Transcript CHAPTER 24 GERONTOLOGY

CHAPTER 24
Gerontology
Gerontology Overview
• Aging (Senescence)
– Process of growing old
• Gerontology
– Study of all aspects of the aging process
including:
• Clinical, psychological, economical, and
sociological issues encountered by older persons
and the consequences for both the individual and
society
2
Gerontology Overview
• Geriatrics
– Branch of medicine that deals with the
physiological characteristics of aging and the
diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting
elderly adults
• Geriatrician
– Physician who has specialized postgraduate
education and experience in the medical care
of the older person
3
Gerontology Overview
• Geriatric Nurse Practitioner
– Registered nurse with additional education
obtained through a master’s degree program
that prepares the nurse to deliver primary
health care to elderly adults
4
Gerontology Overview
• Gerontic nursing
– Nursing care of the elderly
• A compromise between caring for the elderly who
are ill and a more holistic view of the nursing care
of the elderly
• Gerontologist
– One who specializes in the study of
gerontology
5
Assessing the Elderly
• Changes in the elderly
– Skin
•
•
•
•
•
•
Decrease in adipose tissue
Skin becomes drier
Decrease in skin turgor
Dryness and flaking of the skin
Thin, transparent skin with increased age
Skin tags and age spots
6
Assessing the Elderly
• Changes in the elderly
– Hair
•
•
•
•
Graying of the hair (hypopigmentation)
Decrease in amount of hair on the head
Male pattern baldness may be evident
Men develop thicker eyebrow hair, coarse nasal
hair, and hair in the ear canal
7
Assessing the Elderly
• Changes in the elderly
– Face
• Wrinkles and sagging of the skin
• Lips may wrinkle due to degeneration of elastin
• Receding gum lines, some exposure of root of
tooth, some yellowing of teeth
• Hyperopia increases (presbyopia)
• Myopia decreases
8
Assessing the Elderly
• Height and physical shape
– Stature (height) of elderly female may
decrease by several inches
• Due to estrogen depletion
– Abdomen may have rounder appearance
• Due to redistribution of subcutaneous tissue
– Female breasts become more elongated and
appear flatter with advanced age
9
PATHOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS AND CHANGES
Gerontology
Integumentary System
• Notable changes due to aging
– Graying of hair
– Wrinkling of skin
– Reduced skin turgor
– Dry scaly skin
– Thinning epidermis
– Thicker nails
– Age spots
11
Acrochordon
• Pronounced
– (ak-roh-KOR-don)
• Defined
– Benign growth that hangs from a short stalk,
commonly occurring on the neck, eyelids,
axilla, or groin of an older person
– Also known as a skin tag
12
Actinic Keratosis
• Pronounced
– (ak-TIN-ic kair-ah-TOH-sis)
• Defined
– Premalignant warty lesion, occurring on the
sun-exposed skin of the face or hands in aged
light-skinned persons
• Raised areas appear scaly and may bleed at the
edges
13
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
• Pronounced
– (car-sih-NOH-mah BAY-sal sell)
• Defined
– Most common malignant tumor of epithelial
tissue, occurring most often on areas of skin
that are exposed to the sun
• Presents as a slightly elevated nodule with a
depression or ulceration in the center that
becomes more obvious as the tumor grows
14
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
• Pronounced
– (car-sih-NOH-mah SKWAY-mus sell)
• Defined
– Malignancy of the squamous, or scalelike,
cells of the epithelial tissue
– Much faster growing than basal cell
carcinoma and has greater potential for
metastasis if not treated
15
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
• Frequent sites on sun-exposed areas
– Top of nose
– Forehead
– Margin of external ear
– Back of hands
– Lower lip
16
Eczema
• Pronounced
– (EK-zeh-mah)
• Defined
– Acute or chronic inflammatory skin condition
characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles,
pustules, scales, crusts, scabs, and itching
17
Seborrheic Keratosis
• Pronounced
– (seb-oh-REE-ik kair-ah-TOH-sis)
• Defined
– Brown or waxy yellow wart-like lesions that
are loosely attached to the skin
– Senile warts
18
Skeletal System
• Notable changes due to aging
– Normal age-related changes affect mobility
– After age 50, musculoskeletal system
gradually loses bone mass
– Increase in bone fragility
– Decrease in bone strength
19
Fracture of the Hip
• Pronounced
– (Fracture of the hip)
• Defined
– Break in continuity of bone involving upper
third of femur
• Location of most hip fractures is in upper 1/3 of the
femur
• Occurs most often in the elderly due to diminished
