Transcript Greece & Iran 1000 – 30 B.C.E.

Greece & Iran
1000 – 30 B.C.E.
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Ancient Iran
1000 – 500 B.C.E.
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Land of the Aryans
Little water – keeps population down
Exports
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Wood – primary
Metal and crafted goods
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Rise of Persian Empire
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Medes pushed out Assyrians (end 2nd
millennium B.C.E.)
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Cyrus –
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Conquered Anatolia
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Ishtar Gate
Ishtar Gate
Babylon was protected by a double
enclosure totaling over 11 miles in
length. The north side was the most
strongly fortified. In front a double castle
protected the main gate, which was
dedicated to Ishtar, and housed a kind of
museum containing ancient and foreign
monuments. Here we see a
reconstruction of the magnificent "Ishtar
Gate." (Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY)
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Cambyses & Darius
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Cyrus died during a military campaign
Cambyses – next leader
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Son of Cyrus
Continued Cyrus’ policies
Darius
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Seized power – fought off others
Medes moved to smaller role in govt.
Extended territory East - Indus R. and west to
Danube R. in Europe
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Imperial Organization
under Darius
Divided empire into 20 provinces
- led by satrap (royal governor)
- seat became hereditary
- duty to collect tribute –send on to king
- payment expected in gold – wrecks local
economies
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Administration
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Centrally administered
Creation of “laws of the king”
Persepolis (city) – center for treasury
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Food distribution
Became ‘special’ ceremonial city
Allowed people to live within customs of
native lands
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Religion
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Zoroaster (Zarathushtra) –believed in a
great god, Ahuramazda
Zoroastrianism
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Rise of the Greeks
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Resource poor region
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Need to bring in what is required
Borders Aegean Sea
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Islands – easily move from one to next
Boats and sea craft key
Anatolia – being settled @1000 B.C.E.
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“Dark Age”
(@ 1150 – 800 B.C.E.)
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Post destruction of Mycenaean palacestates
Phoenician ships start to visit
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Started the “Archaic” period (800 B.C.E.)
Gave Greeks a new writing system – first true
alphabet – 22 Phoenician letters with vowels
from Greeks
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Kritios Boy
Kritios Boy
The Kritios Boy--the work of the
sculptor Kritios--no longer uses the
contrived frontal pose of previous
Kouroi. This work is often viewed as
breaking from the Archaic design
principles and moving toward the
Classical. (Acropolis
Museum/Archaeological Receipts
Fund, Athens)
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Social Structure
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Polis – city
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Urban center and rural territory it controlled
(like a city state)
Acropolis – top of the city – refuge in case of
emergency
 Agora – gathering place – market and government
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Acropolis
Acropolis
With Pheidias as adviser, Perikles
reconstructed Athens after it had been
destroyed by the Persians. He dreamed
of a city with magnificent edifices,
temples and public buildings, and
theaters. These buildings embody the
noblest spirit of Greek architecture. At
the right rises the Parthenon, the
temple that honored Athena and
Athens alike. The Erechtheum stands
next to it, and to its left the Propylaea
and the small temple of Athena Nike.
(Spyros Spyrou Photo Gallery, Aegina)
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Hoplite phalanx
Hoplite phalanx
This frieze of attacking foot soldiers is from the so-called Chigi Vase--a Corinthian
masterpiece. When the Greeks adopted heavy armor, weapons, and shields, their lack of
mobility forced them to fight in several dense lines, each behind the other. Cohesion and order
became as valuable as courage. Here a flute player plays a marching tune to help the hoplites
maintain their pace during the attack. (Villa Guilia Museum/Gabinetto Fotografico Nazionale)
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Peplos Maiden
Peplos Maiden
The corresponding female form of the
Kouros--the Kore--was represented in
the same rigid way but was clothed. The
Peplos Maiden was named after her
garment, called a peplos. The more
natural flow of hair and more subdued
smile show a move to more lifelike
representation. (Acropolis
Museum/Archaeological Receipts Fund,
Athens)
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Governments
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Various types used in different cities
Oligarchy – rule by many aristocratic families
Tyranny – person seized power – violated
normal political institutions
Democracy – political power by all free adult
males
NO MILITARY CLASS EARLY IN CITY STATES –
MAKES POSSIBLE MORE OPTIONS FOR
GOVERNMENT
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Nike of Samothrace
Nike of Samothrace
This sculpture originally stood in the
Sanctuary of the Gods on the island of
Samothrace, in the northern Aegean Sea.
It demonstrates an interrelatedness
between the statue and the space that it
occupies. For example, the wings of the
goddess, who has just landed on the
prow of a ship, still seem to beat against
a powerful headwind. (Louvre/Reunion
des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource,
NY)
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Great Altar of Pergamum
Great Altar of Pergamum
The Altar to Zeus, the most important religious shrine on the acropolis of Pergamum, was
commissioned by Eumenes II to commemorate his father's victories over the Gauls. The design
is basically a rectangular court with two wings surrounded by an Ionic colonnade, which
ascends 100 feet from the monumental flight of stairs. (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Bildarchiv
preussischer Kulturbesitz. Photo: Reinhard Saczewski)
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Bronze Zeus
Bronze Zeus
The so-called Poseidon of Artemision
was found at the bottom of the seabed
near Cape Artemision, Northern Eubioa;
the arm was found in 1926, and the rest
of the body was discovered in 1928. The
god is represented at the moment when
he raises his right arm to hurl his trident
against an adversary. Some
archaeologists believe it to be Zeus,
preparing to cast a thunderbolt.
