Transcript document

Medicine
• Aleks Purins & Emme McCabe
Source
1) Medieval Islamic Medicine
By: Peter E. Porman
2) The Muslim Almanac
By: Acim A. Nenji
3) Arab World Notebook
By: Basheer K. Nijim et. al.
4) The Islamic World
By: L. Esposito
5) www.healthguidance.org
By: Albert S. Lyons
6)
After life
Source 1
S
Page 162
• Islamic medical traditions had a profound
influence in Europe
• Islamic medicine faced challenges from
competing medical systems, most notably
modern Western medicine.
Background
S
Source 3
p. 206-207
• Crusades in 11th and 12th centuries introduced
Europe to Arab medicine, when wounded
crusaders were lucky enough to be treated by
Arab “hakim”.
• Arab “hakim” were wise men
• Arabs were the first to use anesthesia
• First hospital was established in 8th century in
Baghdad.
• Physicians were required to pass qualifying
exams before they could practice
4
Background
Source 3
S
p. 206
• Hospitals had separate wards for the insane
and for different diseases, pharmacies
laboratories, medical libraries, and medical
training centers
• After crusades, most important medical work
in Arabic were translated into Latin and
guided European medicine until the 17th
century
Background-Facilities
Q
Source 3
p. 206-207
• “Sweet music played at night to soothe the
sleepless, and there were some 50 storytellers
to amuse the patients. On discharge, each
patient was given a quantity of money to tide
him over during his convalescence- the
earliest known form of social rehabilitation”
Physicians
S
Source 3
p. 206-207
• 3 most influential medical authors were…
1. Ar-Razi (865-925)
2. Ibn-Sina (980-1037)
3. Az-Zahrawi (d. 1013)
• Ar-Razi was “the unchallenged chief physician
of muslims”
Physicians –Ar-Razi
S
Source 3
p. 206-207
• Ar-Razi was born in Persia
• He trained in Baghdad, and worked at a
hospital in Teheran
• Wrote 100 major scientific works
• Wrote a detailed rendition about small pox
• Wrote a great encyclopedia that was
translated into Latin in 1279
Physicians-Ar-Razi
Q
Source 3
p. 206-207
• “Ar-Razi led the fight against quacks and Charlatans in
health fields, called for consultation and mutual trust
between skilled physicians, and favored a familydoctor practice. He warned patients that changing
from one doctor to another would waste their, health,
and time. He promoted physiotherapy pointing out
that hopeful comments from doctors encouraged
patients, made them feel better. He… stressed the
importance of a balance diet for the preservation or
restoration of good health. And he admired
practitioners to avoid extravagance to dress, eat, and
live simply.”
Physician-Ibn-Sina
S
Source 3
p. 207
• Ibn-Sina was also Persian
• He wrote a famous encyclopedia in Arabic called the
Canun
• It summarized all of Greek, Arabic, Hindu, and Persian
medicine
• Ibn-Sina’s Canun described every known disease both
physical and mental and every method of treatment and
all the medications to use
• Encyclopedia evaluated 760 drugs in use a the time
• The Canun was used in western medicine and was basic
medical text for more that 5 centuries
Physicians-Ibn-Sina
Source 3
S
p. 207
•
•
•
•
Canun had 20 editions in Latin and several in Hebrew
Canun was used in Muslim medicine for 19 centuries
Medicine was only one of Ibn-Sina’s interests
He also studies, natural sciences, mathematics,
philosophy, and Islamic law were all subjects he
mastered before medicine
• Started studying medicine at age of 16
• At 18 he was a famous physician. Foreign rulers traveled
to Persia to be treated by him
• He was the first “Renaissance Man”
11
Physicians- Az-Zahrawi
S
Source 3
p. 207
• Az-Zahrawi was Arab Spain
• He was reffered to as “chief of all surgeons” in
Europe until 16th century
• He wrote a book that contained 200 of the
earliest known illustrations of surgical
instuments in medieval literature
• He was the first to take account of heredity
nature when he created descriptions of
hemophilia
Methodology and Treatment
Source 5
S
p. 1
• Arabist practitioners used almost the same
methods as the Greeks and Romans
• Diagnosis was based on six criteria: the
patient's behavior; the excriment; the other
secretions from the body; swellings; the
character of pain; and the location of pain
• Pulse was also taken and noted during exams
• The influence of the stars in disease was also a
role during exams
4/8/2016
Methods and Treatment
S
p. 1
Source 5
• examining urine (urinscopy) was important
• half-filled urine flask a symbol of the physcician
• Urine's color, consistency, sediment, smell, and
taste helped determine what was wrong with
the patient. It also helped determine treatment
• Surgery was not popular and was in low regard
• Surgery was done by untrained folk doctors,
laymen, and charlatans
• Only some physcians practiced surgery and
wrote about it
4/8/2016
Methodology and Treatment
Source 5
S
p. 1
• Lithotomy kept having bad results
• Most common Arabic surgical technique was
cauterization
• Cauterization was used for both internal and
external diseases
• Anesthesia was a sponge soaked in narcotic
acid, held to the mouth or nose
• Salves were applied during surgery to heal
parts
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Methodology and Treatment
Source 5
S
p. 1
• Arabic therapy used many different drugs
• De Materia Medica of Dioscorides(herb) was
studied closely
• New medications, including mineral, vegatable,
and animal substances, were added to the herb
to make Arabist materia medica
• Ambergris, camphor, cloves, myrrh, and senna
were introduced, and also syrups, juleps, elixers
and many different mixtures
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Physicians and doctors
Source 5
S
p. 1
• In early Islam, medical practice was still carried
on by Christian and Jewish physicians
• Not much prejudice against non-Muslim doctors
• Muslim physicians grew rapidly when Alexandria
became a center of Muslim intellectual life
• Physicians needed training in a hospital or a
teaching center
• Physicians were ready when they got
certifacation from their teachers
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Physicians and doctors
Source 5
S
p. 1
• mid-wives were the only women who were
allowed to practice medicine
• However, the seriously ill was treated by male
physicians
• Academies, schools, and libraries were found
in mosques and hospitals in the Islam world
• Medicine was usually one of the discilines
taught
4/8/2016
Facilities and public health
Source 5
S
p. 1
• The best known hospitals in the Middle ages
were in Baghdad, Damascus, and Cairo
• The best hospitals in Baghdad were founded
in the 10th century
• Hospitals and medical schools in Damascus
were elagent and very good
• The largest and best hospital was the Mansur
Hospital in Cairo, founded in 19th century
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Facilities and public health
Source 5
S
p. 1
• The Mansur was built by many workers and
was built over a long time
• In the Mansur, there were seperate wards for
different diseases-fevers, eye
conditions,diarrhea,wounds, pregnant
women• On discharge, each patient got five gold
pieces to help him/her go support themselves
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