Transcript FIRST AID TRAINING - Kirkwood Community College

FIRST AID TRAINING
KIRKWOOD COMMUNITY
COLLEGE
HEALTH SCIENCE
FIRST AID TRAINING
Power Point #1
LEARNING OUTCOME
 the
student should be
able to identify their
role in providing first
aid
PURPOSE OF FIRST AID
 provide
temporary assistance in medical
emergency situations until professional
rescuers arrive and assumes
responsibility for the victim
LEGAL ASPECTS
 Good
Samaritan Law
minimizes the fear of
legal consequences,
but protects only
those acting in good
faith & without gross
negligence or willful
misconduct
LEGAL ASPECTS
 Do
no further harm
to the victim
LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
 Legal
responsibility
varies from state to
state as to who stops
and renders first aid.
Know your state law
What is the state law of Iowa?
 How
would you find this information out?
 Who can you call in you local community?
 What is Iowa’s law?
*
No legal responsibility in Iowa unless it is
part of your job description
LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
 once
you render first
aid to a victim, you
have a “legal
obligation” to
continue until
professional rescuers
arrive
 to discontinue would
be considered
abandonment
MORAL OBLIGATION TO
RENDER FIRST AID
 When
designated by
employment
 When
a pre-existing
responsibility exists,
examples:
parent/child
 driver/passenger
 student/teacher

CONSENT FOR FIRST AID
 Permission
from a conscious victim is
required to avoid assault charges and
termed “consent”
 Permission from an unconscious victim is
not obtainable from the victim.
Therefore, we assume the victim would
want first aid. This action is termed
“implied consent”
TRIAGE
 is
the action of
sorting victims of
disaster in order to
determine who needs
immediate care and
transportation to the
hospital, or could be
delayed
 disaster: any
situation that taxes
emergency resources
GET HELP!!!!
 call
9-1-1 for professional rescuers
 give your location
 describe nature of emergency (fire,
explosion, drowning, fall, motor vehicle
accident, etc.)
 tell them number of victims involved
 describe seriousness of injuries
 advise of hazardous material involvement
TWO COMPONENTS OF
VICTIM ASSESSMENT
 Primary
Observation: designed to
identify any life threatening problems
and stabilize them immediately
 Secondary
Observation: designed to
detect obvious injuries or clues to illness
and injury through a head-to-toe
observation, gather history from victim
or bystanders & inspect surroundings
KEY COMPONENTS OF
PRIMARY OBSERVATION
A*
AIRWAY
B
* BREATHING
C
* CIRCULATION
 LEVEL OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
AIRWAY
 is
it open &
functional? If not,
correct. Consider
cause or mechanism
of injury. (Use headtilt, chin-lift if no
injury; jaw-thrust
maneuver if there is
head/neck injury)
 airway may be
obstructed
BREATHING
 can
victim speak?
 look, is the chest
rising and falling?
 listen, do you hear
air going in and out
of airway?
 feel, do you feel air
touching your cheek?
CIRCULATION
 to
determine a
heartbeat. Is
breathing, coughing
or movement
present? If NOT,
assume no heartbeat
and start CPR
 control severe bleeds
with pressure
dressing immediately
LEVEL OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
 is
the victim oriented to person, place and
time?
 the
brain requires a constant supply of
oxygen from the heart to remain oriented
 blood losses will affect oxygen supply and
interfere with orientation
 breathing disorders will decrease oxygen
supply also interfering with orientation
HISTORY OF EVENT
 chief
complaint. What hurts?
 obtain history about the condition of the
victim from victim, family, friends or
bystanders. What happened?
 find out events that lead to chief
complaint. What were they doing?
 note the ENVIRONMENT (drugs,
alcohol, weapons, falls, motor vehicle
accidents, surrounding temperature,etc.)
VITAL SIGNS
HEARTBEAT
 is
there breathing,
coughing and
movement? This
would indicate the
heart is beating when
present
 when absent,
compressions of
heart must begin to
circulate blood to
vital organs
VITAL SIGNS
BREATHING
 is
victim breathing or
NOT?
 is the breathing
pattern fast, slow,
deep, shallow,
labored, noisy?
 if NOT breathing,
artificial breathing
must be administered
lungs
ARTIFICIAL BREATHING
 mouth
to mouth
ventilation or use
other artificial
breathing assistive
devices
 artificial breathing
for an adult should
take place once every
5 seconds (20/minute)
VITAL SIGNS
TEMPERATURE
 is
skin hot, cold,
warm?
 a “hot” to the touch
or “cold” to the
touch body indicates
abnormality
VITAL SIGNS
Skin/mucous membrane color
 Pink?
Adequate oxygen levels
 White (pale)? Peripheral blood shunted to
core of body to self protect major organs
 Gray (ashen)? Indicates decreasing oxygen
level in blood, body systems begin suffering
 Blue (cyanotic)? Indicates excessive amount
of blood not carrying oxygen, body systems
in critical state
 Red (flushed)? Harmful levels of carbon
monoxide or increased carbon dioxide levels
HEAD-TO-TOE
OBSERVATION
 must
be consistent and deliberate each
time performed
 should be done for each victim when
condition allows to make sure nothing is
missed
 may be omitted if the primary
observation components airway,
breathing and heartbeat are
compromised
HEAD & NECK
 Observe
for:
 bleeding
(open wounds)
 deformities of facial structures (fractures)
 c/o pain/numbness/tingling of extremities
(possible neck injury)
 pupil size and response to light (changes
could indicate head injury)
 mouth for missing/broken teeth or bleeding
CHEST
 Observe
 equal
for:
rising and falling on both sides of chest
during breathing
 deformity of chest wall (indicating possible
rib fractures)
 bleeding, indicating open chest wound
 complaint of chest pain from injury/disease
 abnormal breathing patterns
 coughing/bloody sputum
ABDOMEN
 Observe
for:
 hardness
of abdomen indicates problem
 bleeding, indicating open wound
 complaints of pain
 bruising, a SERIOUS indicator of injury
 vomiting (save for professional personnel to
observe for content & possible blood)
 Abdominal cavity has body organs suspended
within. There is great potential for blood loss
if connecting tissue is torn
PELVIS
 Observe
for:
 obvious
swelling (pelvic trauma has a
potential to bleed profusely due to “big”
blood vessels in the pelvic cavity)
 obvious deformity, rotation, shortening of
lower leg(s) may indicate hip fracture
 complaints of pain
 signs & symptoms of shock
 bleeding, indicating open wound
EXTREMITIES
 Observe
(arms & legs) for:
 obvious
deformity or visible bone, indicates
possible fracture
 shortening of one extremity to another,
indicates possible fracture/dislocation
 obvious bleeding indicates open wounds
 complaint of marked tenderness/pain over
injury site or false movement indicates
possible fracture
 complaint of loss of feeling below injury site,
indicates nerve damage
EXTREMITIES
 Observe
 pink
for “P-M-S”:
skin color and warm temperature
below injury?
 movement, is it present or absent below
injury site?
 sensation to touch, is it present or absent
below injury site?
 “PMS” checks must be done before & after
splinting and bandaging extremity injuries
SPINE
 Observe
for:
 complaint
of pain over spine strong indicator
of spine injury
 complaint of numbness, tingling, and/or
inability to move strong indicator of spine
injury
 DO
NOT MOVE VICTIM UNLESS
IMMINENT DANGER IS PRESENT
MEDICAL ALERT
IDENTIFICATION
 Check

