Transcript Nursing Assistant III

Nursing Assistant III
Chapter 6: Those We Care For
Objectives
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Recognize that health care is a people-focused service
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List and briefly describe the stages of human growth and development
Discuss why people need health care intervention
Differentiate between acute, chronic, and terminal conditions, and give example of each
Describe how the health care industry classifies people, and list the types of people you might have the opportunity to work
with
Understand the developmental changes are common throughout the life span of a person
Draw Maslow’s hierarchy of basic human needs, and explain each level
Describe the ways that a nursing assistant helps patients and residents to meet their needs
Understand the difference between sex and sexuality and discuss how a person’s sexuality can be affected by illness
Patients, Residents, and Clients
• Patients
• Receiving care in a hospital, clinic, or extended care facility
• Resident
• Receiving care in a long-term care or assisted living facility
• Client
• Person receiving care in his/her own home
Patients, Residents, and Clients
• Three general types of illness
• Acute illness
• Characterized by rapid onset and a relatively short recovery time
• Usually unexpected
• Pneumonia, appendicitis, broken bone, labor and delivery
• Chronic illness
• Condition that is ongoing
• Generally needs continuous medication
• Diabetes, asthma, arthritis, high blood pressure
Patients, Residents, and Clients
• Three general types of illness
• Terminal illness
• Recovery is not expected
• Some types of cancer, end-stage emphysema, and some heart conditions
Patients, Residents, and Clients
• Group people according to age, illness, or medical condition
• Surgical patients
• Need to have illness or condition treated by surgery
• Inpatient or outpatient
• Medical patients
• Treated with interventions other than surgery
• Medications, physical therapy, or radiation
Patients, Residents, and Clients
• Group people according to age, illness, or medical condition
• Obstetrical patients
• Pregnant or have just given birth
• Continues for about 8 weeks after delivery
• Pediatric patients
• Children and adolescents
• Are at risk for some diseases adults are not
• Child’s body does not function exactly the same way and adult’s does
Patients, Residents, and Clients
• Group people according to age, illness, or medical condition
• Geriatric patients
• Elderly people
• Changes associated with the aging process
• Psychiatric patients
• People with impaired mental health
• Combination of counseling and medication
Patients, Residents, and Clients
• Group people according to age, illness, or medical condition
• Rehabilitation patients
• Undergoing therapy to restore highest level of physical, emotional, mental, or occupational
functioning
• Inpatient and outpatient
• Subacute or extended-care patients
• Usually recovering from an acute illness or condition
• Do not need total care, but not ready to return home
Patients, Residents, and Clients
• Group people according to age, illness, or medical condition
• Intensive care patients
• Needing very specialized care
• Usually nurse has 1 or 2 patients
Growth and Development
• Growth
• Changes that occur physically
• Height, weight, and physical maturation of the body and organ systems
• Development
• Changes that occur psychologically or socially
• Behavior and way of thinking
Growth and Development
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Both occur in an orderly fashion
Progress from simple to complex
Process is divided into stages of normal progression
Not everyone progresses through the stages at the same rate
A person cannot progress to the next stage without completing the
tasks/milestones
• Stages may be defined differently based on psychologist you study
Growth and Development
• Infancy (Birth to 1 Year)
• Stage when changes occur most rapidly
• Neonate (newborn to 28 days old)
• New tasks completed on a weekly to monthly basis
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Smile and laugh
Recognize parents
Play peek-a-boo,
Say simple words
Eating solid foods
Growth and Development
• Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years)
• Physical growth slows down
• Become quite active
• walk, run, climb, jump
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Safety becomes a concern
Greater control of bladder and bowels
Learns words to express emotion
Short complete sentences
Growth and Development
• Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years)
• Increasing independence
• Usually play alone or along side another child without many interactions
• Do not tolerate separation from parent or caregiver easily
• Medical procedures requiring separation may be very frightening
Growth and Development
• Preschool (3 to 5 years)
• “an adventure waiting to happen”
• Physical coordination improves a great deal
• Dress self
• Independent toileting
• Plays with other children
• Active imaginations
Growth and Development
• Preschool (3 to 5 years)
• Aware of gender differences
• Ask questions
• Develop a conscience
• More easily follows rules
Growth and Development
• School-Age (5 to 12 years)
• Several major physical growth spurts
• Fine motor skills develop
• Play with groups of same-sex friends
• Increased ability to follow society’s rules
• Seek approval from authority figures and peers
• Logical thinking patterns develop
Growth and Development
• School-Age (5 to 12 years)
• Learn to incorporate other people’s perspectives in their own thinking
• Feel very strongly about right and wrong with no grey area
• Spiritual and religious beliefs also take root
Growth and Development
• Adolescence (12 to 20 years)
• Ages of this stage vary considerably
• Begins at the onset of puberty
• Reproductive organs begin to function
• Girls usually between 10 and 14
