s actual likely cause?
In American culture do we have any legends or
“myths”? Examples.
Are some of these based on history?
Why do you think that cultures create stories that
are exaggerations?
Greek City States
10-13-08
Polis
This is Greek for city
 The Polis was the center of Greek life
 Because of isolation the Greek city-states
were individual communities
 Polis refers to the city and the surrounding
countryside
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Polis
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The main gathering place
in the Polis was on a hill
At the top of the hill was
the acropolis
This served as a fortified
area of protection
Also could have been a
religious gathering site
Life in City-States
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City states differed in area & population
Shared common goals
Every citizen had rights, but they also had
responsibilities
Some served in government, farmers, soldiers
Every city-state had a sense of “nationalism”
Colonies
Some Greeks left home and established
colonies
 Each colony became a new “polis”
independent of the one that founded it
 Colonies led to an increase in trade
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Colonies
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Greeks settled all over Mediterranean
Most notable of Greek colonies was Byzantium
Government
Greek city-states were run by “tyrants”
 These were people who took power by
force
 Power was maintained by mercenary
armies
 Eventually Greek tyrants lost their power
over the people
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Athens
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Named after Greek
goddess Athena
Athena was the goddess
of wisdom, the arts, war
and industry
Considered one of the
greatest societies in
history
Birthplace of Democracy
and Modern thought
Sparta
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A military state
When in need of land they would
conquer instead of colonizing
Lives of citizens were highly
controlled
Children learned military
discipline, then enrolled in army
Stayed in army until age of 60
“Come back with your shield, or
on it”
Foreigners not allowed no travel
allowed either
Discouraged study of philosophy
and the arts
Sparta
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Government
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Led by 2 kings that commanded the army
Ephors – five men who were elected to educate the youth
Council of elders, men over 60 who decided what issues would
be voted on by the assembly
Assembly – all male citizens over the age of 30 voted on issues
Questions
Would you have rather been a Spartan or
and Athenian?
 Which Chinese philosophy is similar to
Spartan beliefs?
 Which Chinese philosophy is similar to
Athenian beliefs?
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Greek Culture in the Golden Age
10-14-08
Democracy
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After the fall of the tyrants many governments
throughout Greece began to turn to rule by the
people
Example Athens: had a democratic system we
would call direct democracy
All men would have the right to vote on every
issue (Athens)
Some of the city-states still had a limited
government by the few (Oligarchy)
How Athenian and American
Democracy are alike?
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Political power in hands of citizens
Three branches of Government
Legislative branch passes laws
Executive branch carries out laws
Judicial branch conducts trials with paid jurors
How is Athenian Democracy Different
from American Democracy?
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Athenian
 All
Males over 18 vote
born of citizen parents
 Laws voted on directly
by citizens
 Leader chosen by “lot”
elected
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American
 All
citizens over 18
vote
 Representatives
elected to propose and
 Elected President
How is Athenian Democracy Different
from American Democracy?
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Athenian
 Executive
branch
composed of 500 men
 Juries vary in size
 No attorneys; no
appeals; trials take
one day
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American
 Executive
branch
composed of
appointed and elected
officials
 Juries composed of 12
jurors
Greek Theater
Drama invented by the Greeks
 Greek theater contained colorful costumes
and fancy sets
 Legendary Greek actor Thespis
 Two different kinds
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 Comedy
 Tragedy
Tragedies
Plays about love, hate, war and betrayal
 Great writers – Aeschylus, Sophocles &
Euripides
 Famous Greek Tragedies
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– Story of the Trojan War
 Oedipus Rex
 Antigone
 Oresteia
Oedipus Rex
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Oedipus foretold to kill
father and marry mother
Family send him away
Hears own fate, flees
adopted family
Ends up killing father on
the road
Marries mother
Fate cannot be stopped
Comedies
Plays with slapstick and crude humor
 Satires – making fun of customs or politics
 Great writer – Aristophanes
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 The
Birds
 Lysistrata (anti-war)
Greek Religion & Project
10-16-08
Religion
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Affected every aspect of Greek life
12 Chief gods and goddesses
Lived on Mount Olympus – Highest Mountain in
Greece
Oracle
Ways to communicate with gods
 Sacred shrine
 Gods could communicate through priests
and priestesses
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Zeus - Katie
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The king of the gods,
the ruler of Mount
Olympus and the god
of the sky and
thunder. His symbols
are the thunderbolt,
eagle, bull, and oak.
