Transcript Taylor

Cultural Diversity
Taylor Chapter 5
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• Definition – Diversity:
• Diversity refers to the differences between people based
on a shared set of beliefs, customs, and lifestyles
(American Nurses Association Position Statement,
1991).
• Nurses must be sensitive to diversity by not imposing
personal beliefs on others, avoiding stereotyping, and
recognizing the impact that these differences may make
on clients’ health care decisions and practices (Taylor et
al., 2015).
• The unique variations among and between individuals,
variations that are informed by genetics and cultural
background, but that are refined by experience and
personal choice.
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Cultural Diversity
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Varying cultures
Racial and ethnic origin
Religion
Physical size, age, and gender
Sexual orientation
Disability
Socioeconomic and occupational status
Geographical location
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Culture
• Shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioral
expectations
• Provides social structure for daily living
• Defines roles and interactions with others and in
families and communities
• Apparent in the attitudes and institutions unique to
the culture
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true
or false.
Culture includes the beliefs, habits, likes and
dislikes, and customs and rituals learned from
one’s family.
A. True
B. False
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Answer
Answer: A. True.
Rationale: Culture is defined as a shared
system of beliefs, values, and behavioral
expectations that provides social structure for
daily living. It includes the beliefs, habits, likes
and dislikes, and customs and rituals learned
from one’s family.
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Subculture
• Large group of people who are members of a larger
cultural group
• Members have certain ethnic, occupational, or
physical characteristics not common to the larger
culture.
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Groups in Society
• Dominant group (usually largest group)
• Group has the most authority to control
values and sanctions of society
• Minority group (smaller group)
• A physical or cultural characteristic identifies
the people as different from dominant group.
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Cultural Definitions
• Cultural assimilation (acculturation)
• Minorities living within a dominant group lose
the characteristics that made them different.
• Values replaced by those of dominant culture
• Culture shock
• The feelings a person experiences when placed in
a different culture
• May result in psychological discomfort or
disturbances
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Question
Which of the following occurs when members of a
minority group, living with a dominant group, begins
to blend in and lose the characteristics that made
them distinct?
A. Cultural imposition
B. Cultural conflict
C. Cultural assimilation
D. Cultural shock
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Answer
Answer: C. Cultural Assimilation
Rationale: Cultural assimilation occurs when one’s
values are replaced by the values of the dominant
culture. Cultural imposition is the belief that
everyone should conform to the majority belief
system. Cultural conflict occurs when people become
aware of cultural differences, feel threatened, and act
negatively. Cultural shock refers to the feelings a
person experiences when placed in a different culture.
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Ethnicity
• Sense of identification with a collective cultural group
• Largely based on group’s common heritage
• One can belong to an ethnic group through birth or adoption
of characteristics of that group.
• Groups share unique cultural and social beliefs and behavior
patterns.
• Largely develops through day-to-day life with family and
friends within the community.
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Race
• Typically based on specific characteristics
• Skin pigmentation, body stature, facial features,
hair texture
• Five major categories:
• American Indian or Alaska Native
• Asian
• Black or African American
• Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
• White - Caucasian
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Stereotyping
• The assumption that all members of a culture or
ethnic group act alike
• May be positive or negative
• Negative includes racism, ageism, and sexism
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true
or false.
Stereotyping occurs when people ignore
differences in the cultures in which they live
and proceed as if they do not exist.
A. True
B. False
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Answer
Answer: B. False
Rationale: Cultural blindness occurs when
people ignore differences in the cultures in
which they live and proceed as if they do not
exist.
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Identifying Prejudices: the First Step to
Eliminating Them
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Cultural Terminology
• Cultural imposition
• Belief that everyone should conform to
the majority belief system
• Cultural blindness
• Ignores differences and proceeds as if
they did not exist
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Culture Conflict
• People become aware of differences and feel
threatened.
• Response—ridiculing beliefs and traditions of others
to make themselves feel more secure
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Ethnocentrism
• Belief that one’s ideas, beliefs, and
practice are the best or superior, or are
most preferred to those of others
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Question
Which term describes what occurs when a
nurse believes that one’s own ideas, beliefs,
and practices are the best or superior to those
of colleagues and patients?
A. Cultural diversity
B. Culture shock
C. Stereotyping
D. Ethnocentrism
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Answer
Answer: D. Ethnocentrism
Rationale: Ethnocentrism is the belief
that one’s ideas, beliefs, and practices are
superior or preferred to those of others.
Cultural diversity refers to the existence of
diverse groups in society with varying
cultural characteristics. Culture shock
describes the feelings a person experiences
when placed in a different culture.
Stereotyping is the practice of assuming
that all members of a cultural group act
alike.
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Cultural Influences on Health Care
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Physiologic variations
Reactions to pain
Mental health
Gender roles
Language and communication
Orientation to space and time
Food and nutrition
Family support
Socioeconomic factors
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Culturally Competent Nursing Care—
Patient in Pain
• Recognize that each person holds various beliefs
about pain and that pain is what the patient says
it is.
• Respect the patient’s right to respond to pain in
one’s own fashion.
• Never stereotype a patient’s responses to pain
based on the patient’s culture.
• Be sensitive to nonverbal signals of discomfort,
such as holding or applying pressure to the
painful area or avoiding activities that intensify
the pain.
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The Culture of Poverty
• Feelings of despair, resignation, and fatalism
• Day-to-day attitude toward life; no hope for
future
• Unemployment and need for financial or
government aid
• Unstable family structure; possibly
characterized by abusiveness and
abandonment
• Decline in self-respect and retreat from
community involvement
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true
or false.
The health care system is a culture of its own,
with nursing being its largest subculture.
A. True
B. False
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Answer
Answer: A. True.
Rationale: The health care system is a
culture of its own, with nursing being
its largest subculture.
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Elements of Cultural Competence
• Developing self-awareness
• Demonstrating knowledge and understanding of a
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patient’s culture
Accepting and respecting cultural differences
Not assuming that the health care provider’s beliefs
and values are the same as the client’s
Resisting judgmental attitudes such as “different is not
as good”
Being open to and comfortable with cultural encounters
Accepting responsibility for one’s own cultural
competency
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Factors That Affect Culturally Diverse
Interactions
• Cultural background of each participant
• Expectations and beliefs of each person about
health care
• Cultural context of the encounter
• Degree of agreement between the sets of beliefs
and values of the two persons
Andrews & Boyle, 2008
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Guidelines for Providing Culturally Competent
Nursing Care
• Develop cultural self-awareness.
• Develop cultural knowledge.
• Accommodate cultural practices in health
care.
• Respect culturally based family roles.
• Avoid mandating change.
• Seek cultural assistance.
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Cultural Assessment/Areas Nurses Need
to Understand
• Beliefs, values, traditions and practices of a
culture
• Culturally defined, health-related needs of
individuals, families, and communities
• Culturally based belief systems of the
etiology of illness and disease and those
related to health and healing
• Attitudes toward seeking help from health
care providers
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•
The Power of Transcultural Nursing”
https://youtu.be/6U3n4UF_XGg
•
“Cultural Diversity Tips for Communicating with
Cultural Awareness”
https://youtu.be/ZDvLk7e2Irc
•
Gestures, meanings and cultures
https://youtu.be/fRQSRed58XM
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