for:
bracelets, necklaces
& other forms of
medical alert ID’s
that could provide
valuable information
for professional team
about pre-existing
health conditions
HEAD-TO-TOE
OBSERVATION
 OMIT
SECONDARY OBSERVATION
WHEN:
 patient is unable to maintain an open airway
 patient is not breathing on their own
 there is no heartbeat
 your
hands will be “full” doing CPR, and the
secondary is not essential until later or never,
depending on the circumstances
Quizlet 1




You neighbor is painting his house from a ladder. You hear him cry out and hear the
ladder hit the cement. When you arrive you find him on his back, his right arm is
deformed and he is not moving.
What is your assessment of the situation?
 In what order would you manage this victim?
 ABC
 Airway
– How do you determine he is breathing?
 Breathing
– Jaw thrust or chin thrust and why
 Circulation
– Where do you check for a pulse on an adult?
 Call 911
What should you do with his arm?
 Straighten it out?
 Leave it alone?
When can you leave the victim?
FIRST AID TRAINING
KIRKWOOD COMMUNITY
COLLEGE
HEALTH SCIENCE
FIRST AID TRAINING
Power Point #2
LEARNING OUTCOME

identify types of bleeding wounds and
shock, and the appropriate first aid
interventions
WOUNDS & SHOCK
 Average
adult body contains 6 liters of
blood (approximately 6 quarts)
 rapid
loss of 1 quart blood (1000cc) from
adult can lead to shock and death
 rapid loss of 1-cup blood (250 cc) from child
can be deadly
 rapid loss of 2-Tablespoons blood (30 cc)
from infant can be deadly
SHOCK
 Definition:

inadequate tissue/cell perfusion causing
body cells and systems to begin death due
to a loss of body fluids and oxygen within
the blood vessels
TISSUE PERFUSION
 Definition:
 is
the process of providing all living cells
with a constant supply of oxygen and
nutrients, and removing waste products
from the cells
 this process is essential for a healthy life
CAUSES OF SHOCK
 trauma
- blood loss
 illness - body fluid losses of vomit,
diarrhea, fever (perspiration)
 heart disease - causing blood flow
disruptions & rhythm disturbances
 gastrointestinal diseases - disrupt
electrolyte balance and destroy cells,
organs, & systems
continued
CAUSES OF SHOCK
 respiratory
disease - causing disruption
of the oxygen supply to cells
 allergic reactions - causing serious
breathing spasms & vasodilatation
 head injury - causing central nervous
system inability to command properly
 spine injury - may result in loss of ability
for blood vessels to constrict causing
(vasodilatation)
MAJOR TYPES OF SHOCK
 Hypovolemic
(hemorrhagic)
 Cardiogenic
 Anaphylactic
 Fainting
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
 Causes:
 blood
loss
 dehydration, other
body fluid losses due
to fever (sweating),
vomiting, major
burns, serious
respiratory crises
 diarrhea
Circulatory System
Full
Fluid loss
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
Signs & Symptoms
 restlessness/irritability
 altered
level of consciousness
 weak/rapid pulse
 pale/moist skin
 rapid breathing
 nausea & vomiting
 dull, sunken appearing eyes
 big pupils
 obvious injuries (bruising/bleeding)
TREATMENT FOR
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
 manage A-B-C’s
& call 9-1-1
 apply direct pressure to bleeds (barriers)
 elevate part if bleeding continues
 consider pulse pressure points if bleeding
continues
 add dressings don’t remove soaked ones
 prevent body heat loss & chills
 if not contraindicated, elevate legs 12”
DO NOT ELEVATE LEGS
WHEN:
 the
victim is unconscious or may have
had a stroke (will increase pressure in the
brain)
 chest pain is present (will increase
workload to heart)
 there is a spine injury (may cause further
injury)
 breathing problems are present (will
make this condition worse)
CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
 Causes:

heart pump failure
that in turn reduces
or starves the cells of
oxygenated blood
CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
 Signs
& Symptoms:
 severe
cyanosis (blue-purple coloring of skin)
 one or more signs & symptoms of heart
attack : (shortness of breath, anxiety, chest
pressure/tightness, jaw pain, upper
extremity pain, nausea, indigestion, light
headed/dizzy, wet & cool skin,etc.)
TREATMENT FOR
CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
 manage A-B-C’s
first
 recognize the emergency & call 9 -1-1
immediately
 keep patient in sitting position while
conscious with legs dangling over the
edge until they become unconscious
 be prepared to perform CPR
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
 Causes:

exposure to allergens
such as:
 insect/bee
stings
 certain medications
(penicillin & tetanus
frequent offenders)
 certain foods
(shellfish, berries,
nuts)
 pollens/dust/molds
 (Vary per individual)
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK

Signs & Symptoms:
redness, swelling at
site of a bite or sting
 severe hives/itching
 swelling of face,
throat, eyes & hands
 coughing, wheezing,
breathing difficulties
 POSSIBLE DEATH
IN 30 SECONDS TO
30 MINUTES

Bronchial tubes
TREATMENT FOR
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
 manage A-B-C’s
 recognize
emergency & call 9-1-1
immediately
 if victim carries a bee sting kit or allergy
kit, assist victim in the administration of
injectable epinephrine
 be prepared to do CPR
FAINTING
 Causes:
 interruption
of blood flow to the brain
 blood pools in lower extremities when
standing for long periods of time
 psychological disturbance
 fainting is often the only sign of heart
problems in the elderly, therefore an elderly
victim should always be seen by a physician
to rule out heart problems after fainting
FAINTING
 Signs
& Symptoms
 dizziness
 skin
color is pale
 skin cool and moist to the touch
 may complain of nausea
 “black out”spell
TREATMENT FOR
FAINTING
 break
fall if possible to prevent injuries
 if there are no obvious injuries, place victim
on back with legs elevated 12”
 loosen tight clothing around neck
 wipe forehead with cool/wet cloth
 turn vomiting victim onto side
 after a long rest, assist victim to a slow
upright position if there are no injuries after
regaining consciousness
Quizlet 2
 You
are watching your daughter perform at
her first junior high chorus concert. She
suddenly starts to weave back and forth and
then collapses to the ground.
 What
is your assessment of the situation
What
type of shock has occurred?
Why did it occur?
What is the treatment ?
CAUSES OF BLEEDING
 Injuries/Trauma:
penetrating injury
that breaks through
skin with sharp
objects
 blunt injury that
does not break
through the skin
 Diseases: ulcers,
aneurysms, cancers
CLASSIFICATION OF
BLEEDING WOUNDS
 Open
Wounds: skin is broken
 Closed
Wounds: skin is intact
OPEN WOUNDS

(external) visible
blood outside of the
body; skin is broken
ARTERIAL BLEED
 spurting
bright red
blood. Most
dangerous, must be
stopped. Could be
life threatening
VENOUS BLEED
 flowing
blue/red
blood that responds
to direct pressure to
stop. Pressure may
be necessary 6-10
minutes before
clotting takes place
CAPILLARY BLEED
 oozing
dark red
blood. May clot
spontaneously or
rapidly with
pressure. MOST
COMMON type of
bleed
TYPES OF WOUNDS
abrasion
 incision
 laceration
 puncture
 avulsion
 amputation

ABRASION
 skin
scrape, floor
burn, road rash often
embedded with dirt.
This wound is
typically a capillary
bleed & prone to
infections
INCISION
 smooth
edged cut
made by a sharp
object (knife,
scissors) and bleeds
easily
LACERATION
a
jagged, irregular
break in skin edge
created by a sharp
object through
trauma, and bleeds
freely
PUNCTURE
 piercing
through the
skin (knife, nail, pen,
etc.) Minimal
bleeding until
removed
 DO NOT REMOVE
 angle & depth of
instrument
determines what
organ(s) are affected
AVULSION
 flap
type skin injury
that bleeds freely and
has small portion of
the skin still attached
to the body
degloved
AMPUTATION
Partial
amputation