Hera – Lizzy
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Goddess of marriage,
women and childbirth.
Zeus' wife. Appears
with peacock feathers
often. Her symbols
are the scepter,
diadem, and peacock
Aphrodite - Dorian
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Goddess of love, lust,
beauty, wife of
Hephaestus. Ares is her
lover. Eros is her son.
Known as the most
beautiful of the Greek
goddesses. Her symbols
are the scepter, myrtle,
and dove.
Poseidon - Peter
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God of the sea. He
created horses from
sea foam. God of
earthquakes as well.
Also called 'Earth
Shaker'. His symbols
are horses, sea
foam,dolphins,and a
trident.
Hades - Bri
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God of the underworld.
Brother of Poseidon and
Zeus, and consort to
Persephone. His symbols
are the bident, the Helm
of Darkness, and the
three-headed dog,
Cerberus.
Ares - Sid
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God of war, murder
and bloodshed.
Brother to Athena,
and is the son of
Zeus. His symbols
are vultures, dogs,
boars, and a spear.
Hermes
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God of flight, thieves,
commerce, and travellers.
Messenger of the gods. He
showed the way for the dead
souls to Hades realm. He
shows up in more myths than
any other god or goddess.
Likes to trick people and is
very inventive. Hermes
invented the lyre using a turtle
shell and sinew. His symbols
are the caduceus and winged
boots.
Apollo - Robbie
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God of music,
prophecies, poetry, and
archery. Also said to be
the god of light and truth.
Is associated with the
sun. Also referred to as
the most beautiful of the
gods. He is Artemis's twin
brother, and Son of Zeus.
His symbols are the bow,
lyre, and laurel.
Artemis
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Goddess of the hunt and
wild things, and also the
moon. Protector of the
dewy young. She became
associated with the
moon. Apollo is her twin
brother. Artemis is a
virgin goddess. Her
symbols are the bow,
dogs, and deer
Athena - Katelyn
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Goddess of wisdom,
warfare, handicrafts and
reason. Sister of Ares,
and is the daughter of
Zeus. Sprung from Zeus's
head in full body armor.
She is the wisest of the
gods. Her symbols are
the aegis, owl, and olive
tree.
Hestia - Brittany
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Goddess of the hearth
and home, the focal point
of every household.
Daughter of Rhea and
Cronus. Gave up her seat
as one of the Twelve
Olympians to tend to the
sacred flame on Mt.
Olympus for Dionysus.
Her symbol is the hearth.
Hephaestus - Jake
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God of fire and the forge (god
of fire and smiths) with very
weak legs. He was thrown off
Mt. Olympus as a baby by his
mother. He makes armor for
the gods and other heroes like
Achilles. Son of Hera and Zeus
is his father in some accounts.
Married to Aphrodite, but she
doesn't love him because he's
deformed and as a result is
cheating on him with Ares. He
had a daughter named
Pandora. His symbol is an axe
and a flame
Demeter - Maddy
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Goddess of fertility,
grain and harvest.
Demeter is a
daughter of Cronus
and Rhea and sister
of Zeus. Her symbols
are the sceptre, torch,
and corn.
Dionysus - Luis
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God of wine,
parties/festivals, madness
and merriment. He
represents not only the
intoxicating power of
wine, but also its social
and beneficial influences.
His symbols are the
grape vine, ivy, and
thyrsos.
Project
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You are an ancient Greek god. And you
want to tell us your life story and how you
affected the history of Ancient Greece.
Today we will be picking a god for each of
you and tomorrow we will be discussing
the entire assignment.
