Transcript Document

Week 3 Introduction
Week 3 Seminar Chapter 7 &18
Measurement Systems and Their Equivalents
and
Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals
2
Assignment Hints
 Show your work, so I can give partial
credit
 Don’t forget about the Math Center if
you need help
3
Three Basic Units of
Measurement
 Volume – liter (L)
 Weight – gram (g, gm)
 Length – meter (m)
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Sliding Mnemonic
Conversions
Kilo hecto deka
micro(µ)
METER(m)
deci
centi milli * *
LITER(L)
GRAM(g)
10-3
10-2
10-1
<<base>>
EX: .0045kg<=
(µ)
4.5g
EX: .075km <=
75m
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102
103 * * 106
=> 4,500mg = 4,500,000mcg
=>7500cm =75,000mm
Liter is the metric unit of
volume
=1,000,000microliters
 1 Liter (L.) = 1,000 milliliters
= 100 centiliters
=10 deciliters
=0.1 dekaliter
=0.01 hectoliter
=0.001 kiloliter
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Volume Measurement
1 mL = 1cc **VERY IMPORTANT**
1 teaspoonful=5mL or 5cc’s **
1 tablespoon=3 tsp = 15mL or 15cc’s
1 L = 32 ounces (approx)
1L = 1000 mL=1000cc
1L = 1qt (approx)
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Volume Conversion Factors
______ cc = 4 L (larger unit)
1000 x 4 = 4000
4000cc = 4 L
Rule: 1000 cc = 1 L
_____ L = 200 mL (smaller unit)
200 ÷ 1000 = 0.2
0.2 L = 200 mL
Rule: 1000 mL= 1 L
_____ cc = 560 mL (same)
560 cc = 560 mL
Rule: 1 mL = 1 cc
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Remember 1cc=1ml
Alternate way
______ cc = 4 L
_____ L = 200 mL
 1L = 1000mL (page
135)
 4L x 1000cc/1L
 4L x 1000cc
1L
 L cross out leaving cc
 4 x 1000cc = 4000cc
 Again 1L = 1000mL
 200mL x 1L/1000mL
 200mL x 1L
1000mL
 mL cross out leaving L
 200/1000= 0.2L
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Volume Mneumonic Method
 4L=____cc
 K h d <MLG> d c m * *
µ
 1cc=1mL
 Start @ liter (base),
move 3 decimal points to
the right to reach ml’s
 4L=4000ml=4000cc
 200ml=____L
 K h d <MLG> d c
m**µ
 Start @ milli,
move 3 decimal
spaces to the left
to reach L’s
 200ml=0.2L
Volume Conversion Factors
______ cc = 8.01 L (larger unit)
Who can solve this?
_____ L = 300 mL (smaller unit)
Who can solve this?
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Volume Conversion Factors
______ cc = 8.01 L (larger unit)
8.01 x 1000 = 8010
8010 mL = 8.01 L
_____ L = 300 mL (smaller unit)
300 ÷ 1000 = 0.3
300 mL = 0.3 L
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Volume Alternate Way
Remember cc same as mL
______ cc = 8.01 L




1L = 1000cc
8.01L x 1000cc/1L
L cross each other out
8.01 x 1000cc =
8010cc
_____ L = 300 mL
 1L = 1000mL
 300mL x 1L/1000mL
 The mL cross out
Leaving L
 300/1000= 0.3L
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Volume Mneumonic Method
 8.01L =___cc
 K h d <MLG> d c m * *
µ
 Cc=mL
 Start @ liter (base)
move three spaces to the
right for ml (=cc’s)
 8.01L becomes 8010mL
or 8010cc
 300mL=____L
 K h d <MLG> d c m
**µ
 Start @ milli, and to
get to Liter (base)
move three spaces
to the left
 300mL=0.3L
Metric Measure of Weight Gram
=1,000,000micrograms
 1 gram= 1000 mg
=
=
=
=
=
100 centigrams
10 decigrams
0.1 dekagram
0.01 hectogram
0.001 kilogram
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Most Commonly Used