sense of equilibrium, coordination and body
position
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Fracture of the Hip
• Causes
– Falls
• Cause of most hip fractures, impactions, or
dislocations
– Women more susceptible
• Due to osteoporosis
• Treatment
– Surgery
• May involve open reduction and internal fixation
21
Fracture of the Hip
Internal Fixation Devices
22
Osteomalacia
• Pronounced
– (oss-tee-oh-mah-LAY-she-ah)
• Defined
– Abnormal softening of bones due to a
deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in
blood
• Which is necessary for bone mineralization
23
Osteoporosis
• Pronounced
– (oss-tee-oh-poh-ROW-sis)
• Defined
– Porous bones
– Bones that were once strong become fragile
due to loss of bone density
• Occurs more frequently in postmenopausal
women, in sedentary or immobilized individuals,
and in patients on long-term steroid treatment
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Osteoporosis
25
Paget’s Disease
(Osteitis Deformans)
• Pronounced
– (PAJ-ets disease)
– (oss-tee-EYE-tis dee-FOR-manz)
26
Paget’s Disease
(Osteitis Deformans)
• Defined
– Nonmetabolic disease of the bone,
characterized by excessive bone destruction
and unorganized bone formation by
osteoblasts
• Bone is weak and prone to fractures
• Diseased bone takes on a characteristic mosaic
pattern
• Detected with X-ray or bone scan
27
Muscles and Joints
• Notable changes due to aging
– Loss of muscle mass
– Decline in muscle strength
– Cartilage in joints eventually erodes
• Increasing stress on underlying bone
– Joint mobility is hampered
• Elastic synovial tissue is replaced with collagen
fibers
• Synovial fluid within joint increases in viscosity
28
Ankylosing Spondylitis
• Pronounced
– (ang-kih-LOH-sing spon-dil-EYE-tis)
• Defined
– Type of arthritis that affects the vertebral
column
– Causes deformities of the spine
• Also known as Marie Strümpell disease and as
rheumatoid spondylitis
29
Bunion (Hallux Valgus)
• Pronounced
– (BUN-yun) (HAL-uks VAL-gus)
• Defined
– Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base
of the great toe
• Great toe deviates laterally, causing it to either
override or undercut the second toe
• Bony prominence enlarges at base of great toe as
condition worsens
30
Gout
• Pronounced
– (GOWT)
• Defined
– Metabolic disease in which uric acid crystals
are deposited in joints or other tissues
– Characterized by inflammation of the first
metatarsal joint of the great toe
• Men 40 to 60 more commonly affected than
women
• Usually appears in women in postmenopausal
period
31
Osteoarthritis
• Pronounced
– (oss-tee-oh-ar-THRY-tis)
• Defined
– Most common form of arthritis
– Results from wear and tear on the joints,
especially weight-bearing joints such as hips
and knees
– Also known as degenerative joint disease
• Universal prevalence in those age 80 and over
32
Osteoarthritis
33
Restless Legs Syndrome
• Pronounced
– (Restless Legs SIN-drom)
• Defined
– Condition of legs involving annoying
sensations of uneasiness, tiredness, itching,
or tingling of the leg muscles while resting
• Individual has overwhelming desire to get up and
move around, due to jerking sensation and painful
twitching of the muscles
34
Nervous System
• Notable changes due to aging
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Slower nerve transmission
Slower voluntary movements
Stooped forward-flexed posture
Slowed gait
Dry eyes
Impaired ability to hear high-pitched sounds
Decreased ability to maintain balance and correct
imbalance
35
Alzheimer’s Disease
• Pronounced
– (ALTS-high-merz dih-ZEEZ)
• Defined
– Progressive and extremely debilitating
deterioration of a person’s intellectual
functioning
• Begins with minor memory loss and progresses to
complete loss of mental, emotional, and physical
functioning frequently occurring in persons over
65 years of age
36
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
• Pronounced
– (seh-REE-broh-VASS-kyoo-lar AK-sih-dent)
• Defined
– Death of a specific portion of brain tissue
• Results from decreased blood flow to that area of
the brain
– Also called a stroke
37
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
• Causes
– Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
• Also known as mini strokes
– Cerebral thrombosis
• Occurs largely in individuals older than 50
– Cerebral embolism
• Embolus causes an occlusion
– Cerebral hemorrhage
• Cerebral vessel ruptures
38
Parkinson’s Disease
• Pronounced
– (PARK-in-sons dih-ZEEZ)
• Defined
– Degenerative, slowly progressive
deterioration of nerves in the brain stem’s
motor system, characterized by a gradual
onset of symptoms