Philosophy
10-20-08
Greek Philosophy
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Philosophy
 Love
of wisdom
 It is a organized
system of thought
 Critical rational about
the nature of the
universe
 Basically… it is the
study of the unknown
4 Great Philosophers
Pythagoras
 Socrates
 Plato
 Aristotle
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Pythagoras
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Pythagorean theorem
 In
a right-angled triangle the square of the
hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle), c, is
equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides
 a2+b2=c2
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Pythagoras's followers were commonly called
"Pythagoreans"
Philosophical mathematicians
Numbers constitute the true nature of things
Pythagoras - School
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First concerned with
morality
Members were required
to:
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Live ethically
Love one another
Share political beliefs
Practice pacifism
Devote themselves to the
mathematics of nature
Pythagoras - Beliefs
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Pythagoreans believed that a man's words were usually
careless and misrepresented him and that when
someone was "in doubt as to what he should say, he
should always remain silent“
So they were required to remain silent unless they had
something to say
The Pythagorean society is associated with prohibitions
such as not to step over a crossbar, and not to eat beans
The Pythagoreans are known for their theory of the
transmigration (a form or reincarnation) of souls, and
also for their theory that numbers constitute the true
nature of things
Sophists
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Taught that improving mind was not essential
Beyond human mind to understand the universe
Must improve self
Stressed the importance of rhetoric – art of
persuasive speaking
No absolute right or wrong
True wisdom is to pursue ones own good
Socrates
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An early critic of the Sophists
from Athens
Left no writings, everything we
know about him comes from
his pupils
Taught many pupils, not paid
Believed that absolutes did
exist
Goal of Education: Improve the
individual
Question
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So if Socrates believed in absolute standards
and the Sophists believed that standards were
in the eye of the beholder, which do you agree
with? Why?
How does this difference in value affect you?
Which works better with a system of law? How
are people held responsible for their actions in
each?
Socrates – The Socratic Method
“The unexamined life is not worth living”
 It is a question and answer format of
teaching
 Leads pupils to see things for themselves
by using their own reason
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Death of Socrates
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He was morally, intellectually, and politically at odds with his fellow
Athenians
Found guilty of corrupting the youth of Athens
Sentenced to drink hemlock
Death of Socrates
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Could have escaped but:
He believed such a flight would indicate a fear of death,
which he believed no true philosopher has
If he fled his teaching would continue questioning all he
met and undoubtedly incur their displeasure
Having knowingly agreed to live under the city's laws he
subjected himself to the possibility of being accused of
crimes to do otherwise would have caused him to break
his "social contract" with the state, and so harm the
state, an act contrary to Socratic principle
Plato
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Student of Socrates,
wrote many of the
dialogues of Socrates we
have today
Considered by many the
greatest philosopher of
western civilization
Mathematician, writer,
founder of the academy
of Athens
Plato on Ideal Forms
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The Theory of Forms typically refers to Plato's
belief that the material world as it seems to us is
not the real world
There is an ideal of everything
Things we see in this world only represent the
essence of the ideal
Reality can only be seen through the eye of the
mind
Allegory of the Cave
Plato on Government
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Wrote The Republic
Distrust of Democracy
Good life is based on a good and rational state
Develop own state three classes
 Philosopher
Kings
 Warriors
 Everyone
Else (men and women are equal)
Aristotle
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Student of Plato
Studied at the Academy for 20
years
After Plato’s death he opened
his own school, The Lyceum
Did not accept the ideal of
ideal forms
Thought that examining
objects themselves we find
true nature
Most famous student,
Alexander of Macedonia
Aristotle – Scientific method
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We must examine things to get to their true
nature
Natural philosophy – examining the natural
world
Aristotelian philosophy would consist of:
 Logic
 Theoretical Philosophy
 Metaphysics, Physics, Mathematics
 Practical Philosophy
 Poetical
Philosophy
Aristotle on Government
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Like Plato wanted efficient government
However did not believe in an ideal
Believed cities were like living things that cannot exist
without others
Looked to find best government by taking all the best
parts of other governments
3 Good forms of Government
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Monarchy
Aristocracy
Constitutional
Aristotle on Government
Today in the Computer Lab
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I want you to use your research to write a
1 page first person narrative of your
person, we will be going to the computer
lab so you can get started on this. I would
like these typed, and they are due on
Thursday (50 points).
