Transcript Week 3 Seminar Measurement Systems and Their Equivalents and

Week 3 Seminar
Measurement Systems and Their Equivalents
and
Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals
1
Assignment Hints
• Show your work, so I can give partial
credit
• Turn it in early in case you need to
make corrections
• Don’t forget about the Math Center
if you need help
2
Three Basic Units of
Measurement
• Weight – gram (g, gm)
• Volume – liter (L)
• Length – meter (m)
3
Sliding Mnemonic
Conversions
Kilo
10-3
hecto
deka
10-2
10-1
EX: .0045kg<=
EX: .075km <=
METER(m) deci centi milli * * micro(µ)
LITER(L)
GRAM(g)
<<base>>
4.5g
75m
101
102
103 * * 106
=> 4,500mg = 4,500,000mcg (µ)
=>7500cm =75,000mm
Metric Rules
• Zero ALWAYS placed before decimal
ex: 0.78 (not .78)
• **If not included on assignments it
will be counted as incorrect
• Zero NEVER added to the end
ex: 1.01 (not 1.0100)
• No fractions ex: 0.1 (not 1/10)
One Meter is…
= 1,000,000 micrometers
• 1 meter= 1000 millimeters
=
=
=
=
=
100 centimeters
10 decimeters
0.1 dekameters
0.01 hectometers
0.001 Kilometers
6
Length Alternate Way
• 75mm =____ cm
• Remember 1cm = 10mm from page
133
• 75mm x 1cm or
75mm x 1cm
10mm
10mm
• mm cross each other out leaving cm
• 75/10= 7.5cm
7
Length Mneumonic
Method
• 75mm=___cm
• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
• Start @ milli, must move decimal to
the left one time to reach centi so
move 75 mm to 7.5 cm
Length Alternate Way
• 2.5m =
mm
• 1m = 1000mm (from page 133)
• 2.5m x 1000mm or 2.5m x 1000mm
1m
1m
• The m cross each other out leaving mm
• 2.5 x 1000=2500mm
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Length Mneumonic
method
• 2.5m=____mm
• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
• Start @ meter (base) and move 3
decimal points to the right so 2.5m
becomes 2500mm
Length Alternate Way
•
•
•
•
3.6 m =
mm
Again 1m = 1000mm
3.6m x 1000mm/1m or
3.6m x 1000mm
1m
• The m cross each other out leaving
• 3.6 x 1000mm= 3600mm
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Length Mneumonic
Method
• 3.6m=____mm
• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
• Start @ meter (base) move 3 decimal
spaces to the right so 3.6m becomes
3600mm’s
Liter is the metric unit
of volume
=1,000,000microliters
• 1 Liter (L.) = 1,000 milliliters
= 100 centiliters
=10 deciliters
=0.1 dekaliter
=0.01 hectoliter
=0.001 kiloliter
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Volume Measurement
1 mL = 1cc
1 teaspoonful=5mL or 5cc’s
1 tablespoon=3 tsp = 15mL or 15cc’s
1 L = 32 ounces (approx)
1L = 1000 mL=1000cc
1L = 1qt (approx)
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Volume Conversion Factors
______ cc = 4 L (larger unit)
1000 x 4 = 4000
4000cc = 4 L
Rule: 1000 cc = 1 L
_____ L = 200 mL (smaller unit)
200 ÷ 1000 = 0.2
0.2 L = 200 mL
Rule: 1000 mL= 1 L
_____ cc = 560 mL (same)
560 cc = 560 mL
Rule: 1 mL = 1 cc
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Remember 1cc=1ml
Alternate way
______ cc = 4 L
• 1L = 1000mL (page 135)
• 4L x 1000cc/1L
• 4L x 1000cc
1L
• L cross out leaving cc
• 4 x 1000cc = 4000cc
_____ L = 200 mL
• Again 1L = 1000mL
• 200mL x 1L/1000mL
• 200mL x 1L
1000mL
• mL cross out leaving L
• 200/1000= 0.2L
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Volume Mneumonic
Method
• 4L=____cc
• 200ml=____L
• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
• 1cc=1mL
• Start @ liter (base), move
3 decimal points to the
right to reach ml’s
• 4L=4000ml=4000cc
• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
• Start @ milli, move 3
decimal spaces to the left
to reach L’s
• 200ml=0.2L
Volume Conversion Factors
______ cc = 8.01 L (larger unit)
8.01 x 1000 = 8010
8010 mL = 8.01 L
_____ L = 300 mL (smaller unit)
300 ÷ 1000 = 0.3
300 mL = 0.3 L
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Volume Mneumonic
Method
• 8.01L =___cc
• 300mL=____L
• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
• Cc=mL
• Start @ liter (base) move
three spaces to the right
for ml (=cc’s)
• 8.01L becomes 8010mL or
8010cc
• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
• Start @ milli, and to get to
Liter (base) move three
spaces to the left
• 300mL=0.3L
Metric Measure of
Weight Gram
=1,000,000micrograms
• 1 gram= 1000 mg
= 100 centigrams
= 10 decigrams
= 0.1 dekagram
= 0.01 hectogram
= 0.001 kilogram
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Most Commonly Used
•
•
•
•
•
Milligram
Gram
Kilogram
1000mg (mg)=1 gram (g)
1000gms (g) = 1 kilogram (kg. or kilo)
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Weight Measurement
1 kg = 2.2 pounds
1 kg = 1000 g
1 mg = 0.001g
1 mg = 1000 mcg or µg
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Weight Alternate Way
_____ mg = 8 g
Remember 1g = 1000mg