• Classic Symptoms: stooped posture with body
flexed forward, bowed head, shuffling gait, pillrolling gestures, expressionless mask-like facial
appearance
39
Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
• Pronounced
– (SHING-lz) (HER-peez ZOSS-ter)
• Defined
– Acute viral infection characterized by
inflammation of the underlying spinal or cranial
nerve pathway producing painful, vesicular
eruptions on the skin along these nerve
pathways
• Seen mainly in adults with highest incidence in
adults over 50
40
Shingles
Image courtesy of Robert A. Silverman,
M.D., Pediatric Dermatology,
Georgetown University
41
Blood and Lymphatic Systems
• Notable changes due to aging
– Percentage of bone marrow space
occupied by tissue that produces blood
cells declines progressively
• After age of 70
– Decreased immunity
• Specific antibody responses to foreign antigens
is impaired
42
Purpura
• Pronounced
– (PURR-pew-rah)
• Defined
– Collection of blood beneath the skin in the
form of pinpoint hemorrhages appearing as
red-purple skin discolorations
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura =
antibodies formed by the individual that
destroys his/her own platelets
43
Cardiovascular System
• Notable changes due to aging
– Workload of heart may be compromised due
to accumulation of excess fat surrounding the
heart
• May be due to poor dietary and exercise habits
– Risk for cardiovascular disease increases
significantly in women after menopause
• Risk is about equal in men and women after the
age of 65
44
Arteriosclerosis
• Pronounced
– (ar-tee-ree-oh-skleh-ROH-sis)
• Defined
– Arterial condition in which there is thickening,
hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls of
arteries (hardening of the arteries)
• Results in decreased blood supply, especially to
lower extremities and cerebrum
45
Congestive Heart Failure
• Pronounced
– (con-JESS-tiv heart failure)
• Defined
– Condition in which pumping ability of heart is
progressively impaired to the point that it no
longer meets bodily needs
46
Congestive Heart Failure
• Left-sided cardiac failure
– Left ventricle unable pump blood that enters it
from the lungs
– Characteristics:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dyspnea
Moist sounding cough
Fatigue
Tachycardia
Restlessness
Anxiety
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Congestive Heart Failure
• Right-sided cardiac failure
– Right side of heart cannot empty all of blood received
from venous circulation
– Characteristics
• Edema of lower extremities (pitting edema)
• Weight gain
• Enlargement of liver (hepatomegaly)
• Distended neck veins
• Ascites
• Anorexia
• Nocturia
• Weakness
48
Coronary Artery Disease
• Pronounced
– (KOR-oh-nah-ree AR-ter-ee dih-ZEEZ)
• Defined
– Narrowing of coronary arteries to the extent
that adequate blood supply to the
myocardium is prevented
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Coronary Artery Disease
• Treatments for occluded coronary
arteries
– Medications
– Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary
Angioplasty (PTCA)
– Directional Coronary Atherectomy
– Coronary Bypass Surgery = Coronary
Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
50
Respiratory System
• Notable changes due to aging
– Decreased volume during inspiration and
expiration
– Loss of elasticity in pulmonary tissue
– Decreased action of cilia within respiratory
tract
– Respiratory muscle strength and endurance
decreases
– Decreased strength for breathing and/or
coughing
51
Emphysema
• Pronounced
– (em-fih-SEE-mah)
• Defined
– Chronic pulmonary disease characterized by
increase beyond normal in size of air spaces
distal to terminal bronchiole
• Either from dilation of the alveoli or from
destruction of their walls
52
Influenza
• Pronounced
– (in-flew-EN-zah)
• Defined
– Highly contagious viral infection of the
respiratory tract
• Transmitted by airborne droplet infection
– Flu
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Pneumonia
• Pronounced
– (noo-MOH-nee-ah)
• Defined
– Acute inflammation of lungs caused mainly by
inhaled pneumococci of the species
Streptococcus pneumoniae
• May also be caused by other bacteria, as well as
viruses
54
Pulmonary Edema
• Pronounced
– (PULL-mon-air-ree eh-DEE-mah)
• Defined
– Swelling of lungs caused by an abnormal
accumulation of fluid in the lungs
• Either in alveoli or the interstitial spaces
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Pulmonary Heart
Disease (Cor Pulmonale)
• Pronounced
– (PULL-mon-air-ree heart dih-ZEEZ)
– (cor pull-mon-ALL-ee)
• Defined
– Hypertrophy of right ventricle of the heart
• With or without failure
