Transcript Integumentary System

Integumentary System & Body
Membranes
Body Membranes
• A membrane = a very thin strong pliable
tissue which covers, lines or connects parts
of an organism
• Simple organs
• 2 types of body membranes: Epithelial and
Connective
Epithelial Membranes
Contain an epithelial sheet with an
underlying CT
1. Cutaneous Membrane: Skin
– Superficial epidermis is stratified
squamous epithelium
– Dermis is dense fibrous connective
tissue
– Dry membrane
Epithelial Membranes
2.
Mucous Membranes: (Mucosa)
– Epithelium on loose connective tissue
• Stratified squamous or simple
columnar
– Lines body cavities that open to the
outside.
– Wet membrane
Epithelial Membranes
3. Serous Membrane (Serosa):
– Simple Squamous epithelium on areolar
CT
– Parietal layer lines body cavity
– Visceral layer covers outside of organs
– Serous fluid secreted by both layers
allows organs to slide easily
Serous Membranes To Know:
• Peritoneum- membranes of the
abdominal cavity and its organs
• Pleura- membranes of the lungs and
thoracic cavity
• Pericardium- Membranes around the
heart
CT Membranes
• Synovial Membranes:
Only connective tissue.
– Fibrous capsules
lining joints.
– Secrete synovial
fluid.
– Line sacs of CT
called bursae &
tendon sheaths
Let’s go back to the skin, our
cutaneous membrane.
Ravaged
Scared
But Repairable!
How did this pimple happen to
YOU?
•
.
Questions?
• What is acne?
• What causes it?
• How is it treated?
• What doesn’t cause it?
• Who gets it?
In order to find out how we all get
pimples, we need to know the parts of
the skin.
Review parts of the skin
Figure 5.1
What is skin?
• Its an organ
• Length of replacement? Youth: 28-30 days,
Elderly 45-50 days
Is skin the same thing as the
integumentary system?
• No.
• Skin is a cutaneous membrane
• Integumentary system includes sweat and
oil glands, hair, and nails.
• Integument= covering
What are the jobs of the skin?
• Regulates heat loss.
• Excretory functions for urea, salts, and
water.
• Water Retention
• Manufactures proteins
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Integrate with the nervous system for touch
sensation
What are the three layers of the
skin?
*
What is the job of the epidermis?
• Keratinizes: becomes hard for protection
• Avascular: only the lowest level of the
epidermis gain nutrients. That means: the
skin you see is all dead! Shedding skin
doesn’t hurt!!!
• Contains Melanin: pigment produced by
melanocytes.
Layers of the Epidermis
Layers of Epidermis
• Stratum Basale – deepest, only
epidermal cells
• Stratum Spinosum-make Keratinocytes
• Stratum Granulosum-fuse cells
together
• Stratum Lucidum – only on hands/feet
• Stratum Corneum – top layer, filled
with keratin
Epidermis Skin Layers
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale
Skin Color
• Melanin (yellow, reddish brown, or
black)
• Carotene
• Oxygen bound to hemoglobin in
dermal blood vessels
–Poorly oxygenated blood causes
cyanosis
What do Melanocytes do?
• Produces pigment to protect the cells DNA.
Alterations in Skin Color
• Redness (erythema) –
embarrassment, fever, allergy
• Pallor (blanching) – fear, anger
• Jaundice (yellow) – liver disorder,
excess bile
• Bruises – blood escaped circulated
and clots in tissue spaces
What is the job of the dermis?
• Its leather. Protective, strong, living, and
houses many other tissues.
• Sweat Glands: maintain body temp.
Excrete waste.
• Hair follicles/bulbs: for warmth
• Nerves: pain, pressure, temperature
• Blood vessels: maintain body temp
2 Regions of Dermis
• Papillary layer
– contain capillaries for nutrients
for epidermis
–pain and touch receptors
–Regulates temperature
2 Regions of Dermis
• Reticular Layer – deepest skin
layer
–Blood vessels, sweat and oil
glands, and deep pressure
receptors
–Thick collagen strengthens skin
Papillary and Reticular Layers
What is an appendage of the
skin?
• Append= to hang on
• These are things that “hang on” or are
attached to the skin.
• Appendages include: Glands, Hair, and
Nails
• All appendages are part of the epidermis
What is the job of hair and hair
follicles?
• Guards the head and eyes as well as
respiratory tract from particles & impact.
• Head Hair
• Eyebrows & eyelashes
• Nostrils
• All other body hair is a vestigial feature.
• Hair Follicles grow hair
What are the parts of the hair follicle?
• Root of hair is enclosed in the hair follicle
(The hair bulb matrix= zone of growth
which contains melanin).
• Hair grows up the shaft to the surface of the
skin.
• The bulk of hair is dead. There are 3 layers
to hair: 1) Medulla, 2) Cortex, 3) Cuticle
(Protection against abrasion, Damage=Split
Ends)
Hair Growth
What makes hair look different?
