Transcript AIDS / HIV - GovernorThomasJohnsonPEandHealth

AIDS / HIV
“A young person becomes infected
with HIV globally every 60 minutes”
~Enid Vazquez
AIDS—Basic Facts
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HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
Virus) – the virus that primarily
affects the cells of the immune
system and that causes AIDS.
AIDS (Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome) – disease
that weakens the immune system –
final and most serious stage of the
HIV virus
HIV Positive—describes a person
who tests positive in two different
HIV tests
IMPORTANT FACTS
How is HIV Transmitted?
1. During sexual activity, which includes vaginal, oral, and
anal sex, with an infected person
2. Through sharing needles or other intravenous injection
equipment with an infected person (tattooing and piercing)
3. From an infected mother to her infant before or during the
birth process or by breast-feeding
4. Health care workers who may be accidentally stuck with a
needle
Body fluids in which AIDS is found
 Blood
 Semen
 Vaginal Secretions
 Pre-ejaculate fluid
 Breast milk
How HIV Infects the Body:
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Helper T Cells (CD4): the white blood
cell that activates the immune
response and that is the primary target
cell of HIV infection.
• HIV uses helper T cells to make
copies of itself, killing the helper T
cells in the process. As the helper
T cell counts drop, the body loses
its ability to fight off other
infections and certain cancers.
• A normal CD4 count/ml of
blood = 500-1,000
 Asymptomatic Stage: a stage of
infection in which the infectious
agent, such as HIV, is present
but there are few or no
symptoms of the infection.
• When CD4 count drops
below 200=Opportunistic
Infection: an illness due to an
organism that causes disease in
people with weakened immune
systems; commonly found in
AIDS patients
Stages of HIV/AIDS:
• Phase I of HIV infection
is the asymptomatic
stage, which means the
infection is present but
there are few or no
symptoms. This phase
can last 10 years or
more.
• Phase II is marked by
the beginning or
worsening of symptoms
as the immune system
fails.
• Phase III marks the
beginning of AIDS. The
helper T cell count is
200 or less and AIDSdefining conditions
develop, such as
opportunistic infections.
Types of Opportunistic
Infections:
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Pneumocystis
pneumonia
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Tuberculosis
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Toxoplasmosis—a rare
infection of the brain
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Kaposi’s Sarcoma—
example of a cancer
found in AIDS
patients; causes
purple-red blotches on
the skin
Gradually—an AIDS
patient may appear
chronically ill and
show weight loss,
malnutrition, and little
movement.
AIDS Attack the Body’s T Cells
AIDS Symptoms
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Fever
Night Sweats
Rapid Weight loss
Swollen lymph glands-in
armpits, groin, and neck
Fatigue (lack of energy)
Loss of Appetite
Frequent Diarrhea
Skin changes (rashes)
Short Term Memory Loss
Where Did HIV/AIDS come From?
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The most commonly accepted theory is that of the 'hunter'. In this scenario,
SIVcpz was transferred to humans as a result of chimps being killed and
eaten or their blood getting into cuts or wounds on the hunter. Normally the
hunter's body would have fought off SIV, but on a few occasions it adapted
itself within its new human host and become HIV-1. The fact that there were
several different early strains of HIV, each with a slightly different genetic
make-up (the most common of which was HIV-1 group M), would support
this theory: every time it passed from a chimpanzee to a man, it would have
developed in a slightly different way within his body, and thus produced a
slightly different strain.
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An article published in The Lancet in 2004, also shows how retroviral
transfer from primates to hunters is still occurring even today. In a sample of
1099 individuals in Cameroon , they discovered ten (1%) were infected with
SFV (Simian Foamy Virus), an illness which, like SIV, was previously
thought only to infect primates. All these infections were believed to have
been acquired through the butchering and consumption of monkey and ape
meat. Discoveries such as this have ban on led to calls for an outright
bushmeat hunting to prevent simian viruses being passed to humans.
EQUAL OPPORTUNITY
VIRUS
- In the early 1980’s HIV was typically a young,
homosexual, white or black, male dominated virus
- In 2008, there is a new face of HIV
 Heterosexual: mostly males passing it to females
but, uncircumcised men can get it easier from
women and oral sex
 Older individuals are being infected
 People of all races or ethnicities
 Males and Females
Childbirth for infected mothers
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Modern drugs are highly effective at preventing
HIV transmission during pregnancy, labor and
delivery. When combined with other
interventions, including formula feeding, a
complete course of treatment can cut the risk of
transmission to below 2%. Even where resources
are limited, a single dose of medicine given to
mother and baby can cut the risk in half. AVERT
is currently running a campaign to ensure that all
women have access to these drugs.