• Resulting from disorders of the lungs, pulmonary
vessels, or chest wall
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Digestive System
• Notable changes due to aging
– Loss of teeth related to dental or
periodontal problems
– Decrease in quality and quantity of saliva
– Some decrease in normal peristalsis in
esophagus
– Weakness in musculature of large intestine
• Results in decreased forcefulness of
contractions and slowing of peristaltic activity
57
Achalasia
• Pronounced
– (ak-al-LAY-zee-ah)
• Defined
– Decreased mobility of the lower two-thirds of
the esophagus along with constriction of the
lower esophageal sphincter
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Colorectal Cancer
• Pronounced
– (koh-loh-REK-tal CAN-sir)
• Defined
– Presence of a malignant neoplasm in the
large intestine
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Constipation
• Pronounced
– (kon-stih-PAY-shun)
• Defined
– State in which the individual’s pattern of
bowel elimination is characterized by a
decrease in the frequency of bowel
movements and the passage of hard, dry
stools
• Individual experiences difficult defecation
60
Diverticular Disease
• Pronounced
– (dye-ver-TIK-yoo-lar dih-ZEEZ)
• Defined
– Expression used to characterize both
diverticulosis and diverticulitis
• Diverticulosis = noninflamed outpouchings or
herniations of the muscular layer of the intestines
• Diverticulitis = inflammation of these outpouchings
• Increasingly common occurrence in persons over 45
61
Endocrine System
• Notable changes due to aging
– Overall decline in hormone secretion
– Diminished tissue sensitivity to secreted
hormones
– Most notable decrease in hormones is in
estrogen and testosterone
– Change in glucose tolerance
• Results in a prolonged elevated blood sugar level
in response to a meal
62
Diabetes Mellitus
• Pronounced
– (dye-ah-BEE-teez MELL-ih-tus)
• Defined
– Disorder of pancreas in which beta cells of
islets of Langerhans fail to produce an
adequate amount of insulin
• Results in inability to appropriately metabolize
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
• Affects approximately 10 percent of individuals over
65 and approximately 20 percent of those over 80
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Diabetes Mellitus
• Classifications
– Type I Diabetes
– Known as Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
Mellitus (IDDM)
•
•
•
•
Usually occurs before the age of 30
Sudden onset
Controlled with insulin injections
Individuals are prone to developing ketosis
64
Diabetes Mellitus
• Classifications
– Type II Diabetes
– Known as non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
Mellitus (NIDDM)
• Usually appears in adults after the age of 40
• Majority of these individuals are obese
• Usually controlled through diet and exercise
65
Special Senses (Eye and Ear)
• Notable changes due to aging
– Impairment of vision
• Need for brighter light for vision (size of pupil
decreases)
• Lens becomes more opaque
• Color discrimination decreases and depth
perception is altered
– Hearing impairment
• Ability to discriminate among high frequencies is
often impaired by age 50
66
Cataract
• Pronounced
– (KAT-ah-rakt)
• Defined
– Lens of eye becomes progressively cloudy
losing its normal transparency
• Alters of perception of images due to interference
of light transmission to retina
67
Deafness, Sensorineural
• Pronounced
– ( Deafness, sen-soh-ree-NOO-ral)
• Defined
– Hearing loss caused by inability of nerve
stimuli to be delivered to brain from inner ear
• Due to damage to auditory nerve or cochlea
68
Diabetic Retinopathy
• Pronounced
– (dye-ah-BET-ik ret-in-OP-ah-thee)
• Defined
– Disorder of blood vessels of retina
– Capillaries undergo localized areas of bulging
(microaneurysms), hemorrhages, and
scarring
• Consequence of an 8 -10 year duration of diabetes
mellitus
69
Ectropion
• Pronounced
– (ek-TROH-pee-on)
• Defined
– “Turning out” or eversion of eyelash margins
from eyeball leading to exposure of eyelid
and eyeball surface and lining
• Occurs especially in lower eyelid
• Frequently affects older population as a result of
aging
70
Entropion
• Pronounced
– (en-TROH-pee-on)
• Defined
– “Turning in” of eyelash margins resulting in
sensation similar to that of a foreign body in
eye (redness, tearing, burning, and itching)
• Occurs especially in the lower margins
• Frequently affects older population as a result of
aging
71
Glaucoma
• Pronounced
– (glau-KOH-mah)
• Defined
– Ocular disorders identified as a group due to
increase in intraocular pressure
72
Glaucoma
• Chronic open-angle glaucoma
– Primary disorder