• The amount of melanin secreted
• The shape of the hair is regulated by the
shape of the hair follicle which changes
the shape of the hair shaft.
– Round Hair (straight shaft)= Straight and
Coarse
– Oval Hair= Wavy and Smooth
– Curley Hair (hooked shaft)= Flat
What are the parts of the nail?
• Used for protection
• The root of the nail is embedded in the
skin. Grows from the nail matrix. The
cells are heavily Keratinized & die.
• Extends along the nail bed.
• Lunula – moon shaped beginning of nail
Fig5.4 pg. 104 Lun= moon
Nail Growth
What do the cutaneous glands
do?
• Exocrine glands that secrete onto the
surface of the skin. Sebaceous & Sweat
– Sebaceous Glands- Produce oil all over
the body. Sebum used for softening,
water retention, killing bacteria.
Increases when testosterone is produced=
Oily skin.
– Sweat Glands- helps maintain
homeostasis
What are the two types of sweat
glands?
• Eccrine Glands: Cover Body, Contain
H2O, Salt, Vit. C, Wastes, Lactic Acid
• pH 4-6: antibacterial
• Sweat pores are not easily visible, Contain
nerve endings for regulation
• Develop 4th month gestation
And the Other One?
• Apocrine glands- auxiliary and genital
areas. Ducts empty into hair follicles.
• Milky-yellowish in color, odorless. Body
odor occurs when bacteria eat it. *Thought
to be used in excreting pheromones*
• Axilla, groin, areolae, bearded face of males
Pheromones
• Develop 6th month gestation.
And Mates
Back to those acne questions
Questions?
• What is acne?-Acne is a disorder
resulting from the action of hormones
and other substances on the skin's oil
glands (sebaceous glands) and hair
follicles
Questions?
What causes it? The hair, sebum, and
keratinocytes that fill the narrow follicle may produce a
plug, which is an early sign of acne. The plug prevents
sebum from reaching the surface of the skin through a
pore. The mixture of oil and cells allows bacteria
Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) that normally live on
the skin to grow in the plugged follicles. These bacteria
produce attract white blood cells that cause inflammation.
When the wall of the plugged follicle breaks down, it spills
everything into the nearby skin – sebum, shed skin cells,
and bacteria – leading to lesions or pimples. Hormonal
changes , heredity, and some medications can cause acne.
Questions?
How is it treated?
Benzoyl peroxide – destroys P. acnes, and
may also reduce oil production
Resorcinol – can help break down blackheads
and whiteheads
Salicylic acid – helps break down blackheads
and whiteheads. Also helps cut down the
shedding of cells lining the hair follicles
Sulfur – helps break down blackheads and
whiteheads
Questions?
What doesn’t cause it?
Chocolate, caffeine, greasy foods, dirt,
stress
Questions?
Who gets it? (Hint its not
nobody)
anybody
slows down after 40 or 50.
So here is how it happens…
or
Acne
Treatment
Video
What is the job of the
hypodermis?
• Anchors the skin
• Shock absorber
• Insulates from temperature
change
• Gives shape to fatty areas of
the body
Body Fat
I.Q.
Why do you not have wrinkles
when you’re young?
• Collagen fibers: Strong and keep the skin
hydrated (attract H2O).
• Elastic fibers: Keep skin elastic. Like all
elastic its less so after time.
• Loose fat in the hypodermis. = sagging
• Decrease in subcutaneous tissue, causes
dryness, cold sensitivity, and bruising in the
elderly
What causes goose bumps?
• Smooth muscles called
Arrector pili that attach
to hair follicles
contract.
• Pulls the hair up and
tugs on the skin causing
dimples thus bumps in
the skin
What happens when the
epidermis and dermis separate?
• A blister
• Caused by friction or burns.
Review Burns and Skin Cancer
• What are the ABCD’s of Skin Cancer?
• What are the 3deg. Of Burn?
Burns
Skin
Cancer
Link
• 1st degree – epidermis; EX- sunburn
• 2nd degree – epidermis & upper dermis
(blisters)
• 3rd degree – full thickness; no
regeneration
• Critical
– Over 25% 2nd degree
– Over 10% 3rd degree
– 3rd degree face, hands, or feet
TWO LIFE THREATENING PROBLEMS
1. Loss of fluid → dehydration & electrolyte
imbalance → shutdown of kidneys →
circulatory shock
2. Infection
Rule of Nines
Allows a quick
estimation of
burned area of
body
Diseases of the Skin and Aging
Brace Yourself
Skin Cancer
Squamous Cell
Carcinoma
Basal Cell
Carcinoma
Skin Cancer
Malignant Melanoma
Recognizing Melanoma
ABCD
•
•
•
•
A – asymmetry
B – border irregularity
C – color
D – diameter
Problems of the skin
• Bedsores or Decubitus Ulcers- Caused by
pinching off of the blood supply to the skin.