Milligram
Gram
Kilogram
1000mg (mg)=1 gram (g) ***
1000gms (g)
= 1 kilogram (kg. or
kilo)
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Weight Measurement
1
1
1
1
kg = 2.2 pounds ***
kg = 1000 g
mg = 0.001g
mg = 1000 mcg or µg
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Weight Conversion Factors
Alternate Way
_____ mg = 8 g(larger unit)
8 X 1000 = 8000 mg
8000 mg = 8 g
Rule: 1000 mg = 1 g
_____ mg = 635 mcg (smaller unit)
635 ÷ 1000 = 0.635 mg
0.635 mg = 635 mcg
Rule: 1 mg = 1000 mcg or µg
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Weight
Alternate Way
_____ mg = 8 g
_____ mg = 635 mcg
Remember 1g = 1000mg
Page 136
8g x 1000mg/1g
or
8g x 1000mg
1g
g cross each other out
8 x 1000= 8000mg
 1mg =1000mcg Page
136
 635mcg x 1mg/1000mcg
or
635mcg x 1mg
1000mcg
 mcg cross each other
out
 635/1000= 0.635mcg
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Weight
Mneumonic Method
 8g=____mg
 K h d <MLG> d c m * *
µ
 Start @ gram (base) and
move 3 units to the right
to get milligrams
 8g to the right becomes
8000mg
 635mcg(µ)=___
_mg
 K h d <MLG> d c m
**µ
 Start @ mcg(µ) and
move 3 units to the
left to reach
milligrams
 635mcg to the left
becomes 0.635mg
_____ mcg = 0.3 mg (larger unit)
WHO CAN SOLVE THIS?
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Answer
 0.3mg =
mcg
 Remember 1mg = 1000mcg (page 136)
 0.3mg x 1000mcg
1mg
 mg cross each other out leaving mcg
 0.3 x 1000 = 300mcg >>OR<<
 K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
 Start @ mg, move three to the right for mcg’s
 0.3mg = 300mcg
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Household System
**Important**
 Volume




1
1
1
1
cup (c) = 8 oz
pint (pt) = 2 c = 16 oz
quart (qt) = 2 pt = 4 c =32 oz
gallon (gal)= 4 qt= 8 pt = 16c = 128oz
 Weight or mass
 1 pound = 16 oz
 Length
 1 foot = 12 in
 1 yard = 3ft 36in
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Units
Measured according to strength and
desired effect




heparin
insulin
penicillin G
vitamins A,D,E
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Review
 Remember 1kg=2.2lbs
 How much will a 160lb person weigh
in kilograms?
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Answer
 160lbs x 1kg = 72.7kg
2.2lbs
The pounds cancel each other leaving
kg.
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Review
 One teaspoon is how many mls?
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Answer
 5mls
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Review
 One gram = x milligrams
 One liter = x milliliters
 One Meter = x millimeters
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Answer
 One gram = 1000milligrams
 One Liter = 1000 milliliters
 One meter= 1000 millimeters
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Questions
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Drug Classes
ANTIBIOTICS
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Chapter 18
 Antibiotic is anti + Greek bios, life so
against life.
 Produced from natural substances
including molds and bacteria.
 Inhibit growth or kill other
microorganisms.
 There are families of antibiotics all similar
to the original chemical, with various
prosperities that make them useful for
treating different types of infections.
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When choosing an Antibiotic
 Want maximum effect with minimal harm
to patient.
 Match bug to drug, if possible
 What is the organism, what drugs is it
sensitive to, and the host factors at the
site. Also health status of the patient
including immune status.
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Antibiotic Resistance
 The main reason for the development of
drug-resistant microbes is the inappropriate
use of antibiotics.
 The more an antibiotic is used the faster
drug resistance develops.
 Improper prescribing by health care workers
and patients not finishing the course of
therapy contribute.
 No excuse for casual or indiscriminate use of
antibiotics.
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Penicillin's
 First of true antibiotics –introduced in 1940’s
 Remain the most effective and least toxic of
available antimicrobials.
 Changes in the chemical structure of the
penicillins over the years have increased their
usefulness and effectiveness in controlling
disease.
 Most generic names for penicillins end in–cillin
while many trade names have pen in their
names
 Example:penicillin V-generic, Pen-VEE-Ktrade
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How Penicillin's are Classified
 Narrow-spectrum
 First generation
 Narrow-spectrum antistaphylococcal
 Used on drug resistant staphylococci strains
 Broad-Spectrum
 Second generation
 Effective against a broader spectrum

