Transcript UTI in Children2013-04

Urinary Tract Infection In Children
Dr. Alia Al-Ibrahim
Consultant Pediatric Nephrology
Clinical Assistant Professor
Contents:
1- Definition of UTI
2- Etiology & pathogenesis
3- Predisposing Factors
4- Clinical presentations
5-Investigations
6- Management
7- Complications
8- Special problems in UTI
UTI in Children
Definition:
Presence of bacteria in urine along with symptoms of infection.
Incidence:
5% in Girls
1-2% in Boys
During the 1st year of life more common in boys due to higher risk of anomalies
and after age of one more in girls
Males and females are equally affected in the neonatal period.
Etiology:
Most common infecting pathogen : Escherichia Coli 80% of UTI.
Other pathogens: - Staphylococcus & Streptococcus Species
- Enterobacteria ( Klebsiella, Proteus, pseudomonas)
- Occasionally Candida albicans
Route of infection:
Neonate: Hematogenous
Later : Ascension of bacteria into the Urinary tract.
Development of UTI depend on:
1- Virulence of the invading bacteria.
2- Susceptibility of the host; some families and structural abnormalities.
Predisposing factors:
1- Conditions lead to urinary stasis : renal calculi, Obstructive Uropathy ,
VUR, & Voiding disorder.
2- Immune deficiency
3- Broad- spectrum antibiotics ( amoxicillin, cephalexin).
4- constipation by organism moving from anus to urethra.
5- uncircumcised male
Clinical Presentation:
1- Upper UTI (Pyelonephritis).
2- Lower UTI ( Cystitis).
The history & clinical coarse varies with the patient’s age & specific diagnosis.
0-2months: sepsis. Which also the presentation in premature infants along
with poor feeding
2mon-2yrs: different presentation
• Unexplained fever (low or high grade fever)
• Irritability, poor oral intake, lower abdominal pain, vomiting, loose bowel
movement (diarrhea).
• Voiding symptoms of cystitis (frequency, urgency, hesitancy)
• Crying on urination (burning urination)
• Smelly urine
• No fever or mild
2yrs :
Pyelonephritis( fever, irritability, poor appetite, abdominal flank
pain back pain, voiding symptoms, tenderness in
costovertebral angle or flank.
cystitis : voiding symptoms ( urgency, frequency, hesitancy, dysuria,
urinary incontinence)
mild or no fever, Suprapubic or abdominal pain
-Urine analysis & dipstick: High index of suspicion for UTI in febrile children
particularly those with unexplained fever. Lasts for 2-3days;
> 5 WBC/ hpf in centrifuged fresh urine positive screening test.
>Bacteria in cent. & non cent. Or phase contrast suggestible of UTI.
>Pyuria, proteinuria & Hematuria may occur with or without UTI.
>Nitrite concentrations & leukocyte estrase. Nitrite is positive in pseudomonas mostly ,
klebsiella or proteus infection. If nitrite is positive think of structural abnormality. Nitrite
alone is not diagnostic, we need high WBC and suggestive signs and symptoms.
Pyuria and bacteruria are not diagnostic.
POSITIVE URINE CULTURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DIAGNOSIS OF UTI.
Urine culture: the most diagnostic if the patient is not receiving any
antibiotics.
-Suprapubic aspiration is common in kids <1 : any number of colonies is diagnostic.
- IN-and- out catheterization: > 10³, if more than one year and if not possible do MSU.
- Midstream clean-catch urine collection > 10,000
- usually a single organism
- 2 or more organism on the culture indicates contamination.
-Blood culture :neonate & infant
-Pyelonephritis: CBC: neutrophlic leukocytosis
high ESR
C-reactive protein (ESR and C-reactive protein are non-specific and
are elevated more in pyelonephritis than cystits .
Distinction between upper & lower difficult in children
Management:
< 5 yrs:
With systemic signs:
1- Iv antibiotics (covering Ecoli) shift to oral after improvement for 10 -14 days.
Start after taking the culture but don’t wait for the results, start them
immediately.
2- US, renal cortical scintigraphy ( DMSA) , MCUG. If abnormal US, follow by
DMSA
No systemic signs:
1- oral antibiotics for 7-10 days
US, MCUG( if indicated)
> 5 yrs and Female:
1- no signs : oral antibiotics
Female & Male with signs
Like < 5 yrs
Male (even if after 1 episode of UTI or female with recurrent UTI:
1- No signs: oral antibiotics
2- US, MCUG
We do U/S to detect structural abnormality.
DMSA is done after 2 months of the acute infection to detect scarring.
MCUG is done to detect reflux.
COMPLICATIONS:
1- VUR (it might be a complication of UTI, or primary causing UTI.
2- Scarring. Might lead to HTN, if multiple it might lead to renal
insufficiency.
3- HTN
4- Renal insufficiency.
VUR
Scarring
Acute: no
irregular
borders and no
scarring and no
change in size
Normal DMSA
Acute Pyelonephritis
In chronic: irregular
borders and
scarring.
Special problems
1-Reurrent UTI:
Two or more UTIs over a six –months period. There will be a period of
remission followed by a recurrence of the infection.
Causes: Inadequate treatment either due to compliance or improper
prescription.
unrecognized site of bacterial persistence such as small infected
calculus or un recognized anatomic abnormality.
2-VUR:
Abnormal backwash of urine into ureter or kidney
Radiological evaluation VCUG, Isotope cystogrm
3-Breakthrough UTI:
Caused by:
1- change in the resistance pattern of organisms colonizing the
urethra.
2- noncompliance.
3- VUR
4- Voiding dysfunction.( delay in urination or structural abnormality)
4-Voiding dysfunction:
Detrusor instability & incomplete bladder emptying
-Associated with daytime enuresis & constipation.
- Increase risk of UTI & VUR.
-RX: 1- Timed voiding
2- Treatment of constipation.
3- Prophylactic antibiotics.
4- Anticholinergic medications.
5-Asymptomatic bacteruria:
No need for antibiotics to prevent resistance and recurrence would be
with a more virulent organism, low risk of scarring.