Persian & Peloponnesian
Wars & Alexander
10-22-08
Persia
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As Greek culture spreads come into contact with
other cultures
Greatest of these was Persian Empire – ruled by
Darius
490B.C. Persians landed on plain of Marathon
(26 miles from Athens)
Athens won, a runner named Pheidppides ran
with the news, the first Marathon
Persian War
New monarch Xerxes
 Vows revenge - will invade Greece
 Greeks needed to delay Persian Army
 Thermopylae (300)
 Greeks defeated Persians at Plataea
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Persian War
After Victory
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Tensions between Athens
and Sparta arise
Costal and Island cities
look for protection from
Athens (Delian League)
Inland cities join with
Sparta
Peloponnesian Wars
Greece divided mainly between Athens
and Sparta
 431B.C. Great Peloponnesian war
 Athens will fight a defensive war – hiding
in city walls
 A plague killed more than 1/3 of citizens in
year 2 of the war
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Peloponnesian Wars
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War lasted another 25
years
In 405 Athens fleet
destroyed
Next year Athens loses
and city destroyed
For many years Greece
plagued with small wars
between the cities
Unaware of looming
threat
Macedonia
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Due to constant
fighting the Greeks
ignored the growing
power of Macedonia
in the north
Eventually costs the
Greeks their freedom
Macedonia
Greeks considered the Macedonians
barbarians
 Eventually united by Philip II
 Builds the army up
 Fights the battle of Chaeronea where the
Greeks are crushed
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Philip II
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Great admirer of
Greek culture
Wanted to unite
Greece under
Macedonia
Overran all of Greece
and forced a united
Greek state – to fight
Persia
Alexander the Great
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Son of Philip
Became king at 20
Alexander’s Education
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Philip trained him in
art of war
Also tutored by
Leonidas (not of
Sparta)
Greatest teacher
Aristotle
Alexander’s Conquests
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Attacked the Persian empire
Freed Greek cities in Asia Minor – defeated Persians
Turned attention South
Attacked Syria, Palestine and Egypt
Founded city of Alexandria in Egypt
Alexander’s Conquests
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Turns East – fights decisive battle against Persians and
moves on to Babylon
Took control of whole Persian Empire
Alexander’s Conquests
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Moved East and North East as far as Pakistan
Crossed the Indus River and entered India
Returned home through the desert
Many died of thirst
Alexander
He returned to Babylon
 Planning more military campaigns
 But he was exhausted, injured, sick and
probably drunk
 He died at the age of 32
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Empire
Legacy
Spread Greek culture throughout the
Middle East and Asia
 Brought great wealth to Greece
 Brought about monarchies – killing
democracy
 Brought Asian culture to Greece
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Why so successful?
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Great military leader –
fantastic strategies
A little crazy
Imitate Achilles
How “Great” was Alexander?
Would you consider Alexander Great?
 Why?
 What make a leader great?
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Tomorrow
We will look at Hellenistic culture
 And review for the test Friday
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Hellenistic Culture
10-23-08
Hellenistic
It is the blending of many cultures
 Greek (Hellenic)
 Egyptian, Persian and Indian influences
 Alexandria (a center of Hellenistic culture)
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Alexandria - Egypt
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Koine
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A Greek derived language
It allowed people
communicate across
cultures
Trade
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In the markets people from
all over converged
Strategically placed in the
center of the
Mediterranean
Alexandria
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Greatest attractions
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Lighthouse
Streets filled with statues of
Greek gods
Museum – also an institute
of advanced study
Library
Art galleries
Zoo
Botanical gardens
Dining Hall
Science
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Advances in science
during the Hellenistic
period – maybe the
greatest advances in
science until 1500’s
Astronomy
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The Earth –
Eratosthenes’ estimate of
circumference 24,662
miles
Actual 24,860
Science
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Astronomy cont’d
Sun – Aristarchus’ envisioned the Sun was 300 x
the size of the Earth not smaller than Greece
 Actually Sun is 1.3 million time the size
 He also said that other planets revolve around the
Sun not Earth
 Ptolemy incorrectly pictured the universe with the
Earth at the center
 The
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This set science back for over 1400 years
Math and Physics
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Euclid
 Opened
a school of
Geometry in
Alexandria
 Used his text,
Elements, into the
1900’s
Math and Physics
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Archimedes
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From Syracuse
Accurately estimated pi
Explained how a lever
worked
Archimedes screw
Also figured out volume
Philosophy
In general believed the universe followed
rational principles
 Became about how to live your lives and
be happy
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 Stoicism
 Epicureanism
Stoicism
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Founded by Zeno
Beliefs
 Believed
in divine power
 Live a virtuous life
 Human desires are dangerous - control
 Social unity
 Bear what life offers
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Modern stoic means someone who is
impervious to pain or emotion
Epicureanism
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Founded by Epicurus
Teachings
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World is made up of atoms
Ruled by gods that have no interest in humans
Only things that are real are what we can perceive with senses
Main goal is to achieve harmony of body and mind
Free to follow self interest
Separate selves from society
Modern interpretation is someone who is a connoisseur
of the arts and sensual pleasures
Art
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Realistic sculpture
Moved away from idealized forms
Realism and Emotional