Transcript Health of the Individual, Family, and Community

Chapter 4
Health of the Individual, Family,
and Community
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Meeting Basic Human Needs
• People’s behaviors, feelings about self and others, values,
and priorities all relate to physiologic and psychosocial
needs.
• These basic human needs are common to all people;
meeting these needs is essential for the health and
survival of all people.
• A person can meet some needs independently, but most
needs require relationships and interactions with others
for partial or complete fulfillment.
• Satisfying one’s needs often depends on the physical and
social environment, especially one’s family and
community.
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Characteristics of Basic Needs/Maslow
• Their lack of fulfillment results in illness.
• Their fulfillment helps prevent illness or signals health.
• Meeting basic needs restores health.
• Fulfillment of basic needs takes priority over other
satisfactions when unmet.
• A person feels something is missing when a need is
unmet.
• A person feels satisfaction when a need is met.
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
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Question
A nurse who focuses attention on the strengths and
abilities of patients rather than their problems is helping
them to achieve which of Maslow’s basic human needs?
A. Self-actualization
B. Self-esteem
C. Love and belonging
D. Safety and security
E. Physiologic
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Answer
Answer: A. Self-actualization
Rationale: To meet patient self-actualization needs, nurses
provide a sense of direction and hope, and maximize patient
potential. Self-esteem needs are met by respecting patient
values and beliefs and setting attainable goals for them. Love
and belonging needs are met by including family and friends
and establishing caring relationships with patients. Safety and
security needs are met by encouraging spiritual practices and
independent decision making. Physiologic needs are needs that
must be met to maintain life.
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Physiologic Needs
• Oxygen: most essential
• Water
• Food
• Elimination
• Temperature
• Sexuality
• Physical activity
• Rest
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Safety and Security Needs
• Second in priority
• Have both physical and emotional components
• Being protected from potential or actual harm
• Examples of interventions to meet these needs:
– Using proper hand hygiene to prevent infection
– Using electrical equipment properly
– Administering medications knowledgeably
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Love and Belonging Needs
• Third priority needs, often called higher-level needs
• Understanding and acceptance of others in both giving
and receiving love
• The feeling of belonging to groups such as families,
peers, friends, a neighborhood, and a community.
• Unmet needs produce loneliness and isolation
• Example of interventions to meet these needs:
– Including family and friends in care of a patient
– Establishing a trusting nurse–patient relationship
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Self-Esteem Needs
• Need for a person to feel good about oneself, to feel
pride and a sense of accomplishment, and to believe that
others also respect and appreciate those
accomplishments
• Positive self-esteem facilitates the person’s confidence
and independence.
• Factors affecting self-esteem:
– Role changes
– Body image changes
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Self-Actualization Needs
• Acceptance of self and others as they are
• Focus of interest on problems outside oneself
• Ability to be objective
• Feelings of happiness and affection for others
• Respect for all people
• Ability to discriminate between good and evil
• Creativity as a guideline for solving problems and
pursuing interests
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Question
Which patient need has the highest priority?
A. A patient who needs to ambulate to prevent DVT
B. A patient who is in isolation and feels lonely
C. A patient who recently lost her husband
D. An elderly patient who is at risk for falls
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Answer
Answer: A. A patient who needs to ambulate to prevent
DVT
Rationale: Preventing DVT is a physiologic need and
is the highest priority need. A patient in isolation might
have unmet love and belonging needs (3rd in priority).
A patient who lost a spouse might have unmet selfesteem needs (4th in priority). A patient who is at risk
for falls might have unmet safety and security needs
(2nd in priority).
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Family Structures
• Family: any group of people who live together and
depend on one another for physical, emotional, and
financial support
• Nuclear family: traditional family; two parents and their
children
• Extended family: includes aunts, uncles, and
grandparents
• Blended family: two parents and their unrelated children
from previous relationships
• Single-parent family: may be separated, divorced,
widowed, or never married
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false.
A family can be defined as any group of people who live
together and depend on one another for physical,
emotional, and financial support.
A. True
B. False
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Answer
Answer: A. True.
Rationale: A family can be defined as any group of
people who live together and depend on one another for
physical, emotional, and financial support.
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Family Functions
• Physical
• Economic
• Reproductive
• Affective and coping
• Socialization
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Question
Which of the following family functions is met when the
family provides emotional comfort to a child who is ill?
A. Physical
B. Economic
C. Reproductive
D. Affective and coping
E. Socialization
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Answer
Answer: D. Affective and coping
Rationale: The affective and coping function of a family
provides emotional comfort to family members. The physical
function provides a safe, comfortable environment.
Economically, the family provides financial aid to members.
The reproductive function pertains to raising children and
socialization involves transmitting beliefs, values, attitudes,
and coping mechanisms, as well as guiding problem solving.
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Family Stages
• Couple and family with children
• Family with adolescents and young adults
• Family with middle-aged adults
• Family with older adults
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Risk Factors for Altered Family Health
• Lifestyle risk factors
• Psychosocial risk factors
• Environmental risk factors
• Developmental risk factors
• Biologic risks
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false.
An example of a developmental risk factor is a family
that has inadequate childcare for a preschool child when
both parents are working.
A. True
B. False
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Answer
Answer: B. False
Rationale: An example of a psychosocial risk factor is a
family that has inadequate childcare for a preschool child
when both parents are working.
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Community Factors Affecting Health
• Social support systems
• Community health care structure
• Economic resources
• Environmental factors
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false.
The health care structure of a community has a direct
effect on the health of the people living within it.
A. True
B. False
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Answer
Answer: A. True.
Rationale: The health care structure of a community has
a direct effect on the health of the people living within it.
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Characteristics of Community Influences
on the Health of a Member
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