detachment of a body
part or portion of the
part (finger, toe, arm,
leg, ear, etc.)
Complete
amputation
TREATMENT OF
OPEN WOUND INJURIES
 Minor
 wash
wounds:
hands with 3-5ml soap for 10-15 sec.
 use protective barrier gloves, plastic wrap or
bag
 cleanse wound gently with soap & water,
rinse thoroughly and dry
 cover wound with clean dressing & apply
direct pressure
 apply bandage to secure dressing. Avoid it
being too tight (P-M-S checks)
TREATMENT OF
OPEN WOUND INJURIES
 Major
wounds:
 manage A-B-C’s
first
 apply clean dressing to wound & apply
direct pressure. Don’t remove soaked
dressings, add more dressings so clots are
not disturbed
 elevate part if bleeding continues
 may need to apply pressure to a pulse point
above the bleed site
ARTERIAL PULSE
PRESSURE POINTS
Pressure Points
 if
direct pressure and
elevation of a part
has not stopped a
bleed, find the pulse
point between the
wound and heart
closest to the wound
and apply pressure at
that point
TREATMENT OF
OPEN WOUND INJURIES
 Major
 seek
wounds:
medical attention for all major wounds
(may need a tetanus update, may need to
have the wound closed, there could be bone
injury also) Sutures must be done within 6-8
hours after injury
 all bites from animal or human should be
seen by a physician. Identify the animal and
it’s owner whenever possible, and notify the
authorities so animal can be contained
MANAGING
AMPUTATED PARTS
 manage A-B-C’s
& call 9-1-1
 apply direct pressure to stump
 wrap body part in a dry, clean cloth
 place wrapped part into a plastic bag and
seal
 place sealed bag into icy cold water
 DO NOT PUT AMPUTATED PART
DIRECTLY INTO WATER OR ON ICE
CLOSED WOUNDS
 Blunt
injuries:
(internal) blood not
visible, but bleeding
is active inside of the
body; skin is intact.
This type of bleeding
is often most serious
tire tracks on abdomen
CONTUSION
 bruising
caused by
blunt injury
HEMATOMA
 blood
pooling under
the skin resulting in
blue colored mass
hematoma (blood
tumor)
TREATMENT OF CLOSED
WOUND INJURIES
 manage A-B-C’s
and call 9-1-1
 note how injury happened and be
concerned when things “look bad”
 treat for shock
 treat problems appropriately when
identified in observation
 apply ice to closed wounds with a barrier
between ice & skin to prevent frostbite
WOUNDS REQUIRING
IMMEDIATE ATTENTION
 arterial
bleeding
 deep wounds into muscle, bone & joints
or open & gaping
 all puncture wounds, dirty wounds or
wounds with embedded objects
 blunt injuries that produce a large
bruise, or swelling
 bites, human or animal
COMPLICATIONS OF
WOUND INJURIES
 infection
- invasion of disease-producing
organisms into the body
 tetanus
- an infectious disease caused by
bacteria found in the soil, air, skin or
feces producing a powerful toxin
affecting the brain and spinal cord
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
OF WOUND INFECTION
 redness,
swelling, pain of affected area
 affected area “hot to the touch”
 drainage (pus) from wound “foul smell”
 possible fever, chills
 possible red streaks from affected area
towards heart (SERIOUS SIGN, requires
immediate medical attention)
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
OF TETANUS
 Muscle
spasms following a dirty wound
 Extreme body rigidity (“Lock Jaw”)
 No
known antidote available
 Prevented by vaccination
Quizlet 3

You and a friend are hiking in the woods. You friend slips off of the trail and falls down
a hill, landing along side a tree. When you reach your friend, she is awake and
complaining of chest pain and finds it hard to breathe. Her skin is cool and damp and
she appears pale.
 What is your assessment of the situation?

Identify the type of trauma that occurred
–

Why does it hurt to breathe?
–


Possible broken ribs/internal bleeding
Why is the skin pale and damp?
–

Blunt force-no evident bleeding
Going into shock
What steps are taken to treat a patient in shock?
Your friend complains of being thirsty. Is this a concern?
BANDAGING
 bandages
 dressings
hold dressings in place
are placed directly over wounds
to control bleeding and/or prevent
further contamination. Whenever
possible, dressings should be sterile.
When sterile is not available, dressings
should be clean
ROLLER BANDAGES
 long
strips of
material or prepared
gauze rolls in varying
widths & lengths
used in wrapping
extremity and head
wounds
 may be used to
secure splints
TRIANGULAR BANDAGES
 “cravat”,
triangular
in shape
 can be used as an
arm sling with
second wrapped
around chest wall
keeping arm close to
chest
 ideal for splinting
simple rib fractures
PRINCIPLES OF
BANDAGING
 P-M-S
checks below injury site before &
after bandaging
 apply secure enough to hold dressing in
place, but not too tight to disrupt circulation
 do not include fingers & toes unless they are
the wounded parts. You want to see their
color & feel their temperature
 wrap towards heart during application
 use figure 8 techniques with roller bandages
FIRST AID TRAINING
KIRKWOOD COMMUNITY
COLLEGE
HEALTH SCIENCE
FIRST AID TRAINING
Power Point #3
LEARNING OUTCOME
 identify
injuries to specific body areas,
fractures, joint and muscle injuries and
the appropriate first aid interventions
SKULL FRACTURES
 open
fractures
indicate that the
bone has broken
through the skin &
may or may not be
visible
SKULL FRACTURES
 closed
fractures
indicate the bone has
been broken, but the
skin is intact
Closed fracture
CAUSES OF SKULL
FRACTURES
 trauma
to the head
from:
 motor vehicle
accidents
 falls
 blows to the head
HEAD INJURIES

Signs & Symptoms of
Skull Fractures
pain at site of injury
 deformity “soft spot”
 drainage from ears
& nose (CSF)
 unequal pupil size
 CONSIDER the
mechanism of injury
to assess seriousness

