Transcript The Reproductive System - McGraw Hill Higher Education

PowerPoint® to accompany
Medical Assisting
Chapter 35
Second Edition
Ramutkowski  Booth  Pugh  Thompson  Whicker
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
The Reproductive System
Objectives
35-1 Spell, define, and correctly use the Key Terms in
this chapter.
35-2 List the organs of the male reproductive system
and give the locations, structures, and functions
of each.
35-3 Describe how sperm cells are formed.
35-4 List the actions of testosterone.
35-5 Describe the substances found in semen.
35-6 Explain the process of circumcision.
2
The Reproductive System
Objectives (cont.)
35-7 Describe the processes or erection and
ejaculation.
35-8 List the organs of the female reproductive system
and give the locations, structures, and functions
of each.
35-9 Explain how eggs develop.
35-10 List the actions of estrogen and progesterone.
35-11 Explain how and when ovulation occurs.
3
The Reproductive System
Objectives (cont.)
35-12 Describe what happens to an egg after ovulation
occurs.
35-13 List the purpose and events of the menstrual
cycle.
35-14 Define menopause and explain what causes it.
35-15 Explain how and where fertilization occurs.
35-16 Describe the process of implantation.
35-17 Explain the difference between an embryo and a
fetus.
4
The Reproductive System
Objectives (cont.)
35-18 Describe the changes that occur to the mother
during pregnancy.
35-19 Describe the birth process.
35-20 List several birth control methods and explain
why they are effective.
35-21 List the causes and treatments of infertility.
35-22 List the most common sexually transmitted
diseases and give the signs, symptoms, causes,
and treatments of each.
5
The Reproductive System
Objectives (cont.)
35-23 Describe the signs, symptoms, causes, and
treatments of various disorders of the male
reproductive organs.
35-24 Describe the signs, symptoms, causes, and
treatments of various disorders of the female
reproductive organs.
6
Introduction



Male and female reproductive systems
function together to produce offspring
Female reproductive system also nurtures a
developing offspring
Male and female reproductive systems also
produce a number of important hormones
Click Pictures for Larger Views
7
Female Reproductive System
Back
Name the
structures
that are
unique to the
female
reproductive
system?
8
Male Reproductive System
Back
Name the
structures
that are
unique to the
male
reproductive
system?
9
Male Reproductive System
 Testes
 Primary organs
 Produces the sex cells (sperm) of the male
 Produces male hormone testosterone
 Scrotum – sac that holds the testes just below
the pelvic cavity
 Seminiferous tubules – on top of testes; filled
with spermatogenic cells (sperm)
10
Male Reproductive System
 Interstitial cells
that make
testosterone
 Sperm cells do not
mature until they
go to the
epididymis
Spermatogenesis
11
Apply Your Knowledge
Name two functions of the testes?
12
Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
Name two functions of the testes?
To produce male hormone testosterone
To produce the sex cells (sperm)
13
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia (46 chromosomes)
Mitosis makes-primary spermatocytes
At puberty meiosis divides to make two
secondary spermatocytes
Divides - two spermatids = 4 spermatids
Develop flagella to become mature
sperm cells with 23 chromosomes
14
Testosterone
 Stimulates the
development of male
secondary sex
characteristics





 Stimulates the
maturation of male
reproductive organs
Chest hair
Thick facial hair
Enlarged muscles
Enlarged bones
Thickening of vocal cords
that produces a deep
voice
15
Semen
 Mixture of sperm cells
 Fluids from the seminal vesicles,
prostate gland and bulbourethral
glands.
 Is alkaline and contains nutrients and
prostaglandins.
 One milliliter of sperm usually contains
about 120 million sperm cells
16
Erection, Orgasm, and
Ejaculation
 Erectile tissue of the penis
becomes engorged with
blood, which produces the
erection of the penis.
 During orgasm, sperm cells
are propelled out of the
testes toward the urethra.
 Fluids from the prostate,
seminal vesicles, and
bulbourethral glands are
also released into the
urethra.
Ejaculation
occurs when
semen is forced
out of the
urethra.
17
Diseases and Disorders of the
Male Reproductive System
 Epididymitis - inflammation of an epididymis
 Causes
 Bacteria – especially those that cause gonorrhea and
chlamydia
 Use of certain medications
 Placement of catheter in urethra
 Treatment
 Antibiotics for patient and sexual partner of patient
 Pain medications
18
Diseases and Disorders of the
Male Reproductive System (cont.)
 Erectile dysfunction (impotence) - cannot
maintain an erect penis to complete sexual
intercourse.
 Causes by medical disorders or any of the
following:







Low testosterone production
Anemia
Various medications
Smoking
Excessive alcohol consumption
Anxiety
Depression
19
Diseases and Disorders of the
Male Reproductive System (cont.)
 Prostate cancer - third most common cause
of cancer deaths in men of all ages; most
frequently occurs in men over 40
 Causes:
 High levels of PSA in blood (a specific type of
antigen)
 Trouble urinating
 Painful urination
 Pain in lower back or abdomen
 Pain during bowel movements
20
Diseases and Disorders of the
Male Reproductive System (cont.)
 Prostatitis - inflammation of the prostate
gland
 Causes
 Bacterial infection
 Catheter in urethra
 Trauma to urethra or urinary bladder
 Scarring of urethra or prostate due to
frequent infections
 Excess alcohol consumption
21
Apply Your Knowledge
Your patient has an elevated PSA.
What may this indicate?
22
Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
Your patient has an elevated PSA.
What may this indicate?
Elevations of the PSA may indicate prostate cancer.
23
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
 Primary sex organs of the female since they
produce the sex cells (eggs) of the female
 Produce estrogen and progesterone
 Two ovaries about 3.5 cm long and are located in
the pelvic cavity on each side of the uterus
24
Oogenesis
The process of egg cell formation:
 At onset of puberty primary oocytes are
stimulated to continue meiosis
 Primary oocyte divides and becomes 1 polar body
(a nonfunctional cell) and a secondary oocyte
 Secondary oocyte is released from an ovary each
month during ovulation.
 If oocyte is fertilized, it divides to form a mature
fertilized egg cell
25
Female Reproductive System
Internal Accessory Organs







Uterine tubes
Infundibulum
Uterus
Endometrium,
Myometrium
Perimetrium
Vagina
Internal Female
Reproductive Organs
Click picture for larger
view.
26
Internal Female Organs
Back
27
Hormonal Control
 Estrogen and progesterone:
 Stimulate enlargement of
reproductive organs
 Production of secondary sex
characteristics.
 Breast development
 Increased vascularization of the
skin
 Increased fat deposits in the
breasts, thighs, and hips
28
Female Reproductive Cycle
 Menstrual cycle is the regular changes in
the uterine lining that leads to a monthly
period or bleeding.
 Anterior pituitary releases FSH.
 FSH stimulates an ovarian follicle to mature
 Maturing follicle secretes estrogen that causes
the uterine lining to thicken
29
Female Reproductive Cycle
 Anterior pituitary releases a sudden surge of LH
that triggers ovulation
 After ovulation, follicular cells of the follicle
become a corpus luteum
 Corpus luteum secretes progesterone which causes
the uterine lining to become more vascular and
glandular
 Without fertilization of ovum, corpus luteum
degenerates and estrogen and progesterone levels
fall starting menses
30
Menopause
 The termination of
the menstrual cycle
due to normal aging
of the ovaries
31
Apply Your Knowledge
A young teenage patient is expressing
concerns about her breasts not growing.
What should you tell her?
32
Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
A young teenage patient is expressing
concerns about her breasts not growing.
What should you tell her?
You would tell her that her secondary sex
characteristic of breast enlargement will occur as
she continues into puberty. You also tell her that
you will inform the physician of her concerns.
33
Fertilization
 Egg is released from an ovary and travels
through a uterine tube
 Only one sperm usually unites with the egg
to fertilize it
 Releases enzymes that prevent other
sperms from invading it
34
Implantation
 Embryonic period
 Rapid cell division known as cleavage
 Ball of cells called a morula
 Travels down the uterine tube to the uterus
adds fluid called a blastocyst
 Blastocyst implants in the wall of the uterus
35
Prenatal Period
 Embryonic period
 weeks 2 through 8 of
pregnancy
 Fetal period
 weeks 9 to delivery of
offspring
 growth of the offspring is
rapid
36
Pregnancy
 Cells of the embryo begin to secrete HCG
(human chorionic gonadotropin).
 HCG maintains the corpus luteum so it will
continue to secrete estrogen and progesterone.
 Placenta also secretes large amount of
progesterone and estrogen.
 Lactogen then stimulates the enlargement of
the mammary glands.
37
Birth Process
 Birth process ends pregnancy
 Begins when progesterone levels fall
 Uterine contractions are no longer inhibited
and the uterus secretes prostaglandins
 Stimulates uterine contractions
 Oxytocin stimulates strong uterine
contractions until the birth process ends
38
Birth Control Methods
 Coitus interruptus
 Rhythm method
 Mechanical barriers
 Chemical barriers
 Oral contraceptives
 Injectable
contraception
 Contraceptive
implants
 Intrauterine devices
 Surgical methods
39
Infertility
 Inability to conceive a child
 Male causes:






Impotence
Retrograde ejaculation
Low or absent sperm count
Use of various medications or drugs
Decreased testosterone production
Scarring of male reproductive tract from
sexually transmitted diseases
40
Infertility (cont.)
 Inability to conceive a child
 Female causes:
 Scarring of uterine tubes from sexually
transmitted diseases
 Pelvic inflammatory disease
 Inadequate diet
 Lack of ovulation
 Lack of menstrual cycles
 Endometriosis
41
Apply Your Knowledge
Your patient has just been told that she is pregnant,
but she does not understand why she could get
pregnant. She states, “ I have been using the rhythm
method of birth control very carefully.” What
patient teaching would you do to assist her to
understand?
42
Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
Your patient has just been told that she is pregnant,
but she does not understand why she could get
pregnant. She states, “ I have been using the rhythm
method of birth control very carefully.” What
patient teaching would you do to assist her to
understand?
The rhythm method is not as effective as other
birth control, because it is sometime difficult to tell
when ovulation occurs.
43
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
 STDs caused by bacteria







Chlamydia
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Herpes simplex 2
Crabs
Trichimonas
44
Diseases and Disorders - Female
Reproductive System
 Cancer
 Breast
 Cervical
 Ovarian
 Uterine
 Treatment includes:
 Radiation therapy
 Chemotherapy
 Surgery to remove cancerous organ
45
Diseases and Disorders Female Reproductive System (cont.)
 Cervicitis - defined as inflammation of the
cervix
 Signs and Symptoms:
 Frequent vaginal discharge
 Pain during intercourse
 Vaginal bleeding after intercourse
46
Diseases and Disorders Female Reproductive System (cont.)
 Dysmenorrhea - the condition of experience
severe menstrual cramps that limit normal
daily activities
 Causes:






Pelvic inflammatory disease
Fibroid tumors in uterus
Endometriosis
Ovarian cysts
Abnormally high levels of prostaglandins
Multiple sexual partners
47
Diseases and Disorders Female Reproductive System (cont.)
 Endometriosis - a condition in which tissues
that make up the lining of the uterus grow
outside the uterus
 Signs and symptoms:





Heavy bleeding from uterus
Infertility
Pain in abdomen or pelvis
Painful periods
Pain during sexual intercourse
48
Diseases and Disorders Female Reproductive System (cont.)
 Fibrocystic breast disease - the presence of
abnormal tissue in the breasts
 Fibroids - noncancerous tumors that grow in
the uterine wall
 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) - a collection
of symptoms that occur about the same time as
a menstrual period
 Vaginitis - the condition of having an
abnormal vaginal discharge
49
Apply Your Knowledge
Your patient has been diagnosed with
endometriosis. What is the usual
treatment for this disease?
50
Apply Your Knowledge -Answer
Your patient has been diagnosed with
endometriosis. What is the usual
treatment for this disease?
Pain medications, various hormone therapies,
removal of uterus, laser surgery to remove
endometrial tissue outside uterus or use of oral
contraceptives.
51
Summary
Medical Assistant
Knowledge of the
reproductive system will
assist you in providing
care for the patient with
diseases and disorders of
the reproductive system.
52
End of Chapter
53