Extended-spectrum
 Third generation

Wider antimicrobial action than second
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Side Effects of Penicillins
 Nausea and Vomiting; as with all antibiotics
 Allergic reactions-rashes and hives
 Tend to precipitate more severe allergic
reactions than other medications
 Patients should report diarrhea, sore mouth and
tongue, hives and or itching
may be due to
allergy.

A patient allergic to one should be considered
allergic to all
 Always ask about allergies esp. penicillin.
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Tetracyclines (suffix “cycline”)
First group of broad-spectrum antibiotics
Long Acting :Doxycycline, minocycline
Short Acting : Tetracycline
Do not give with dairy products or antacids. Can
decrease effectiveness
 Harmful if used after the expiration date.
 Side effects




 Sun sensitivity
 Stains developing teeth, don’t use in children less than 8
yrs.
 Broad spectrum can cause super-infection
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Macrolide Antibiotics
“ACE”=Azithromycin(Z-pak),
Clarithromycin (Biaxin), Erythromycin
Useful in treating atypical infections (ex:
chlamydia, legionnaire’s, atypical
pneumonia, Lymes disease)
Can be used when patient is penicillin
allergic ***
 Similar spectrum of activity as
penicillins, with added atypical
coverage
SE’s: GI symptoms, headaches
Other Abx
 Floroquinolones (Cipro, Levaquin)
 Vancomycin: Toxic drug reserved
for treating serious infections
(MRSA, C. dif) in patients allergic to
penicillin
Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)
 Antibacterials slow growth of bacteria while
body builds its own defenses
 Primarily treat urinary tract infections, in
combination therapy for otitis media
 Take oral sulfonamides with full glass of
water on empty stomach
Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)
 May cause photosensitivity reactions
 Urine should be acidic for optimum
effectiveness
 Take medications for urinary tract infections
for 2 weeks to prevent development of
more resistant infections
 Topical preparations available in ocular
forms, lotions, powders, ointments
Common Sulfonamides
(Sulfa Drugs)
 Gantrisin
 Gantanol
 Azulfidine
 Triple Sulfa
 Bactrim
 Septra
 Sulamyd
 Silvadene cream
Viral Infections
 Viruses—strands of genetic material wrapped
in protein
 Cannot sustain themselves independently;
must rely on host
 Difficult to suppress viral reproduction; host’s
body cells would be harmed also
Drugs to treat Viral Infections
 Drugs decrease symptoms, do not cure
 Resistance to antiviral drugs major problem
 Drug classifications:
 non-HIV infection medications
 HIV infection medications
Common Non- HIV Antiviral Drugs
 Symmetrel and
Flumadine—Influenza A
 acyclovir (Zovirax)—
herpes simplex, genital
herpes, varicella zoster
infections
 ganciclovir—
cytomegalovirus
HIV Antivirals
 No cure for HIV
 Dramatic advances in drug therapy
 Health preserved, life prolonged
 Multiple drug interactions and side effects
 High cost, toxicity
 Drug cocktail used; patient must adhere
closely to prescribed dosage schedules
 New drugs prescribed should be agents the
patient has never taken
Week 3 Assignment & Discussion
Board
 Download the worksheet
from Doc Sharing.
(Week 3 Assignment.doc)
 Complete the assignment in a Word
document and submit through the Dropbox.
 Please put header with your name, class
time
 Ex Janet Smith
HS140-8pm
Unit3assignment.doc
Discussion Board
 Do not forget the discussion question
for the week about
 Mrs. Smith calls the doctor’s office
wanting a prescription for antibiotics.
 In your response address the following
 Physician Concerns
 Patient Concerns
 Review CDC Guideline
Questions
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