• Boys usually between 12 and 16
• Physical growth and development is considerable
Growth and Development
• Adolescence (12 to 20 years)
• May be self conscious about changing bodies
• Aware of own sexuality
• Experiment with new styles of dress and hair
• Follow very closely with friends
• Begin dating
• Question authority figures
Growth and Development
• Adolescence (12 to 20 years)
• May experiment with sex, drugs, alcohol
• May take jobs
• Plans for future education and beginning of career
Growth and Development
• Young Adulthood (20 to 40 years)
• Typically have stable supporting friendships
• Good health
• Complete education
• Starting a career
• Finding a partner and marrying
• Learn to be successful on their own
Growth and Development
• Young Adulthood (20 to 40 years)
• Children
• Very little physical change
Growth and Development
• Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
• Many at the height of their careers
• Caretaker to children
• Caretaker to aging parents
• “sandwich generation”
• More time to travel and leisure
• Many become grandparents
Growth and Development
• Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
• Shows signs of aging
• Wrinkles
• Grey hair
• Women experience menopause
• Chronic illness
• Hypertension
• diabetes
Growth and Development
• Later Adulthood (65 to 75 years)
• Physical changes of aging become more prevalent
• Strength diminishes
• Decreased hearing and sight
• Retirement
• Many have to cope with loss of friends and or spouse due to death
Growth and Development
• Older Adulthood (75 years and beyond)
• Primary task is preparing for one’s own death
• Adjust to failing health
• Enjoy sharing wisdom with younger people
Basic Human Needs
• Primary mission of health care is to tend to the physical and emotional needs
of those we care for
• What are needs?
• What are wants?
Basic Human Needs
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
• Need is something essential for a person’s physical and mental health
• Abraham Maslow defined what he thought to be basic human needs
• Believed that the more basic needs must be met before the higher-level needs can be
met
• Many people can meet their own needs with little or no outside help
• People who are ill, injured, or disabled, rely on help of healthcare team to meet needs
Basic Human Needs
Basic Human Needs
• Physiologic Needs
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Most basic level of needs
Essential for survival
Highest priority
Nursing Assistant Interventions
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Assisting with meals
Toileting
Ambulation
Providing a relaxing environment
Basic Human Needs
• Safety and Security Needs
• Physical
• Follow safety procedures
• Infection control
• Emotional
• Call lights
• Rounding
• explanations
Basic Human Needs
• Love and Belonging Needs
• All people need to feel loved, accepted, and appreciated
• Family life
• When not met, loneliness and isolation develop
• Babies and children don’t grow
• Older people can actually die of loneliness
Basic Human Needs
• Love and Belonging Needs
• Nursing Assistant Interventions:
• Take interest in residents
• Smile
• Kind words
Basic Human Needs
• Self-Esteem Needs
• How a person perceives themselves
• How they think other people perceive them
• Things that effect self-esteem in health care
• Having to wear a hospital own
• Having surgery that might change physical appearance
• Having to depend on others for something they used to do themselves
Basic Human Needs
• Self-Esteem Needs
• Nursing Assistant Interventions
• Provide for privacy
• Allowing residents to wear own clothing when possible
• Assisting with grooming
• Allowing as much independence as possible
Basic Human Needs
• Self-Actualization Needs
• A person must reach his or her fullest potential
• Most try to meet this need throughout entire life
• Constantly setting new goals
• Nursing Assistant Interventions
• Help resident set small, realistic goals for positive outcome
• Help meet basic needs first
Culture and Religion
• Culture
• Made up of the beliefs (includes religious or spiritual beliefs), values, and traditions that are
customary to a group of people
• A view of the world that is handed down from generation to generation
• Can be shared by people of the same race or ethnicity
• Shared by people in the same geographic area, or speak the same language
• Race
• General characterization that describes skin color, body stature, facial features, and hair texture
Culture and Religion
• Culture
• United States is very culturally diverse
• Lake County??
• As a healthcare worker it is important to learn as much as possible about other cultures or
ethnic groups
• Cultural differences will affect how healthcare is delivered
• Attitudes toward sickness and death
• Avoid generalizations
Culture and Religion
• Culture
• Food preferences
• Religion
• A person’s spiritual beliefs
• Often closely linked to culture
• Certain rituals
• May be different than yours
Culture and Religion
• Religion
• If a resident asks to see a spiritual leader or clergy, grant the request promptly
• Respect another person’s values
Quality of Life
• Sometimes we get so focused on a patient or resident’s problems we forget to consider
the desires of the individual
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Use a humanistic approach
Allow patients or residents to make decisions about their care
What if a person decides not to follow treatment recommendations?
Quality of life
• Getting satisfaction and comfort from the way we are living
• Must respect decisions related to quality of life issues
A Person’s Family
• You must consider the impact of a person’s illness or disability on their
family members
• Families may be very diverse
• Many family members feel “guilty”
• Feel they have failed their loved one
A Person’s Family
• Some family members will question you and second guess your care
• Family members may be involved in care decisions if the patient allows