– Breakdown in drainage system of circulation
of aqueous humor
• Gradual elevation of internal pressure leads to
decreased blood supply to optic nerve and retina
• Peripheral vision is gradually lost when untreated
73
Glaucoma
• Acute closed-angle glaucoma
– Mouth of drainage system is narrow and
closes completely
– Allows no flow of aqueous humor
• Rapid occurrence characterized by severe pain,
blurred vision, photphobia, redness, and seeing
“halos” around light
• If untreated, person can lose his or her sight within
several days
74
Macular Degeneration
• Pronounced
– (MAK-yoo-lar dee-jen-er-RAY-shun)
• Defined
– Progressive deterioration of the retinal cells in
the macula due to aging
– Known as senile or age-related macular
degeneration (ARMD)
• Common and progressive cause of visual
deficiency and permanent reading impairment in
the adult over 65 years of age
75
Presbyopia
• Pronounced
– (prez-bee-OH-pee-ah)
• Defined
– Refractive error occurring after the age of 40
– Lens of the eye(s) cannot focus on an image
accurately due to its decreasing loss of
elasticity resulting in a firmer and more
opaque lens
• Also called farsightedness due to better clarity of
distant objects
76
Urinary System
• Notable changes due to aging
– Aging kidney is more susceptible to trauma or
disease
– Number of nephron units of the kidney
decrease during the aging process
– 50 percent decrease in glomerular filtration
rate by age 70 to 80
• Drugs may not be excreted as rapidly as possible
77
Urinary Incontinence
• Pronounced
– (YOO-rih-nair-ree in-CON-tin-ens)
• Defined
– Inability to retain urine in bladder
– Loss of urine from bladder due to loss of
sphincter control
• Urine loss is severe enough to cause social or
hygienic problems
78
Urinary Incontinence
• Urinary incontinence
– Affects mostly older adults
• Not necessarily a normal consequence of aging
– Possible causes
• Abnormalities of bladder contraction
• Abnormalities of urethral relaxation
• Dementia (in some elderly persons)
79
Urinary Incontinence
• Stress incontinence
– Inability to hold urine when bladder is
stressed by sneezing, coughing, laughing, or
lifting
• Functional incontinence
– Individual experiences an involuntary
unpredictable passage of urine
• Characterized by urge to void, or bladder
contractions strong enough to result in loss of urine
before reaching an appropriate receptacle
80
Urinary Incontinence
• Urge incontinence
– Urge to empty bladder is sudden and
uncontrollable
• Individual experiences involuntary passage of
urine soon after the strong sense of urgency to
void
• Overflow incontinence
– Involuntary loss of urine is associated with
overdistention of bladder, when bladder’s
capacity has reached its maximum
81
Male Reproductive System
• Notable changes due to aging
– Decrease in testosterone level
– Decrease in sperm production
– Decrease in muscle tone of scrotum
– Decrease in size and firmness of testicles
– Enlargement of prostate gland
82
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
• Pronounced
– (bee-NYEN pross-TAT-ik high-PER-trohfee)
• Defined
– Benign enlargement of prostate gland,
creating pressure on upper part of the urethra
or neck of bladder, causing obstruction to flow
of urine
• Common condition occurring in men over 50
83
Carcinoma of the Prostate
• Pronounced
– (car-sin-OH-mah of the PROSS-tayt)
• Defined
– Malignant growth within prostate gland,
creating pressure on upper part of urethra
• Most common cause of cancer among men, and
most common cause of cancer death due to
cancer in men over age 55
84
Female Reproductive System
• Notable changes due to aging
– Physical changes occur after menopause
– Ovaries cease to produce ova
– Less estrogen hormone secreted
– General atrophy of genitalia
• Includes less fat, external hair loss, flattening of
the labia
– Vaginal dryness
– Breast sagging due to changes
85
Atrophic Vaginitis
• Pronounced
– (ay-TROH-fik vaj-in-EYE-tis)
• Defined
– Degeneration of vaginal mucous membrane
after menopause
– Also known as senile vaginitis
• Common in estrogen-deprived older women
86
Ovarian Carcinoma
• Pronounced
– (oh-VAY-ree-an car-sin-OH-mah)
• Defined
– Malignant tumor of ovaries, most commonly
occurring in women in their 50s
• Rarely detected in early stage
87
Mental Health
• Mental health
– Relative state of mind in which a person is able
to cope with and adjust to repeated stresses of
everyday living in an acceptable way
• Majority of elderly adults successfully cope with life
crises and aging process
• Small percentage of elderly adults find difficulty in
coping with life changes as they age
