Transcript 4th Century Greece - Eastern New Mexico University

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5
Century Greece
War and Society
History 2313
War and Society
I. Paths to Power: up to Persian Wars (490-480 BC)
Sparta
terms: oligarchy, Council of Elders, Apella, helots,
Spartan Creed
Athens
terms: tyranny, democracy, archon, deme, ostracism
II. Peloponnesian War (first “world war”?)
Delian League/Athenian empire
First War between Athens and Sparta (460-446)
Pericles, General of Athens (457-430)
“Thirty Years Peace” for Athens and Sparta
The Great Peloponnesian War (431-404)
Paths to Power
Corinth, Sparta & Athens
Variations on the Polis
History 2313
Corinth
Corinth: Acropolis
Corinth and Tyranny
Role of Tyrants
 Tyranny of Cypselus in 657 BC
 Maintenance of Tyranny
– Cypselus (d. 625 BC)
– Difficulty of Periander (d. 585 BC)
– End of Corinthian Tyranny
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Sparta
Sparta’s Oligarchy
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Reforms of Lycurgus (6th century BC)
2 hereditary kings
Council of Elders (Garousia)
(28 men over 60 years of age)
Five Ephors (annually elected magistrates)
Assembly of Equals (free adult male citizensHomoioi): mess mates (sysstion)
Spartan Society
Militarism-a reaction to external threats
Messenian War leads to reforms of Lycurgus
Community comes before individual
homoioi (equals) & perioikoi (“those living
around” or outsiders)
Slave Society (helots)
Fear of revolts always a problem
Society based on service to the state
Spartan Ideals
For men
•The Spartan Creed
•Warrior cult
•Ares as patron
•Military education
of boys
•Military service
of men
Spartan Ideals
For women
•Artemis as Patron
Goddess
•Female Education
•Athleticism
•Motherhood
Edgar Degas, The Young Spartans (ca. 1860)
Athens: The Great Experiment
5th Century Athens
Athens and Democracy
Solon (639-c.550 BC) “Lifting of Burdens”
4 Grades of Citizens
Archonship for first 2 Grades
Council of 400
Assembly of Appeals
 Cleisthenes (570-c.507 BC)
deme: village (democracy – residence)
3 Tribes to 10 Tribes electing 50 reps each
Council of 500
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The Golden Age of Athens
5th Century BC
Athens and Sparta after the Persian Wars
 The Delian League and Athenian Prosperity
– Delos: 478 BC
 Athenian Leadership
– Themistocles
– Anti-Sparta sentiment & building of
fortifications
– Ostracism-471 BC
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Ostraka: shard of pottery
A ballot to ostracize Themistocles (471 B.C.)
Rise and Fall of Cimon
Cimon (510-451 BC)
– son of Miltiades (hero at Marathon)
 Pro-Sparta sentiment
– Aid to Sparta in 464 BC
– Earthquake and Helot rebellion
 Fall of Cimon 461 BC
– His ostracism
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Pericles
General (strategon)
– (457-430 BC)
 Expansion and
contraction of
Athenian democracy
 Funeral oration
summarizes Athenian
values

Advance of Democracy
1) Abolition of property qualifications for
officeholding
2) Payment for those sitting on juries, council,
public offices
Retreat of Democracy
Restriction of citizenship only to children
whose parents both could claim to be
Athenian citizens
Delian League as Athenian Empire
•Athens’ fortification walls
•Naxos’s attempt to withdraw from the Delian League
(467 BC), Thasos (465 BC) and Athenian coercion
•Treasury of the Delian League moved to Athens (454
BC)
•Universal Coinage and Courts
•An alliance or an empire....?
Thucydides (c.460-401 BC)
Athenian general
Extensive military experience
History of the Peloponnesian War
Role of Pericles’s Funeral Oration
•Values of Athenian society
•Model for others
•Duties of citizen men and women
The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)
The Peloponnesian Wars
•First War between Athens and Sparta (460-446 BC)
•Pericles, General of Athens (457-430)
•446: “Thirty Years Peace” for Athens and Sparta
•The Great Peloponnesian War (431-404)
•Plague and death of Pericles (430)
•Athen‘s Failed Sicilian expedition (415-413)
•Persian Involvement and Spartan Victory (404)
End of Peloponnesian Wars
Athen‘s failed Sicilian
expedition (415–413
BC)
 Persian involvement
and Spartan victory at
Aegospotamie
(404 BC)
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The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)
Consequences of the War
Athens loses
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Fortifications
Fleet
Empire
Sparta wins, yet
Loses respect within Greek
world
Difficulty maintaining navy
Helot problem
Population loss
 Power Vacuum within Greek World
 Weakening of Polis