CONCUSSION
a
temporary
impairment of brain
function due to
injury to the skull
CAUSES OF CONCUSSIONS
 blow
to the head due to a fall, motor
vehicle accident, industrial accident,
weapon, etc.
 shaking the head causes severe bruising
of the brain and tearing of the blood
vessels creating the“Shaken Baby
Syndrome”. This condition is often the
cause of death for infants
CONCUSSION
 Signs
 loss
& Symptoms:
of consciousness
 severe headache
 short term memory loss
 “seeing stars” sensation
 dizziness
 double or blurred vision
 projectile vomiting
DEGREE OF CONCUSSION
 Mild
- no loss of consciousness
 Moderate - unconscious less than 5
minutes
 Severe - unconscious more than 5
minutes
BRAIN CONTUSION
 bruising
on or in the brain
 very serious
BRAIN CONTUSION
EPIDURAL BLEED
 on
top of brain, just
below skull. The
space between skull
& brain is minimal.
Any bleeding in this
space is serious,
causing pressure on
the brain
b
l
o
o
d
brain
BRAIN CONTUSION
SUBDURAL BLEED
 takes
place within the
brain & often results
in neurological
disabilities or death
B
l
o
o
d
brain
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
BRAIN CONTUSION
 Epidural
 initial
Bleeds:
blow to the head & possible brief
period of unconsciousness
 “seeing stars” sensation, headache, dizziness,
projectile vomiting, visual disturbances
initially
 hours or days later, the patient suddenly
becomes unconscious
 unequal pupil size
TREATMENT
HEAD INJURIES
 A-B-C’s
(jaw thrust maneuver)
 cover bleeding wounds (don’t plug-up nose
or ear bleeding/drainage)
 Call 9-1-1 for prolonged unconsciousness
 Always
assume a neck/spine injury with any
head or face injury until ruled out by x-ray
COMPLICATIONS OF
HEAD CONTUSIONS
 Need
immediate medical attention:
 headache
lasting more than 48 hours
 nausea & vomiting more than 2 episodes
back to back, or projectile vomiting
 drowsiness (victim should be awakened
frequently & assess their level of orientation)
 visual disturbances (blurred/double)
 unsteady gait
 speech problems
 seizures
EYE INJURIES
 Blunt
Trauma
 Penetrating
 Foreign
Injuries
Objects
EYE INJURIES
 CAUSES
OF BLUNT
EYE TRAUMA:
fists (altercations)
 snowballs
 baseballs/softballs
 doors, etc.

TREATMENT
BLUNT EYE TRUAMA
 have
victim sit semi-upright
 close both eyes
 seek medical attention immediately
 DO
NOT place any weight onto globe of eye
 DO NOT place ice on the eye
PENETRATING
EYE INJURIES
 CAUSES
:
pens
 ice picks
 knives
 bullets
 roofing staples
 pool sticks, etc.

staple
TREATMENT
PENETRATING EYE
 place
victim in semi-sitting position
 close both eyes of victim
 NO pressure on the eye
 dry gauze pads over both eyes
 seek medical attention immediately
 victim can’t see when both eyes are covered,
keep them informed
FOREIGN OBJECTS
dust
 dirt
 metal
 splinter
 rust
 pens/pencils
 glass, etc.

TREATMENT
FOREIGN OBJECTS
 DO
NOT rub the eye
 flush eye with tepid water from inner corner
to outer corner of eye until object is free (use
gentle water flow)
 may invert eyelid onto Q-tip, and gently
flush object
 if still in, close both eyes & seek medical
attention
 keep patient informed as they can’t see
TREATMENT
EMBEDDED OBJECT
 DO
NOT remove the embedded object
 place paper cup over short object to protect
object from being bumped and moved
 have patient close unaffected eye
 cover both eyes to reduce eye movement
 seek medical attention immediately
 keep patient informed about happenings
CHEMICAL BURNS
 Alkali
destroys eye in 30
seconds & appears
“milky white”
 flush immediately
with tepid, gentle flow
water, from inner to
outer corner of eye
20 minutes minimum
 Call 9-1-1

 Acid
destroys eye within 30
min. & appears
“beefy red”
 flush immediately
with tepid, gentle flow
water, from inner to
outer corner of eye 20
minutes minimum
 Call 9-1-1

CHEMICAL BURN TO
THE EYE
alkali
acid
NOSEBLEEDS
 Two
Types:
 anterior
- involving the superficial vessels in
front portion of nose
 posterior
- involving larger vessels in back
portion of nose (could be life threatening
bleed)
CAUSES OF NOSEBLEEDS
 trauma
 sinus
infections/allergies
 hypertension (high
blood pressure)
 dry air conditions
Patient applies squeezing pressure
TREATMENT
NOSE BLEEDS
 keep
patient quiet
 sit upright/lean slightly forward to avoid
swallowing of blood
 pinch nostrils for minimum of 5 minutes
 apply ice to forehead above nose
 seek medical attention if bleeding after 6-10
minutes
 question patient about anticoagulant drugs
(drugs that affect clotting time)
 treat for shock
DENTAL INJURIES
a
tooth completely
knocked out of
socket:
place in whole milk
 take patient & tooth
to dentist
immediately
 DO NOT touch the
root of the tooth
missing

If no dentist is available, rinse
tooth with water and replace
in socket and align with
adjacent teeth
DENTAL INJURIES

partially extracted
teeth:

get to dentist
immediately, if not:
 rinse
with water and
align tooth to adjacent
teeth and push back
into place
CHEST INJURIES
 Types
of chest injuries:
 open
- chest wall is open - skin broken
penetrating
(could be ribs breaking through or
foreign object such as bullet, knives, etc.)
sucking wounds
 closed
no
- chest wall is closed
obvious bleeding noted
major injuries can be involved though. The
largest blood vessels are in the middle of the
chest
BLUNT TRAUMA
TO CHEST
 may
cause serious
injuries to the organs
beneath the impact
 examples: (steering
wheel to chest on
impact, fists to face
or chest, kicked by
someone or other
weapons, etc.)
PENETRATING TRAUMA
TO CHEST
 may
cause serious
injuries beneath site
of penetration
consider length of
instrument
penetrating &
movement within
body
 examples: (bullets,
knives, picks, pens,
etc.

