Transcript Joint Diseases - JointsWebQuest

• Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis,
A strain or sprain.
By Grant White, Lindsey
Friess, Keya Klebba, and
Zakk Mapes
Depending on the degree of tissue
inflammation symptoms of rheumatoid
arthritis can come and go. When the disease
is active symptoms may include:
 Fatigue
Loss of energy
 Lack of appetite
 Low grade fever
Muscle of joint aches and stiffness
 The joint also tends to be red, swollen, and
often painful and tender.
There is no cure for Rheumatoid
Arthritis but medication like
aspirin and cortisone help to
reduce pain and inflammation.
Medications like methotrexate
and plaxuenil promote disease
relapse and prevent joint
destruction.
There is no precaution
measures for Rheumatoid
Arthritis other than trying
to stay healthy because
there is no cure for this
disease.
• Osteoarthritis is a type of
arthritis that is caused by
the breakdown and
eventually lose of the
cartilage of one or more
joints. It commonly
affects the hands, feet,
spine, and large weightbearing joints.

Prevention Measures
 Exercise
like swimming
 Staying in shape or losing
weight if overweight
 Eating a health balanced
diet
 wearing splints and
braces when on problem
area during physical
activities.
Sprained joint
oA sprain is an injury to the ligament;
the tough, fibrous tissue that connects
bones to other bones. The sprain is
caused by the overstretching or
tearing of the ligament.
oA strain is an injury to a muscle or
tendon; the tissue that connects
muscle to the bone. The strain is
caused by the simply overstretching of
the muscle or tendon or the complete
or partial tear in the muscle or
tendon.
Usual signs and symptoms of a sprain include: mild or severe pain, swelling,
bruising, and loss of movement. The signs and symptoms can vary
depending on the severity of the injury.
To further aid one’s self it the diagnoses of the severity of the sprain, sprains
are characterized into three grades from number one being mild to number
three being the most sever.
Grade 1: It is caused by overstretching or a slight tear in the ligament with
no joint instability.
Symptoms: minimal pain, swelling, and little or no loss in motion.
Grade 2: It is caused by partial tearing in the ligament in which an X-ray or
MRI may be needed.
Symptoms: bruising, moderate pain, swelling, and some loss in
motion.
Grade 3: It is caused by a complete tear or rupture of the ligament in which
an X-ray will be taken to rule out a broken bone and the possibility of
surgery will arise.
Symptoms: severe pain and bruising and the patient will not be
able to put any weight on the injured area.
Usual sings and symptoms of a strain include: mild or
sever pain, muscle spasms and weakness, swelling,
and inflammation.
Along with sprains, strains are also characterized into
3 grades to further aid one’s self on diagnosis.
Grade 1: It is caused by some damaging of either the
muscle or tendon fibers.
Grade 2: It is caused by more sever damaging of the
muscle or tendon fibers, but the muscle or tendon
has not been completely torn or ruptured.
Grade 3: It is caused but the complete rupture or
tear or of the muscle or tendon.
Treatment Measures:
For both sprains and strains the first stage in treatment
is the R.I.C.E therapy for the first 24-48 hours after the
injury.
The second stage of treating sprains and strains is
rehabilitation to restore normal movement to the
injured area. At this point the doctor will set a series of
low impact exercise or will set up an appointment for a
patient.
The third and final stage is surgery to reattach the
muscle or tendon in the case of a strain, or the
ligament in the case of a sprain.
Rest- Reduce as much physical activity/stress as
possible that involves the use of the injured
area.
Ice- Apply ice wrapped in a towel or cloth to the
injured area for no more than 20 minutes 8
times a day.
Compression- Securely wrap the injured area to
help reduce swelling and unnecessary
movement.
Elevation- Keep the injured area elevated above
the level of the heart (if possible) to further aid
in the reduction of swelling.
•Perform balance and proprioception exercises.
•Stretch before any physical activity.
•Always use the proper equipment including the
right type of shoes.
•Ease into a fitness routine.
•Run on an even surface.
•Avoid exercises or playing sports when tired or in
pain.
•Warm up
•Replace old worn out equipment.
•Wear equipment that fits properly.
•Wear protective equipment when participating in
a sport. Ankle braces, wrist braces ect.
Articulation- a joint between bones or
cartilages in the skeleton of a vertebrate.
Arthrology- the scientific study of joints.
Kinesiology- the study of movement of the
human body.
Rheumatology- field of medicine devoted to
joint diseases and related conditions.
Dislocation- displacement of the articulating
bones from their normal positions.
There are three structural joint classes.
Fibrous Joints- These fixed joints are held together by
fibrous connective tissue. The joints are often immovable
and sometimes slightly movable. No joint cavity is present
within this joint. Sutures are an example of a fibrous joint.
