Transcript Drug
Welcome to MR160 Pharmacology/Lab Medicine Week-1 … Textbook chapters 10, 11, and 12 Alexander Niyazov PharmD., RPh Seminar Reminders We begin promptly at 10 pm EST ◦ Tuesday ◦ Class is one hour (10-11pm EST) Please do not announce yourself or apologize if … ◦ you arrive late ◦ you get bumped out due to technical issues … just join right in ! Seminar Reminders Be open to new thoughts and ideas There is no such thing as a stupid question ... please ask! Type a “?” if you have a question Alternative Seminar Assignments if you miss (Seminar Option 2) ◦ due Tuesday 11:59 pm EST of assigned unit Course Policies and Procedures Discussion Board Post initial response by NLT* Saturday Post responses to your classmates by NLT* Tuesday 11:59 pm EST Grading ◦ See Rubric for details in syllabus ◦ For full credit must post on more than 1 day! *(NLT = No-Later-Than) Course Policies and Procedures Projects and Assignments Label your work properly … PLEASE! place your name within the assignment’s filename, as seen in this example from “John Doe” and his HS140 “Unit-3 Calculations” assignment: Doe_Calculations_Unit3 or JDoe Unit3 Calc HS140 or DoeHS140unit3assignment Course Policies and Procedures Projects and Assignments (continued) TITLE your work properly ... PLEASE! Title example. This is how your Title would appear at the top of your assignment which is being submitted as a Word-document (using old John Doe again): Week 3 Calculations Assignment John Doe Kaplan University Course Policies and Procedures References Pharmacology is constantly changing Every year ... ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ New drugs come onto the market Other drugs are no longer manufactured New generics become available New warnings need to be documented Approval for new indications is reported Course Policies and Procedures References Books - must be current ... … published within the last 2 years Websites - these 3 are very useful ... ◦ www.rxlist.com ◦ www.webmd.com ◦ manufacturer’s website when information about a specific brand name drug product is needed, (for example ... go to Lilly.com for detailed info on Prozac) Course Policies and Procedures References Must be reputable Must be sited using APA reference format ◦ Take the Plagiarism Policy very seriously! ◦ Reference any drug-information you turn in that you had to look up (except textbook) Unsure how to reference? ◦ Seek help by going to the ‘Writing Center’ Role of Medication (Drugs) The administration of medication is one of the most important responsibilities of the healthcare professional We must strive to gain all possible knowledge medicines, their use, and their abuse This knowledge is of utmost importance in giving the best possible patient care! Role …continued The types of things we must learn about medications are … Proper use Abuse (improper use) Correct dosages Methods of administration (delivery) Symptoms of overdosage Abnormal reactions (allergic,idiosyncratic) Benefits vs. Risks of drug usage Correctly used – can be life-saving Unwisely used – can cause permanent harm, may even be fatal “Crutches” – drugs can be thought of this way, as aides in helping a patient heal Common-sense must be used when administering drugs … and never assume! GENERAL pharmacology terms Pharmacology -the study of drugs and their actions Pharmacy - art of preparing/dispensing Drug - any substance used in medicine Chemical substance – can be synthetically made Plant products – crude drugs Animal products – insulin, thyroid horm Food substances – vitamins/minerals SPECIFIC pharmacy terms Additive effect – “1 + 1 = 2” Adverse effect – negative, unplanned Allergic reaction – marked reaction Antagonism – “1 + 1 = less than 2” Idiosyncratic – abnormal reaction Prophylactic – to prevent disease Side-effect – unpredictable Synergism – “1 + 1 = more than 2” Tolerance – increasing resistance Drug Laws and Regulation Controlled Substances Act of 1971, which introduced the DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency) Established drug ‘Schedules’, or categories, based on the drug’s potential for abuse Schedules1 - 5 (often Roman Numerals)… with (1) being highest abuse-potential and (5) the least abuse potential Schedule 1 drugs (aka C-1’s) HIGHEST potential for abuse NO currently accepted medical use in the United States Lack of accepted safety data examples: *heroin *LSD *marijuana Schedule 2 drugs (aka C-11’s) High potential for abuse DOES have currently accepted medical use in the U.S. with severe restrictions Abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence examples: *morphine *oxycodone *cocaine *methylphenidate (Ritalin) Schedule 3 drugs (aka C-111’s) Abuse potential less than C-1 and C-11’s Currently accepted medical use in U.S. Abuse may result in moderate/low physical, or high psyhological dependence examples: *codeine (small amounts) *hydrocodone *phendimetrazine (appetite suppressant) Schedule 4 drugs (aka C-1V’s) LOW potential for abuse Currently accepted medical use in U.S. Abuse may result in limited physical or psychological dependence examples: *diazepam *propoxyphene *meprobamate *phenobarbital Schedule 5 drugs (aka C-V’s) Lowest potential for abuse Currently accepted medical us in U.S. Abuse tends to be very limited examples: *compounds (mixtures) containing limited amounts of codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone *Lomotil (diphenoxylate + atropine) Drug Standards ‘Drug Standards’ list known values, strengths, quality, and ingredients of various drugs USP – American Drug Standard IP – International Drug Standards BP and The Pharmaceutical Codex – British Drug Standards Sources of Drug Information These are all things you can use to research information on drugs Rxlist.com – great website! Drugs.com – another great website! WebMD – disease and drug info Drug manufacturer’s website – useful only if searching the Brand-name drug Brand-name vs. generic-name Brand-name is also referred to as the ‘Trade’ name, or ‘Proprietary’ name … this simply means the original manufacturer ‘owns’ the name. Brand-names are always CAPITALIZED Generic drug names are always recorded in LOWER CASE … this is important! Pharmaceutical Preparations Different types of dosage forms are needed for different applications These variations are necessary because of the wide range of drug properties and drug uses See pages 31 and 32 for fully detailed information Oral Dosage forms Capsules - swallow Tablets/pills – swallow/sub-lingual Troches – dissolve in mouth Long-acting/Extended-release tabs/caps Elixirs – contains alcohol Emulsions – fat globule suspension Syrups – sugar, liquid Aerosols/inhalers - spray Topical Dosage forms (apply) Gels – easily spread over large areas Creams – absorbs quickly into skin Ointments – stays on surface Powders – wound treatment Lotions/Liniments Solutions – often used on scalp Tinctures/Spirits Suppositories – insert rectally Review Questions … Which drug schedule represents the highest potential for abuse ? Answer … Schedule 1, may also be listed as C-1 Review Question 2 … The main American drug standard text is called the … Answer 2 … USP (United States Pharmacopoeia) Thanks guys … Hope you all have a great week!