CRUSHING INJURY
TO CHEST
 squeezes
body, bones
or organs to the point
of bursting or
prevents the body
system the ability to
function

Example: (any heavy
weight on chest
impairs the action of
breathing)
SIGNS & SYMPTONS
OF CHEST INJURIES
 chest
pain
 open wounds
 pale/ashen color
 sucking sounds
 asymmetrical
-shortness of breath
-chest deformity
-paradoxical movement
-signs of shock
chest wall movement
 coughing up of blood
TREATMENT CLOSED
CHEST INJURIES
 ABC’s
- stabilize any vital sign problems
 Call 9-1-1 immediately
 allow sitting position unless there are
accompanying injuries that prevent it
 to immobilize major rib injuries, consider
the use of pillow over the affected area
 to immobilize simple rib fractures, use a
sling & swathe
 NEVER bind the chest to inhibit breathing
TREATMENT OPEN
CHEST INJURIES
 open
wounds should be sealed quickly with
cellophane wrap or plastic baggie, etc. large
enough not to get sucked into wound &
secured with tape on 3 sides only
 any chest wound has potential to become a
life threatening problem
 Call 9-1-1 immediately
TREATMENT EMBEDDED
OBJECTS IN CHEST
 stabilize
any
embedded foreign
objects to minimize
movement of the
object and further
injuries
 DO NOT remove the
embedded object
ABDOMINAL INJURIES
 open
injuries: there is an entry from
outside the body into the abdominal
cavity
 closed injuries: blunt injury to
abdominal cavity that may result in
serious abdominal organ contusions &
lacerations, large & small blood vessel
tears that result in major blood losses
CAUSES OF
ABDOMINAL INJURIES
impaled
objects
objects that enter the abdomen by accident or
assault & remain in the abdomen (knives, bullets,
pens, ice picks, etc.)
penetrating
injuries
objects that enter the abdomen causing injury,
and if pulled out, suffer major bleeding (bullets,
knives, pens, ice picks, motor vehicle parts, etc.)
CLOSED ABDOMINAL
INJURIES (BLUNT INJURY)
 Causes:
 blows
with fists or other instruments during
altercations
 falls
onto blunt objects
 motor
vehicle accidents
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
 history
of injury
 pain, cramping , nausea, & possible vomiting
 guarded positioning/hardened abdomen
 evidence of blood in urine &/or stool
 evisceration (abdominal organs exposed)
 signs of shock: pale/ashen color, cool skin,
moist skin, rapid breathing
TREATMENT
ABDOMINAL INJURIES
 check
& correct A-B-C problems, call 9-1-1
 keep victim quiet, warm and in position of
comfort
 give patient nothing to eat or drink
 patient may vomit, save emesis
 cover eviscerated organs with sterile, moist,
non-clinging dressing & bulky dry dressing
 do not remove or allow movement of
impaled objects
FRACTURES
 defined
as:
 break in the
bone cortex
fracture
fracture
 closed
fractures have
no break in the skin
 open fractures have a
break in the skin
DISLOCATION

defined as:

displacement of
bones at a joint
Elbow photo
Elbow x-ray
SPRAIN/STRAIN
 sprain
defined as:
 temporary
dislocation of joint
usually involving
ligament injury
 strain
defined as:
 pulled muscle
Sprained right ankle
swollen
CAUSES OF
BONES & JOINT INJURIES
 sporting
injuries
 motor vehicle
accidents
 falls
 altercations, etc.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
OF BONE INJURIES
 pain
&/or swelling over site of injury
 obvious deformity &/or false motion
 joint deformity with dislocations
 crepitus (grating sensation as fractured
bones ends rub together)
 possible open wound with bone protrusion
 history of injury
TREATMENT
FRACTURE/DISLOCATIONS
 manage A-B-C’s
before fractures
 remove clothing around injury site
 control bleeds with pressure dressings
 do not push protruding bone(s) under skin
 P-M-S, check skin color, temperature &
movement below injury
 splint as found, include joint above & below
 recheck P-M-S, skin color, temperature &
movement below injury
TREATMENT
MUSCLES INJURIES
 Ice
to injury site 24-48 hours after injury
(place barrier between ice & skin)
 Compress injury site with ace wrap for
support (not too tight) P-M-S checks
 Elevate affected part to reduce swelling
 Apply heat to site 48 hours after injury
 Seek medical attention if pain/swelling
persists
SPINE INJURIES
 Causes
of spine
injuries:
motor vehicle
accidents
 falls
 diving accidents
 rodeo stunts
 gymnastic, etc.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
SPINE INJURY
 mechanism
of injury suggestive of spine
injury
 complaints of numbness, tingling, weakness
or burning sensation in arms/legs
 loss of bowel or bladder control
 complaint of pain directly over a section of
the spine
 not breathing
TREATMENT
SPINE INJURIES
(jaw-thrust maneuver to open
airway with spine injuries)
 Call 9-1-1
 allow no patient movement (move patient
only if imminent danger is present)
 keep patient warm
 A-B-C’s
TREATMENT
SPINE INJURIES