Cartilaginous joints- usually found in the body of the
skeleton. These joints are held in place by cartilage, more
specifically, hyaline or fibrocartilage. Like fibrous joints,
these joints have no joint cavity and are immovable or
slightly movable.
Synovial joints- Located throughout the body. These joints
are characterized by a joint cavity (synovial) containing
synovial fluid. Synovial joints are unlike fibrous and
cartilaginous because they are freely movable. They
represent most joints of the body.
Functional classification is based on
the degree to which the joint permits
movement. Also contains three types.
A synarthrosis joint- permits no
movement. Structurally, it can be
represented by either a fibrous or
cartilaginous joint.
An amphiarthrosis joint- permits slight
movement. Structurally is the same as
a synarthrosis is always a synovial joint.
A diarthrosis joint- a freely moveable
joint. Structurally is always a synovial
joint.
•The fibrous joints are divided into three types…
•Sutures- found between the bones of the skull. They
are bound together. A tiny amount of movement, if
any, is allowed with sutures. They function to protect
the brain from harm and to make the skull stronger.
•Syndesmosis- found between long bones of the
body, such as the radius or ulna of the forearm. These
are slightly movable. They function to make it easier
to move certain parts of the body, such as the leg.
•Gomphosis- a joint between the root of a tooth and
the sockets of the maxilla and mandible. The
movement of this joint is very minimal. Its function is
to keep facial bones and teeth in place and to reduce
problems with the jaw, chin, and cheek bones.
The structure and function of
Cartilaginous joints.
The cartilaginous joints are divided into two
types…
Synchondrosis- This is where the connecting
medium of a joint is cartilage. This is a
temporary form of joint, because the cartilage
will become bone before adult life. Found
between the epiphyses and bodies of long
bones. The synchondrosis functions to protect
the more fragile bones of the body.
Symphysis- Is a fibrocartilaginous fusion
between two bones. Unlike synchondroses,
symphysises are permanent. This functions to
keep bones from rubbing together and causing
pain.
•Synovial joints are made up of
five main tissue parts:
•Bone
•Cartilage
•Synovium
•Synovial Fluid
•Tensile Tissue; ligaments and
tendons
The Synovium is the soft tissue that lines
the joint cavities, tendon sheaths and
even bursae. It is composed of fatty,
areoler and fibrous tissue. Since the
surface of the Synovium is permeable to
water, it is able to trap the synovial fluid
inside.
•The synovial fluid is usually noticeably
clear and colorless, and thick and stringy
like egg whites.
When joints are suddenly
stretched, the fluid is enable
to fill the spaces and the lining
of the Synovium is vacuumed
into the spaces causing the
“crack”, such as someone
cracking their fingers.
Hinge- the hinge joints allow for
extension and retraction of
appendages. In hinged joints one
bone must be concave, and the
other convex at the point of
articulation, allowing the extensive
movement.
Saddle- allows for up and down movements, as
well as back and forth movements. Saddle joints
articulate concave and a convex bone that fit
snugly together. an example would be the
thumb, this gives the thumb its ability to have a
wider range of motions that other fingers do not
have.
Ball and socket- ball and socket joints
allow for radial movement in any
direction and are found primarily in
the hips and shoulders. Ball and socket
joints articulate both a rounded or
convex bone, with a cupped
depression.
•Ellipsoid- ellipsoid joints allow
for radial movements but at a
lesser magnitude than that of a
ball and socket joint, found in
wrists and ankles.
•Pivot- Pivot joints allow for rotation
around an axis, pivot joints are found in
the neck, radius and ulna, and the
forearms. Pivot joints in areas of
articulated depressed bone and a cone
shaped bone which allows for its ability
to twist and rotate.
•Gliding- gliding joints allow for bones to
freely move past one another, these
types of joints are found in midcarpals
and midtarsals, or the vertebrae.
oThere are 18 total movements that joints can make
classified below:
•Gliding – flat bones gliding over and past one another.
•Flexion – decreasing the angle of a joint.
•Extension – increasing the angle of a joint.
•Hyperextension – excessive extension that goes past the normal
anatomical position.
•Abduction – moving appendage away from midline.
•Adduction - moving appendage near the midline.
•Circumduction – moving distal part of appendage in circular motions.
•Rotation – turning on a pivot with a circular motion.
•Elevation – upward movement raising body vertically.
•Depression – downward movement lowering the body vertically.
•Protraction – moving body part forward on a horizontal plane.
•Retraction – moving the body backwards/posterior.
•Supination – turning the palm or hand to face forward.
Pronation – turning the hand or palm to face backwards.
Inversion – turning foot or sole inward.
•Aversion – turning foot or sole outward.
•Dorsiflexion – standing on heels with toes up.
•Plantar flexion – raising heels with toes down