Transcript Chapter 8 PPT

Chapter 3: Patient Care: Medical
and Surgical
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Medical Assistants
• Overview
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Administrative tasks (office procedures)
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Clinical tasks
• Examining patients
• Helping treat them
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Work settings: doctors’ offices, imaging centers, laboratories,
research facilities
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More limited role that that of physician assistant
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No authority to diagnose or treat patients
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Medical Assistants (cont’d)
• History of the Profession
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Early 20th century: office assistants or nurses trained on job
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1924: M. M. Mandl opened first school to train assistants
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1956: American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA)
founded
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1963: AAMA’s certification exam first administered
–
Early 1990s: Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health
Education Programs (CAAHEP) forms
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Medical Assistants (cont’d)
• Education
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On-job training (HS diploma required)
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1- to 2-year programs in vocational schools, community colleges
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Nearly 600 accredited programs
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Internship usually included in program
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Additional training for advanced procedures (x-rays, injections)
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Continuing education required for recertification
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Medical Assistants (cont’d)
• Course Work
–
Patient relations
–
Clinical & diagnostic
procedures
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Laboratory techniques
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Administration of
medications
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Anatomy & physiology
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Medical terminology
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Typing & transcription
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Computer applications
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Office practices
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Pharmacology
–
Insurance processing
–
First aid
–
Recordkeeping &
accounting
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Medical law & ethics
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Medical Assistants (cont’d)
• Professional Certification
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Not required, but offers advantages
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CMA: certified medical assistant
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RMA: registered medical assistant
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Requires graduation from accredited program & passing an exam
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Certification in specialty areas:
• Ophthalmology
• Optometry
• Podiatry
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Medical Assistants (cont’d)
• Clinical Duties
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Obtaining medical histories
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Assisting with physical examinations
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Preparing & administering medications
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Drawing blood samples
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Assisting with or performing diagnostic or basic lab tests
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Preparing & sterilizing instruments
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Collecting & preparing lab specimens
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Recognizing & treating medical emergencies
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Educating patients
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Medical Assistants (cont’d)
• Clinical Procedures
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Measuring blood pressure
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Collecting a throat specimen
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Administering eye medications
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Performing blood glucose testing
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Assisting with therapeutic soaks
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Completing an EKG
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Changing dressings & removing sutures
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Disposing of biohazardous materials
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Measuring a patient for crutches
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Medical Assistants (cont’d)
• Personal Characteristics of Medical Assistants
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Communication skills
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Organization skills
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Time management
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Multitasking
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Interpersonal skills
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Attention to detail
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Ability to remain calm during stressful situations
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Medical Assistants (cont’d)
• Employment Opportunities and Trends
–
34% growth from 2008 to 2018
–
In demand due to:
• Rising # of group practices, clinics, etc.
• Dual administrative & clinical skills of medical assistants
• Aging of population
• Prevalence of obesity & diabetes
• Increased # of patients seen by physicians
• Lower-cost alternative to higher-wage workers
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Medical Assistants (cont’d)
• Professional Organizations
–
American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA)
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American Medical Technologists (AMT)
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Medical Assistants (cont’d)
• Professional Organizations: Benefits of Membership
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Access to educational seminars
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Access to continuing education units
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Subscription to professional journals
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Access to annual conventions
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Group insurance plans
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Networking opportunities
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Surgical Technologists
• History of the Profession
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Emerged after World War II
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Evolved from technicians trained by military during war
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1969: Association of Operating Room Technicians formed
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Renamed as Association of Surgical Technologists (AST)
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1972:
• AMA approved educational standards
• Accreditation review committee established
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AST established certification program, code of ethics, &
standards of practice
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Surgical Technologists (cont’d)
• Education
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HS diploma or GED + completion of training program required
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Training program:
• 9 mo to 2 yr
• Certificate, diploma, or associate’s degree
• Community/junior college, vocational school, university,
hospital, or military
• Classroom instruction, mock surgery, supervised work
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455 accredited programs in U.S.
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Continuing ed. or passing an exam required for recertification
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Surgical Technologists (cont’d)
• Course Work
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Surgical procedures
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Anatomy & physiology
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Patient care & safety
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Medical terminology
–
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Microbiology
Legal, moral, & ethical
issues
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Pharmacology
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Communication skills
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Physical environment &
safety standards
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Skills for professional
behavior
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Sterile techniques
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Surgical Technologists (cont’d)
• Professional Certification
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Not licensed
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Certification not required, but preferred
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CST: certified surgical technologist
• Awarded by National Board of Surgical Technology and
Surgical Assisting
• Requires graduation from accredited school & passing an
exam
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TS-C: tech in surgery-certified
• Awarded by National Center for Competency Testing (NCCT)
• Requires completing training program or work experience
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Surgical Technologists (cont’d)
• Work Responsibilities: Before an Operation
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Prepares operating room
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Checks all equipment & places instruments
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Counts sponges, needles, & instruments
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Provides emotional support to patient
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Checks patient charts & vital signs
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Transports patient to OR & positions on operating table
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Washes, shaves, & disinfects surgery site
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Creates & maintains sterile field
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Surgical Technologists (cont’d)
• Work Responsibilities: During an Operation
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Passes instruments, equipment, & supplies to surgeon
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Holds retractors
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Uses sponges or suction to clear fluids
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Monitors vital signs
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Operates equipment
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Manages specimens collected
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Prepares dressings & applies them to incision site
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Surgical Technologists (cont’d)
• Work Responsibilities: After an Operation
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Takes patient to recovery room
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Removes used instruments, equipment, & supplies
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Sets up operating room for next patient
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Surgical Technologists (cont’d)
• Personal Characteristics
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Accurate listening
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Strong sense of
responsibility
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Ability to work well with
others
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Conscientiousness about
work
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Calmness during stressful
conditions
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Organizational skills
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Manual dexterity
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Attention to details
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Good physical condition
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Accuracy & precision
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Initiative
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Surgical Technologists (cont’d)
• Employment Opportunities and Trend
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Rapidly growing occupation: 25% between 2008 & 2018
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In demand due to:
• Increase in # of surgeries due to population growth & aging of
population
• Technological advances, leading to new surgical procedures
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Surgical Technologists (cont’d)
• Professional Organization
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Association of Surgical Technologists (AST)
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Ensures surgical technologists have knowledge & skills required
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Works to advance profession by
• Setting accrediting standards & lobbying
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Membership benefits
• Free & discounted continuing education
• Career center
• Subscription to The Surgical Technologist
• Annual conference
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Physician Assistants
• Overview
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Examine patients, diagnose illnesses, arrange treatment
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Must work under supervision of a physician
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Provide primary care in areas that lack physicians:
• Rural settings
• Inner-city clinics
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Free up physicians by assuming responsibility for routine tasks
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Ranked as one of the best careers in U.S.