• Those who find aging difficult may experience
depression which often goes undiagnosed
88
Dementia
• Pronounced
– (dee-MEN-she-ah)
• Defined
– Progressive, organic mental disorder
characterized by chronic personality
disintegration, confusion, disorientation,
stupor, deterioration of intellectual capacity
and function, and impairment of control of
memory, judgment, and impulses
89
Depression
• Pronounced
– (dee-PRESS-shun)
• Defined
– Mood disturbance characterized by
exaggerated feelings of sadness,
discouragement, and hopelessness that are
inappropriate and out of proportion to reality
• May be relative to some personal loss or tragedy
• One of the most common, and treatable, of all
mental disorders in older adults – if it is recognized
90
DIAGNOSTIC
TECHNIQUES, TREATMENTS
AND PROCEDURES
Gerontology
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Barium enema
– Infusion of a radiopaque contrast medium,
barium sulfate, into the rectum and held in
place in the lower intestinal tract while x-ray
films are obtained of the lower GI tract
• Barium swallow
– Oral administration of a radiopaque contrast
medium, barium sulfate, which flows into the
esophagus as the person swallows
92
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Colonoscopy
– Direct visualization of lining of large intestine
using a fiberoptic colonoscope
• Procedure is used to check for colonic polyps or
possible malignant tumors
93
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
(CABG)
– Surgical procedure designed to increase
blood flow to myocardial muscle
– Involves bypass grafts to coronary arteries
that reroute blood flow around occluded
area of coronary artery
94
Coronary Artery
Bypass Graft Surgery
95
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Directional coronary atherectomy
– Procedure that uses a catheter (AtheroCath)
– Small mechanically driven cutter that shaves
plaque and stores it in a collection chamber
• Plaque is removed from artery when the device is
withdrawn
96
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Dual photon absorptiometry
– Noninvasive procedure for evaluating bone
density
– Procedure involves beaming a minimal
amount of radiation through the bones
• Computer evaluates amount of radiation absorbed
by the bones and summarizes the findings
• Measures bone density within 2 percent to 3
percent accuracy of bone’s actual density
97
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Extracapsular Cataract Extraction
(ECCE)
– Surgical removal of anterior segment of lens
capsule and the lens
– Allowing for insertion of an intraocular lens
implant
98
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Hearing aids
– Devices that amplify sound to provide more
precise perception and interpretation of
words communicated to individual with a
hearing defect
•
•
•
•
In-canal style fits completely into the ear canal
In-ear style worn in external ear
Behind-ear style fits behind the ear flap (pinna)
Body hearing aid delivers sound to ear via
microphone
99
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Internal fixation devices
– Devices such as screws, pins, wires, and nails
that are used to internally maintain bone
alignment while healing of a fractured bone
takes place
• More commonly used with fractures of femur and
fractures of joints
100
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Intraocular lens implant
– Surgical process of cataract extraction and
insertion of an artificial lens in patient’s eye
– Restores visual acuity and provides depth
perception, light refraction, and binocular vision
101
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary
Angioplasty (PTCA)
– Nonsurgical procedure in which a catheter,
equipped with a small balloon on one end, is
inserted into femoral artery and threaded up
aorta (under x-ray visualization) into
narrowed coronary artery
102
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Retinal photocoagulation
– Surgical procedure that uses an argon laser
to treat conditions such as glaucoma, retinal
detachment, and diabetic retinopathy
• Serum glucose tests
– Blood test that measures amount of glucose
in blood at time sample was drawn
103
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Suprapubic prostatectomy
– Surgical removal of prostate gland by making
an incision into abdominal wall, just above
pubis
104
Diagnostic Techniques,
Treatments, and Procedures
• Transurethral resection of the prostate
(TURP)
– Surgical removal of prostate gland by inserting
a resectoscope through urethra and into
bladder to remove small pieces of tissue from
the prostate gland
105