Transcript 07 General data & Mesenchimal Tumors

General studies about tumors. Morphological properties of
mesenchimal tissue tumors.
Nomenclature and morphological features of the nervous system
tumors.
As.-prof. V.Voloshyn
In Accordance with prof. Ya.Ya. Bodnar
Tumours
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A tumour is a typical pathological process. It
is characterized by potential boundlessness
of uncontrolled growth, and also atypical cells
and tissues and ability to pass these
properties to future generations of cells on
heredity.
Properties of tumours
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unlimitedness of growth;
boundlessness of growth;
uncontrolled of growth;
cells anaplasia.
Anaplasia
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Anaplasia
is the proof loss capacity of cells
to differentiation, to form specific tissues
structures or product the specific matters
Types of anaplasia (kataplasia)
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morphological;
biochemical;
physical and chemical;
immunological.
Etiology of tumours
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It is set, the tumours can be caused by
physical, chemical and biological agents,
which are named carcinogens.
Over 75% cancers diseases at people are
caused by the factors of external
environment and in the first order – by
chemical compounds.
Chemical theory
According to a chemical structure chemical carcinogens
divide into a few groups: a) polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons; b) arylamines (aromatic amines) and
amides; c) nitrosamines and nitrosamides.
Over 200 matters with three and more benzol rings belong to the
first group. Only one of them, namely – 3,4-benzpiren is included
in such which are able to cause a cancer at people. Other cause
tumours only at experimental animals.
Second group of carcinogens is mainly nitrocolorings.
The nitro-compounds (nitrosamines and nitrosamides) are
characterized by alkyl radical which have. They are used as
antioxidants, pesticides, solvents of paints, semi-products at the
synthesis of dyes, medications and polymers.
Radiation cancerogenesis
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Ionizing rays and in less degree are
ultraviolet rays belong to the physical
carcinogens. Ionizing rays operate not
straight, but through synthesized highactivity free radicals, which violate the
structure of DNA. Ultraviolet rays hinder
to its reparation.
Viral cancerogenesis
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There are irrefutable proofs of viral origin
of many tumours at animals – Raus's
sarcoma at chickens, fibroma and
Shopa's papilloma at rabbit, cancer of
mammary gland at mouse (a virus is
passed through milk). There are a little
amount of the tumours at people which
caused by viruses (which we known
doubtless (безсумнівно) today): Berkit's
lymphadenoma, nasopharingeal cancer,
cancer of uterus neck.
Viral cancerogenesis
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Essence of viral induction
cancerogenesis is such: cancerogenic
viruses bring in the infected cell the
genome in the complement of which
transforming gene enters - viral
oncogene. The product of his activity
(oncoprotein) begins transformation of
cell and supports it in the transformed
kind.
Macroscopic forms of tumours
Forms of tumours growth
FORMS OF TUMOURS
GROWTH
expansive
appositional
infiltrative
endofits
exofitus
Forms of tumours growth
Forms of tumours growth
Infiltrative and expansive growth
Ways of the tumours metastases
Ways of the tumours metastases
MIXT
Haematogenic
Lymphogenic
Perineural
Implantogenic
Metastases
Description of benign and malignant
tumours
Benign
Malignant
Have insignificant deviations from Atypіzm is expressed
maternal tissue
Expansive growth
Infiltrative growth
Grow slowly
Grow quickly
Achieve largenesses
Rarely achieve largenesses
Formed sore rarely
Formed sore often
Does not give metastases
Give metastases
The relapse is not characteristic
The relapse is often
The common state of patient
violates a little
Have a considerable influence on
all organism
Mesenkhimal tumours
Mesenkhimal tumours
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– are tumours, which grow from derivates of
mesenchyma tissues: connecting, fat,
muscular, vascular, bone, cartilaginous
tissues, synovial and serosal membranes.
These tumours do not have organ specificity,
meet rarer than epithelial tumours.
Benign tumours from connecting
tissue:
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fibroma (hard, soft) meet in a skin, ovaries,
extremities, grow
slowly, expansively;
Fibrotic
hystiocytomas or
dermatofibroma
Benign tumours from fat tissue:
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lipoma (fibrolipoma,
angiolipoma,
myelolipoma),
hybernoma- tumour
from brown fat.
Benign tumours from muscles:
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a leiomyoma is a
tumour from smooth
muscles, more
frequent meets in an
uterus; rabdomyoma is
tumour from skeleton
(transversal-striped)
muscles, meets mainly
at children; a grainycellular tumour or
Abrikosov's tumour is
localized in a tongue,
skin, gullet.
Malignant tumours of
mesenkhimal origin
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are named sarcomas from the Greek word
of sarcos - meat, meet rarely. On a cut
tumours have a white-grey color, like fishmeat. Such tumours metastasize by
haematogenic way mainly.
Benign tumours from vessels
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haemangioma, to which
take a capillary
angioneoplasm, cave
angioneoplasm, gloms
angioneoplasm (BarreMassone tumour)
(meets on the fingers of
foot or manus), benign
haemangioperocytomas;
lymphangiomas.
Benign tumours of mesenchimal
origin
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The tumours of synovial membrane are
presented by synoviomas
Among the tumours of mesothelial tissue more
frequent there is a fibrotic mesothelioma.
The tumours of bones includes spongy and
compact osteomas, benign osteoblastomas,
osteoid-osteomas
There are two variant of cartilaginous tissue
tumours ekchondromas and enchondromas, and
also benign chondroblastomas.
Malignant tumours of mesenchimal origin
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The malignant tumour of connecting tissue is fibrosarcoma which
depending on the kataplasia degree can be differentiated and
lowdifferentiated, and also malignant hystiocytoma.
From fat tissue – liposarcomas and malignant hybernomas
There are a malignant leiomyoma, malignant grainy-cellular
tumour and rabdosarcomas formed from muscles
Malignant tumours from vessels are angiosarcomas develop from
an endothelia and pericytes – malignant haemangioendotelioma,
haemangiopericytoma, lymphangioendotelioma, Kaposhy's sarcoma.
There are malignant synoviomas in joints .
In a peritoneum, pleura, pericardium are malignant mesotheliomas.
Osteoblastic and osteolytic osteosarcomas, Yuing's sarcoma
develop in the bones.
In cartilaginous tissue are chondrosarcomas.
Sarcomas
Tumours of nervous tissue.
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The tumours of nervous tissue have the
same clinical features: according the
motion they are almost all malignant
regardless of their morphological
description, because press on the
neighbouring areas of cerebrum,
distribution passes within the limits of
nervous tissue without remote
haematogenic metastases. The tumours
of nervous tissue divide on
neuroektodermal and meningovessels.
Neuroektodermal tumours
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sit are divided on astrocells,
oligodendroglial, ependimal and tumours
of chorionic epithelium, neuronal,
lowdifferentiated and embryonic.
Neuroektodermal tumours
Meningovessels tumours
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develop from brain meninges and
presented by meningeomas and
durosarcomas.
Tumours of melaninproducing
tissue
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develop from the cells of neuroektodermal
origin – melanocytes, which are in the basal
layer of epidermis, hair follicles,
leptomeninges and retina. Melanocytes can
be the source of tumular formations – nevus
and malignant tumours – melanomas.
Tumours of melaninproducing
tissue
I thank you for attention!