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Physician Assistants (cont’d)
• History of the Profession
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Began in 1960s
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First members were corpsmen, trained by military
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Created to address shortage of primary care physicians
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1964: MEDEX (medical extension) training program begun
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1965: First students enrolled in a program
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1969: American Association of Physician Assistants (AAPA)
formed
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1973: First national certifying exam was administered
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Fast-growing profession
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Physician Assistants (cont’d)
• Education
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License required in every state
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Licensure requires:
• Graduation from accredited school
• Passing a national exam
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Programs
• Require ≥2 years of college + work experience of applicants
• Last about 2 years
• Most offer master’s degree; some offer bachelor’s
• Continuing education required for recertification
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Physician Assistants (cont’d)
• Course Work
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Biochemistry
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Pathology
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Anatomy
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Physiology
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Microbiology
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Pharmacology
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Physical diagnosis
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Clinical medicine
–
Geriatric & home health
care
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Disease prevention
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Medical ethics
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Physician Assistants (cont’d)
• Work Responsibilities
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Treating patients’ diseases
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Prescribing some
medications
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Ordering & analyzing
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Taking medical histories
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Physical exams
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Interviewing & examining
patients
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Diagnosing diseases
• X-rays
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Discussing diagnoses with
patients
• EKGs
• Lab tests
–
Treating minor injuries
• Applying splints
• Applying casts
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Physician Assistants (cont’d)
• Personal Characteristics
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Diligence
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Self-discipline
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Level-headedness
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Good judgment
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Interpersonal skills
–
Communication skills
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Integrity
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Physician Assistants (cont’d)
• Employment Opportunities and Trends
–
7th-fastest growing occupation in U.S.
–
39% growth between 2008 & 2018
–
In demand due to:
• Continued growth of health care industries
• Drive to control costs
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Physician Assistants (cont’d)
• Professional Organization
–
American Academy of Physician Assistants (AAPA)
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Offers:
• Annual conference
• Networking opportunities
• Recognition
• Scholarships
• Continuing education
• Journal & other publications
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EMTs/Paramedics
• Overview
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Provide emergency medical treatment at:
• Homes
• Scenes of accidents
• Other locations
–
Transport patients to hospitals
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Care for patients during transport
–
Services depend on level of training
–
Paramedic is highest level of training
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EMTs/Paramedics (cont’d)
• History of the Profession
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Began in 1960s
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1964: Report calling for establishment of standards
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1966: National Highway Safety Act passed
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1970: National registry of EMTs formed
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Initial resistance from states, doctors, & nurses
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1973: Emergency Medical Services Act
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1980s: EMS management handed over to states
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EMTs/Paramedics (cont’d)
• Education, Training, and Legal Requirements
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HS diploma or GED & formal training program required
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Three levels of training:
• EMT-Basic: 110 hours
• EMT-Intermediate: 30 to 350 hours beyond basic
• EMT-Paramedic: 1- to 2-yr programs
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Certification or registration provided by NREMT
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Recertification every 2-3 yr, requiring exam & continuing ed.
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EMTs/Paramedics (cont’d)
• Work Responsibilities
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Start an IV
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Recognize hazards
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Run & read an EKG
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Assess patient’s breathing
–
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Do rapid trauma
assessment
Attach a cardiac monitor &
a pulse oximeter
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Insert an artificial airway
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Provide oxygen by mask
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Stabilize impaled objects
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Suction an airway
–
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Use an AED
Administer certain
medications
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EMTs/Paramedics (cont’d)
• Personal Characteristics
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Emotional steadiness
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Ability to make quick decisions
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Level-headedness
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Communication skills
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Independent & team work skills
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Leadership skills
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Good physical condition
–
Willingness & ability to improve knowledge & skills
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EMTs/Paramedics (cont’d)
• Employment Opportunities and Trends
–
9% growth between 2008 & 2018
–
Factors prompting growth:
• Aging of population
• Overcrowding of ERs
• Increased transfers of patients between hospitals
• Turnover, as EMTs change occupations for better pay or
benefits
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EMTs/Paramedics (cont’d)
• Professional Organization
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National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians (NAEMT)
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Advocates for paramedics & EMTs on national level
–
Provides three major courses throughout country:
• PreHospital Trauma Life Support
• Advanced Medical Life Support
• Emergency Pediatric Care
–
Membership benefits: networking opportunities, free &
discounted courses, conference & journal discounts
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