assign someone to
keep head aligned
with body (a blanket
rolled & shaped like a
horseshoe around
head & secured to a
backboard works
well) Do not use any
weights on sides of
head
SPLINTING
a
splint is a supportive device applied to
immobilize a fracture or restrict
movement of an injured part
 splinting
minimizes further surrounding
tissue, vessel and nerve damage that the
broken bone ends could do when not
stable
TYPES OF SPLINTS
pillow
 rigid; boards, rolled
newspaper/magazine
 professional; padded,
vacuum, ladder, and
traction

padded
rigid
vacuum
traction
CREATIVE SPLINTS
 when
professional splints are not
available, consider using:
 rolled
up magazine or newspaper
 a board or other flat firm object
 a pillow
 “buddy tape” affected extremity to an
adjacent one with padding between. The
unaffected finger, toe, or leg becomes the
splint for the injured buddy body part
PRINCIPLES OF SPLINTING
 apply
splints before moving victim
 P-M-S checks (pink/warm skin, movement,
sense of touch below fracture)before splint
 include joints above & below injury site
 secure splint with cravats or roller bandages
 keep fingers & toes exposed for assessment
 splint injury as found, do not straighten
 cover open fractures with sterile or clean
dressings
continued
PRINCIPLES OF SPLINTING
 hand
&/or finger fractures should be placed
in position of function (cupped around roller
bandage or something similar)
 remove jewelry, clothing, shoes, or socks
when part of the injury site
 recheck P-M-S
 elevate fracture extremities after splinting
 apply ice to closed fracture site, with cloth
barrier between ice & skin
LEARNING OUTCOME
 identify
victims
skills in moving and rescuing
MOVING VICTIMS
 do
not move a victim until you have
provided appropriate first aid for the
injuries identified
MOVING VICTIMS
 exceptions
of moving before treatment of
injuries:
 existing
fire or imminent danger of fire
 when it is impossible to gain access to other
victims in a vehicle in need of life-saving care
 DO NOT enter an area of explosives or
hazardous materials regardless of situation
to avoid injury to self
ONE PERSON
Emergency moves
 Drags: pull direction
of long axis of body

 shoulder/clothing
drag
tug clothing at
neck/shoulder area,
stabilize head in
forearms; used for
short/rough surfaces
 blanket drag - pull
blanket from behind
the victim’s head
ONE PERSON
 Emergency
ankle
moves:
drag - pull victim by ankles; the fastest
method for short distances on smooth surface
one person assist - assist victim to walk if able
ONE PERSON
 Emergency

moves:
Carries:
 fireman’s
carry victim carried over
your shoulder if
injuries permit
ONE PERSON

Emergency moves:

Carries:
 pack-strap
carry - for
longer distances when
fireman’s carry might
be unsafe
TWO PERSON
Emergency moves:
 two person assist help person to walk

TWO PERSON

Emergency moves:

two handed seat
carry
TWO-THREE PERSON

Emergency moves:

four handed grip easiest when no
equipment
TWO-THREE PERSON
 Emergency
 chair
carry
move:
TWO-THREE PERSON
 Emergency
 two
moves:
handed grip extremity carry
 hammock carry - 3 - 6 people on alternate
sides of victim linking hands together
beneath victim
MOVING VICTIMS
 Principles
of Moving Victims:
 immobilize
& protect injuries before moving
 maintain firm footing with feet, shoulder’s
width apart, one foot slightly in front of the
other, knees bent slightly, & your arms close
to your body, avoid twisting, & keep back
straight with hips below shoulders. Let the
leg muscles work, not your back
 keep motion(s) smooth
 know physical capabilities. Need help? Get
it, for safety of all!
WATER RESCUE
 drowning
is 3rd leading cause of
accidental death
 your goal
will include not becoming the
next victim and doing what you can do
safely to help the victim
WATER RESCUE
 Principles
of attempting water rescue:
 Reach
 long
stick, lightweight pole, or any object
that will extend to victim
 secure yourself before reaching out to victim
 if bystander is nearby, have them hold onto
you will you reach out to victim
WATER RESCUE
 Principles
of attempting water rescue:
 Throw
 attach
a rope to anything that floats (ring
buoy, life jacket, floating cushions, short
pieces of wood, empty plastic jugs, etc.)
 throw object beyond victim so wind/current
allows floating object to come back to victim
 lean backwards as you pull victim to safety
to avoid getting pulled into water yourself
WATER RESCUE
 Principles
of attempting water rescue:
 Row
 if
victim is beyond reach & rowboat/sailboat
are available, you may attempt this type of
rescue if you have the skill (a paddle/oar
craft is slower & safer than a motor driven
craft
 consider elements of danger
 victim should be pulled into boat over the
back, NOT the side
WATER RESCUE
 Principles
of attempting water rescue:
 Go
 an
assessment must be made by rescuer
weighing the risk vs. reward to the victim
 this should be last resort, not first
 know your capabilities
WATER RESCUE
 After
a water rescue:
 protect
victim & yourself against cold
 be prepared to start mouth to mouth
resuscitation and/or CPR
 seek medical attention for victim and
yourself
ICE RESCUE
 attempt
to reach victim with an object
 form a human chain, lying flat to
distribute weight on the ice
 seek medical attention for victim
immediately after rescue
 remove cold/wet clothing & cover with
dry warm blankets after rescue
 DON’T become the next victim
LEARNING OUTCOME
 identify
poisoning, alcohol, and drug
emergencies and first aid interventions
Poisons, Alcohol & Drugs
 poison
defined as:
 any substance that
will cause a reaction
that damages tissue,
alters organ and
system functions or
may even cause
death
Recreational Drugs/Alcohol
INGESTED POISONS
 swallowed
(accidental or
intentional)
Drano
INHALED POISONS
 the
act of breathing
subjects the
respiratory system to
inhaled poisons
Carbon monoxide
ABSORBED POISONS