AIDS Testing…
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AIDS TESTING: a sample is taken of
blood, urine, or oral fluid (cells in the
mouth)
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HIV-Antibody Test—a test that detects
HIV antibodies to determine if a person
has been infected with HIV
If you have HIV antibodies your test will be positive. This means
you have HIV.
If you don’t have antibodies, your test will be negative. This
means one of two things:
 You don’t have HIV
 You have HIV, but your body hasn’t made antibodies yet.
(If antibody level is <50 it is undetectable)
HIV TESTING’s WINDOW
PERIOD…
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It usually takes up to 3 months after infection for the body to
make HIV antibodies. In rare cases, it can take up to 6 months.
This period is called the “window period.” Most cases are
known 2 weeks-6 months after exposure.
Ways to receive your results:
 Anonymous—means you are the only one who will know your
test result. You use a code name or number to get your result.
There is no way to trace your name, address or social security
number with this code.
 Confidential—means your name is known and your test result is
put into your medicinal record.
HIV Antibody Testing
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OraQuick Advance Rapid HIV Testing
 Oral Swab
 Results in 20 minutes
 As accurate as blood testing technologies
Info You Should Know…
• Rates of infection among ages 13-24
have increased by 42% since 2000 and
continue to grow.
• Over 10,000 teens have been
diagnosed with HIV in the United
States. More than 4,000 of these have
developed AIDS.
• 85% of all infections in MD are among
African American.
• About half of HIV infection in US is
youth under the age of 25.
AIDS—The Epidemic
MARYLAND
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30,000 are living with HIV/AIDS
2,200 new infections will occur this year
600 people will die of AIDS this year
15,000 have already died
Population, 2006 estimate maryland 5,615,727
In FREDERICK, MD—280 AIDS Cases living
Population in July 2007: 59,220.
AIDS—The Epidemic
Maryland Ranks #3 Among the
States for AIDS Cases
Washington DC and Baltimore rank
#3 and #4 among US cities
AIDS—The Epidemic
 One
in twenty people in Washington
D.C. is HIV infected
 Rates
in areas of Baltimore and
Washington D.C. are higher than in
Sub-Sahara Africa
Can you get HIV/AIDS from casual contact with an
infected person or their stuff?
HIV/AIDS Cannot be Spread by:
• Donating blood
• Hugging, dry kissing
or sharing food
• Telephones, toilet
seats, towels, or
eating utensils
• Tears, saliva, sweat,
or urine
• Mosquitoes or other
insects
MAGIC JOHNSON
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Currently 45 years old
Was infected with the HIV
Virus in 1991
He has had the HIV Virus
for 13 years
Eats Healthy – Exercises
and does not have any
symptoms of HIV
He is considered a nonprogressor – due to his
medications ($1,5003,000/month)
Why Can’t We Find a Cure?
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When a person is newly infected with HIV the Viral Load
quickly spikes to very high levels and the virus seeks out
and attaches to every CD4 cell possible.
The body has both active/mature CD4 cells and also
maintains a supply of inactive/immature cells. HIV attaches
to both mature and immature cells. While attached to the
immature cells HIV simply waits with the cell until it is
mature.
Once the CD4 cell is mature, HIV is then able to take over
the cell and begin its replication cycle. The supply of
immature CD4 cells with HIV attached is called a “Latent
Reservoir” ensuring that there is always a new supply of
HIV factories coming into active service at all times.
HIV + AIDS Video…
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The Teen Forum:
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 The epidemic continues to grow
 High Concentration of HIV in
Maryland
 Anyone can get it
 Rates among young people
continue to grow
 African-American community
profoundly affected
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 Vaccine/Cure—Light Years Away
 Current Treatment limits viral
replication but DO NOT KILL HIV
 Centers for Disease Control
Recommendations
 Oral Swab Rapid HIV Testing
Interview with “Tina”—a
Frederick County 22-year old
with AIDS who was infected at
age 16
 Teens can become infected
 What is might be like to
live with HIV/AIDS
 You can only trust yourself
Interview with Kellee
Browning—a Frederick County
HIV Positive Activist
 HIV looks like a healthy
person
 Difficulties of living with
HIV—lies and
consequences