Page 136
8g x 1000mg/1g
or
8g x 1000mg
1g
g cross each other out
8 x 1000= 8000mg
_____ mg = 635 mcg
• 1mg =1000mcg Page 136
• 635mcg x 1mg/1000mcg
or
635mcg x 1mg
1000mcg
• mcg cross each other
out
• 635/1000= 0.635mcg
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Weight Mneumonic
Method
• 8g=____mg
• 635mcg(µ)=____mg
• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
• Start @ gram (base) and
move 3 units to the right
to get milligrams
• 8g to the right becomes
8000mg
• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
• Start @ mcg(µ) and move 3
units to the left to reach
milligrams
• 635mcg to the left
becomes 0.635mg
Review
• Remember 1kg=2.2lbs
• How much will a 160lb person weigh in
kilograms?
25
Answer
• 160lbs x 1kg = 72.2kg
2.2lbs
The pounds cancel each other leaving
kg.
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Review
• One teaspoon is how many mls?
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Answer
• 5mls
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Review
• One gram = x milligrams
• One liter = x milliliters
• One Meter = x millimeters
29
Answer
• One gram = 1000milligrams
• One Liter = 1000 milliliters
• One meter= 1000 millimeters
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Questions
31
Drug Classes
ANTIBIOTICS
32
Chapter 18
• Antibiotic is anti + Greek bios, life so against life.
• Produced from natural substances including molds and
bacteria.
• Inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms.
• There are families of antibiotics all similar to the
original chemical, with various prosperities that make
them useful for treating different types of infections.
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When choosing an
Antibiotic
• Want maximum effect with minimal harm
to patient.
• Match bug to drug, if possible
• What is the organism, what drugs is it
sensitive to, and the host factors at the
site. Also health status of the patient
including immune status.
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Antibiotic Resistance
• The main reason for the development of drug-resistant
microbes is the inappropriate use of antibiotics.
• The more an antibiotic is used the faster drug
resistance develops.
• Improper prescribing by health care workers and
patients not finishing the course of therapy contribute.
• No excuse for casual or indiscriminate use of
antibiotics.
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Penicillin
– First of true antibiotics –introduced in 1940’s
– Remain the most effective and least toxic of
available antimicrobials.
– Changes in the chemical structure of the penicillins
over the years have increased their usefulness and
effectiveness in controlling disease.
– Most generic names for penicillins end in –cillin while
many trade names have pen in their names
• Example : penicillin V-generic, Pen-VEE-K-trade
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•
How Penicillins are
Classified
Narrow-spectrum
– First generation
• Narrow-spectrum antistaphylococcal
– Used on drug resistant staphylococci strains
• Broad-Spectrum
– Second generation
– Effective against a broader spectrum
•
Extended-spectrum
– Third generation
–
Wider antimicrobial action than second
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Side Effects of
Penicillins
• Nausea and Vomiting; as with all antibiotics
• Allergic reactions-rashes and hives
• Tend to precipitate more severe allergic reactions than
other medications
• Patients should report diarrhea, sore mouth and tongue,
hives and or itching
may be due to allergy.
•
A patient allergic to one should be considered
allergic to all
• Always ask about allergies esp. penicillin.
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Tetracyclines (suffix
“cycline”)
First group of broad-spectrum antibiotics
•
• Long Acting :Doxycycline, minocycline
• Short Acting : Tetracycline
• Do not give with dairy products or antacids. Can
decrease effectiveness
• Harmful if used after the expiration date.
• Side effects
– Sun sensitivity
– Stains developing teeth, don’t use in children less than 8 yrs.
– Broad spectrum can cause super-infection
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Macrolide Antibiotics
•“ACE”=Azithromycin(Z-pak), Clarithromycin
(Biaxin), Erythromycin
•Useful in treating atypical infections (ex:
chlamydia, legionnaire’s, atypical pneumonia, Lymes
disease)
•Can be used when patient is penicillin allergic
• Similar spectrum of activity as
penicillins, with
added atypical
coverage
•SE’s: GI symptoms, headaches
Other Abx
• Floroquinolones (Cipro, Levaquin)
• Vancomycin: Toxic drug reserved for
treating serious infections (MRSA, C.
dif) in patients allergic to penicillin