Occurs over bony areas of the body.
Alopecia
• Fancy word for balding
• By age 50, 1/3 of your hair follicles may be
lost
• Severe alopecia can happen to anyone at
any age and is not thought to be genetic.
ALL BODY HAIR is lost!!!
Infections and Allergies of Skin
• Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) –
fungus
More Diseases
• Boils and carbuncles –
inflammation of hair follicles and
sebaceous glands
And another Disease
• Cold sores – herpes simplex virus –
activated by emotional upset, fever or
UV radiation
Infections and Allergies of Skin
• Contact Dermatitis – itching,
redness, and swelling caused by
exposure to chemicals (poison ivy)
Still more Disease
• Impetigo – pink, water-filled,
raised lesions that develop a yellow
crust and rupture – caused by
staphylococcus
Infections and Allergies of Skin
• Psoriasis – chronic condition of
reddened epidermal lesions
covered with dry scales – triggered
by trauma, infection, hormones,
stress
Vitaligo
• Three possible causes
– Autoimmune attack
– Malfunctioning nerves
– Self destructive cells
• Some treatments such as creams are
effective in early stages.
• Can effect anyone.
WARTS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Uncontrolled growth of epithelial skin cells
Papilloma virus (HPV)
Common warts
Foot (plantar) warts
Flat warts
Genital warts
Half Man Half Tree
Tree
Man
Feeling Blue?
Feeling Blue?
• Paul Karason
says his face
turned blue
after using a
silver extract to
treat dermatitis
Blue Fugates of Troublesome
Creek
Administering Medications
• Transdermal - skin patches for
nicotine, motion sickness, birth
control – slow absorption
• Subcutaneous – insulin –
moderate absorption
• Intramuscular – vaccines – rapid
absorption
Developmental Aspects
• 5th month – fetus covered with
downy hair (lanugo) that is shed by
birth
• Adolescence – skin and hair
become more oily as sebaceous
glands are activated (acne)
Developmental Aspects
• Aging – hair thinning and baldness
– males
• Gray hair – decreasing amount of
melanin deposited – caused by
anxiety, protein-deficiency,
chemotherapy, excessive vitamin
A, genetics
What are the problems with
smoking and sun on the
epidermis?
•
•
•
•
Leathery skin
Cold sore (herpes outbreak)
Depressed immune system
All from DNA damage.
Skin Pop Quiz
1. A 33 year old factory worker who
processes several different kinds of
chemicals presents with itching and
redness. The diagnosis is:
a. tinea pedis
b. psoriasis
c. contact dermatitis
d. impetigo
1. A 33 year old factory worker who
processes several different kinds of
chemicals presents with itching and
redness. The diagnosis is:
a. tinea pedis
b. psoriasis
c. contact dermatitis
d. impetigo
2. A 43 year old woman who has played
outdoor tennis since the age of 8 has a
few small lesions on her face that
appear shiny with a central ulcer. The
diagnosis is:
a. malignant melanoma
b. basal cell carcinoma
c. squamous cell carcinoma
d. malignant keratinoma
2. A 43 year old woman who has played
outdoor tennis since the age of 8 has a
few small lesions on her face that
appear shiny with a central ulcer. The
diagnosis is:
a. malignant melanoma
b. basal cell carcinoma
c. squamous cell carcinoma
d. malignant keratinoma
3. A 16 year old patient who recently
suffered a liver laceration (cut) during
a car accident noticed that the white of
his eyes has begun to turn yellow. The
diagnosis is:
a. impetigo
b. erythema
c. seborrhea
d. jaundice
3. A 16 year old patient who recently
suffered a liver laceration (cut) during
a car accident noticed that the white of
his eyes has begun to turn yellow. The
diagnosis is:
a. impetigo
b. erythema
c. seborrhea
d. jaundice
4. A 20 year old college student presents
with small blisters that sting on the
inside of his mouth. The blisters are
filled with fluid and he notices that they
reappear when he becomes stressed or
upset for long periods. The diagnosis is:
a. cold sores
b. carbuncles
c. hematomas
d. decubitus ulcers
4. A 20 year old college student presents
with small blisters that sting on the
inside of his mouth. The blisters are
filled with fluid and he notices that they
reappear when he becomes stressed or
upset for long periods. The diagnosis is:
a. cold sores
b. carbuncles
c. hematomas
d. decubitus ulcers
5. A mother delivers a 24 week old baby.
The baby has blue fingers and lips due
to under development of its lungs. The
diagnosis is:
a. pallor
b. cyanosis
c. erythema
d. jaundice
5. A mother delivers a 24 week old baby.
The baby has blue fingers and lips due
to under development of its lungs. The
diagnosis is:
a. pallor
b. cyanosis
c. erythema
d. jaundice