Initial Assessment and Management of Trauma
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Transcript Initial Assessment and Management of Trauma
Initial Assessment and
Management of Trauma
Temple College
EMS Professions
Introduction
Trauma
–Leading killer from ages 1 to 44
–Up to one-third of deaths are
preventable
Introduction
Golden
Hour
–Time to reach operating room
–NOT time for transport
–NOT time in Emergency Department
Introduction
EMS
does NOT have a Golden Hour
EMS has a Platinum Ten Minutes
Introduction
Patients
in Golden Hour must be:
– Recognized quickly
– Transported to APPROPRIATE facility
Introduction
Survival
depends on assessment skills
Good assessment results from
– An organized approach
– Clearly defined priorities
Size-Up
Safety
Scene
– How does scene look?
– How many patients?
– Where are they?
Situation
– Additional resources?
– Critical vs non-critical patient?
Initial Assessment (Primary
Survey)
Find
life threats
If life threat present, CORRECT IT!
If life threat can’t be corrected
– Support ABCs
– TRANSPORT!!
Primary Survey
With critical trauma you may
never get beyond primary survey
Airway with C-Spine Control
You
don’t need a C-collar yet
Return head to neutral position
Stabilize without traction
Airway with C-Spine Control
Noisy
breathing is obstructed
breathing
But all obstructed breathing is not
noisy
Airway with C-Spine Control
Anticipate
airway problems with
– Decreased level of consciousness
– Head trauma
– Facial trauma
– Neck trauma
– Upper chest trauma
Open,
Clear, Maintain
Breathing
Is
air moving?
Is it moving adequately?
Is oxygen getting to the blood?
Breathing
Look
Listen
Feel
Breathing
Oxygenate
immediately if:
– Decreased level of consciousness
– ? Shock
– ? Severe hemorrhage
– Chest pain
– Chest trauma
– Dyspnea
– Respiratory distress
Breathing
If you think about giving
oxygen, GIVE IT!!
Breathing
Consider
assisting ventilations if:
– Respirations <12
– Respirations >24
– Tidal volume decreased
– Respiratory effort increased
Breathing
If you can’t tell if ventilations
are adequate, they aren’t!!
If you are wondering whether
or not to bag the patient, you
should!!
Breathing
If
respirations compromised:
– Expose chest
– Inspect front and back
– Palpate front and back
– Auscultate front and back
Circulation
Is
heart beating?
Is there serious external bleeding?
Is the patient perfusing?
Circulation
Does
patient have radial pulse?
– Absent radial = systolic BP < 80
Does
patient have carotid pulse?
– Absent carotid = systolic BP < 60
Circulation
No
carotid pulse?
– Extricate
– CPR
– Pneumatic Antishock Garment
– Run!!!!
Survival
rate from cardiac arrest
secondary to blunt trauma is < 1%
Circulation
Serious
external bleeding?
– Direct pressure (hand, bandage, PASG)
– Tourniquet as last resort
All
bleeding stops eventually!
Circulation
Is
patient in shock?
– Cool, pale, moist skin = shock, until
proven otherwise
– Capillary refill > 2 sec = shock until
proven otherwise
– Restlessness, anxiety, combativeness =
shock until proven otherwise
Circulation
If
possible internal hemorrhage,
QUICKLY expose, palpate:
– Abdomen
– Pelvis
– Thighs
Disability (CNS Function)
Level
of Consciousness = Best brain
perfusion indicator
Use AVPU initially
Check pupils
– The eyes are the window of the CNS
Disability (CNS Function)
Decreased LOC in trauma = Head
injury until proven otherwise
Expose and Examine
You
can’t treat what you don’t find!
If you don’t look, you won’t see!
Remove ALL clothing from critical
patients ASAP
Avoid delaying resuscitation while
disrobing patient
Cover patient with blanket when
finished
The “Load and Go” Situations
Head injury with decreased LOC
Airway obstruction unrelieved by mechanical methods
Conditions resulting in inadequate breathing
Shock
Conditions that rapidly lead to shock
– Tender, distended abdomen
– Pelvic instability
– Bilateral femur fractures
Traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest
Initial Assessment
A blood pressure or an exact
respiratory or pulse rate is NOT
necessary to tell that your patient is
critical !!!!!
Initial Assessment
If the patient looks sick,
he’s sick!!!
Initial Resuscitation
Treat
as you go!
Aggressively correct hypoxia and
inadequate ventilation.
Control external blood loss.
Initial Resuscitation
Immobilize C-spine (rigid collar)
Keep airway open
Oxygenate
Rapidly extricate to long board
Begin assisted ventilation with BVM
Expose
Apply and inflate PASG
Transport
Reassess and report in route
Consider requesting ALS intercept
Initial Resuscitation
Minimum Time On Scene
Maximum Treatment In
Route
Detailed Exam (Secondary
Survey)
History
and Physical Exam
You WILL get here with MOST trauma
patients
Perform ONLY after initial assessment is
completed and life threats corrected
Do NOT hold critical patients in field for
detailed exam
Physical Exam
Stepwise,
organized
Every patient, same way, every time
Superior to inferior; proximal to distal
Look--Listen--Feel
History
Chief
complaint
–What PATIENT says problem is
–Not necessarily what you see
History
A
= Allergies
M = Medications
P = Past medical history
L = Last oral intake
E = Events leading up to incident
Definitive Field Care
Performed ONLY on stable
patients
Definitive Field Care
Stable
patients can receive attention for
individual injuries before transport
– Bandaging
– Splinting
Reassess
carefully for hidden problems
If patient becomes unstable at any time,
TRANSPORT
Reevaluation
Ventilation
and perfusion status
Repeat vital signs
Continued stabilization of
identified problems
Continued reassessment for
unidentified problems
PowerPoint Source
Slides
for this presentation from
Temple College EMS:
http://www.templejc.edu/dept/ems/
pages/powerpoint.html