(National Archaeological Museum,
Athens/Archaeological Receipts Fund,
Athens)
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Cultural Changes
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Humanism – uniqueness of individual
stressed
Individual rights – new concept
Poetry used for learning story of Greece
Philosophy – Pre-Socratic thinkers
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Looking for rational explanations to world
Postulated early atomic theory
Logographers – catalogued Greek story in
prose
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Historia
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Herodotus – Father of History
Wrote Histories
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Investigative/research
Sought causes behind events
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Athens & Sparta
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Sparta
Athens
Population take
over of Messenia
Messenians become
helots (abused and
exploited people)
Helots resist – Sparta
became a military
state
Solon – 594 B.C.E. –
averted civil war –
created 4 social
classes
- Abolished
enslavement to satisfy
debt
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Cont.
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Males exist
subordinate to the
needs of the state
Culturally, socially,
and politically
stagnates
Creates
Peloponnesian league
to maintain peace
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Tyrant family gained
control
Athenians (with help
of Sparta) overthrow
tyrants
Pericles established
democracy
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Spartan runner
Spartan runner
This bronze statuette from Laconia
shows a woman running. Unlike other
Greek women, elite Spartan women
underwent physical education. Although
their personal freedom was limited,
women in Sparta suffered fewer
restrictions than their counterparts in
democratic Athens. (National
Archaeological Museum,
Athens/Archaeological Receipts Fund)
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Athenian Democracy
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3 areas of control
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Assembly
Council of 500
Peoples Courts
Men of modest to wealthy means able to
participate
Paid to serve state
Men met to make decisions
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Bronze punic armor
Bronze punic armor
This bronze Punic armor is a breast- and backplate found in a third-century B.C.E.
tomb near Carthage. The ornamentation suggests an Italo-Greek origin. (Musee
national du Bardo)
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Persian Wars
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Darius – 490 B.C.E. – attacked Eretria and
Athens – pay back for backing Ionian
revolt
Eretria betrayed by some citizens, beaten
by Persians
Athens – won battle at Marathon
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Phase II
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Spartans resist Persians – Hellenic League
– Battle at Thermopylae – 300 Spartans
with generals fought to the death to allow
most of the leagues soldiers to escape
Athens – defeated at Salamis – navy was
trapped in narrow straits
479 B.C.E. – Plataea – Persians soundly
defeated
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Phase III
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Athens rebuilt navy – went on offensive
Able to drive out Persians – became leader
in campaign
Delian League – 477 B.C.E. – within 20
years, able to get Persians from waters of
Eastern Mediterranean – free up all Greek
colonies (except ones in Cyprus)
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Theater at Epidauros
Theater at Epidauros
The Theater at Epidauros demonstrates the use of the modified tholos plan as mastered by the
architect Polykleitos the Younger--concentric rows of seats with stepped aisles placed at
consistent intervals. This well-preserved theater had no stage, for the building behind the
orchestra housed the scenery. (William Hubbell/Woodfin Camp & Associates)
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Stoa of Attalos
Stoa of Attalos
The Greek stoa, or portico, was a long building divided along its center by a spacious roofed
corridor that allowed people to walk while enjoying the air but avoiding the sun and rain. On
the other side opened the rooms of various shops. Philosophers were fond of discussing their
ideas while strolling along the spacious arcade. The philosophical school of Zeno received its
name, Stoicism, because its adherents formulated their views in a stoa. (Courtesy, American
School of Classical Studies, Agora)
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Floor littered with
food
Floor littered with food
This mosaic is of a floor that can never be swept clean. It whimsically suggests what
a dining room floor looked like after a lavish dinner and also tells something about
the menu: a chicken head, a wishbone, and the remains of various seafood,
vegetables, and fruits are easily recognizable. (Scala/Art Resource, NY)
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Classical Period
480 – 323 B.C.E.
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Athens became imperial power
Used Delian League money to build up city
and navy
Forced other city states to pay tribute
Controlled sea lanes
Gained great wealth
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Sophists and Socrates
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Sophists – traveling teachers called “wise
men”
Taught logic and public speaking
Rhetoric – construction of attractive and
persuasive arguments
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Plato
(428 – 347 B.C.E.)
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Student of Socrates
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The Republic
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Of all forms of govt. – democracy (not
perfect) probably the best
Founded “The Academy”
More people becoming literate at this time
– shift from oratory to literacy
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Aristotle
(384 – 322 B.C.E.)
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Student of Plato – more practical
Teacher of Alexander the Great
Founded “Lyceum”
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Inequality in Greece
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Had to have ‘pure’ Athenian ancestry for
full rights
Only 10 – 15 % of men could vote
1/3 of pop. Were slaves – primarily foreign
Used as domestics
‘barbari’ seen as incapable of reason justification
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Peloponnesian War
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431 B.C.E. – Sparta v Athens
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Forced allied city states to take sides
Disrupted all of Greece
Pericles used navy to Athens advantage
Lasted 3 decades
404 B.C.E. – Sparta finally triumphed
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Bankrolled by Persians
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Macedonian Triumph
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Philip II – king – took advantage of
disruption of Peloponnesian War
Improved technology – catapult invented
– able to break walls of cities
Used cavalry with infantry to overwhelm
enemies
Took over Greece
Assassinated 336 B.C.E.
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Alexander the Great
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Used Persian model to rule territory
Adopted Persian dress and court ceremonies
Married Iranian women to solidify aristocratic
connections
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Encouraged military commanders to do the same
Conquered territory from North Africa to Indus
River Valley
Died at age 32
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Changes after Alexander’s Death
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Divided empire into 3 separate kingdoms
Helenistic Age – 323 – 30 B.C.E.
Blended Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian
Cultures
- Lasting impact on world even to today
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Cities
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Established libraries, museums, universities,
cultural centers
Alexandria – most often used name
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Alexander and Hellenism
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Greek style cities founded throughout
Persia
Easily learned alphabet system
Cultural focal point for a thousand years
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