through the skin by
coming in contact
with a poison
Poison ivy
INJECTED POISONS
 through
skin
puncture that could
be a bite from an
animal or reptile, a
sting from an insect
or recreational drug
injection
Ouch!
INGESTED POISONS
 Signs
& Symptoms:
 nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
cramping
 obvious mouth burns, stains, odors
 obvious containers/evidence of poisons
TREATMENT
INGESTED POISONS
 manage A-B-C’s
and call 9-1-1
 determine what, amount & time ingested
 contact Poison Control Center
Mercy
Medical Center: (319)398-6770
St. Luke’s: (319)369-7105
University of Iowa: 1-800-272-6477
 follow
directions of poison center that may
include inducing vomiting using Syrup of
Ipecac
INGESTED POISONS
 When
NOT to induce vomiting:
 seizure
activity
 unconsciousness or drowsiness
 pregnancy
 heart problems
 when corrosives, petroleum or strychnine
products have been ingested
INHALED POISONS
 Signs
& Symptoms:
 headache
 dizziness/weakness
 visual
disturbances
 hoarseness, tightness in throat,difficulty
swallowing, coughing, wheezing
 cardiac & respiratory failure
 INHALED POISONS OFTEN ODORLESS,
BEWARE!!
TREATMENT
INHALED POISONS
 don’t
become the next victim
 manage A-B-C’s
 remove patient from environment if
possible
 call 9-1-1, 100% oxygen is needed for
victim
ABSORBED POISONS
 Signs
& Symptoms:
 redness
of skin
 blisters/rashes
 swelling
 itching
 known contact with poison ivy/oak or other
poisonous substance
TREATMENT
ABSORBED POISONS
 wash
exposed area immediately with mild
soap & tepid water (avoid strong water
pressure)
 baking soda compresses to affected areas or
poison ivy or oak 4 times/day
 hot baths (releases natural antihistamines)
 seek medical attention in severe cases
INJECTED POISONS
 Signs
& Symptoms:
 obvious
markings (insect bites, bees, ticks,
snake bites, etc. or “needle tracks” anywhere
on the body) DO THOROUGH EXAM
 localized pain/burning
 swelling/redness
 possible nausea, vomiting, weakness
 tightness in throat, difficulty breathing
 possible respiratory/cardiac arrest
TREATMENT
INJECTED POISONS
 manage A-B-C’s
 identify
poison
 pull off ticks with
tweezers or fingers
grasping close to skin
(don’t twist it)
 call 9-1-1 for drug
injected poisons or
snake bites
tick
This bite resulted in
Lyme disease
MOOD ALTERING
SUBSTANCES
 alcohol:
a
depressant, even
though there is an
initial “up feeling”.
Abuse of alcohol
causes physical &
psychological
disorders that affect
personal &
professional
relationships
MOOD ALTERING
SUBSTANCES
 drugs:
may be
stimulants
(“uppers”) or they
may be depressants
(“downers”)
“UPPER’S”
 stimulate
central nervous system
 gives feeling of well being/reduce fatigue
 may cause hyperactivity, restlessness and
belligerence when high dosages are used
 frequently abused “uppers”:
 caffeine,
cocaine, amphetamines, antiasthmatic drugs, vasoconstrictors, etc.
“DOWNER’S”
 depress
central nervous system
 cause drowsiness
 relieve anxiety
 relaxing
 frequently abused “downers”:
 marijuana,
barbiturates, tranquilizers,
narcotics, anticonvulsants, etc.
MOOD ALTERING DRUGS
 Signs
& Symptoms:
 possible
alcohol odor on breath
 possible lack of coordination
 possible drowsiness
 possible slurred speech
 possible hyperactivity or combativeness
 possible nausea/vomiting
 possible flushed face (red)
TREATMENT
DRUG ABUSE
9-1-1
 manage injuries/shock resulting from
abuse (victims abusing drugs/alcohol are
frequent ER patients)
 be prepared for vomiting & save for
hospital
 observe environment for pills, alcohol,
drug paraphernalia, etc.
 manage A-B-C’s/call
FIRST AID TRAINING
KIRKWOOD COMMUNITY
COLLEGE
HEALTH SCIENCE
FIRST AID TRAINING
Power Point #4
LEARNING OUTCOME
 identify
burns, cold, and heat related
emergencies and first aid interventions
HEAT BURNS
 Causes:
 hot
liquids, vapor or steam
 hot flames
 contact with hot coals, pipes, utensils,
stoves, etc.
 radiant heat
 solar heat

The hotter the source, the more serious the burn injury
SUPERFICIAL BURNS
 epidermis
or outer
layer of skin involved
 once referred to as a
first degree burn
 skin will appear very
red. A good example
of this is the typical
sunburn
PARTIAL THICKNESS
BURNS
 includes
entire outer
skin layer & below
 once
referred to as
second degree burns
 in
addition to
redness, the skin will
blister, swell and be
very painful
FULL THICKNESS BURNS
 includes
all layers of
skin & underlying
fat, muscle & bone
continued
FULL THICKNESS BURNS
once called third
degree
 skin will be charred
(black), white, or red
 no pain in full
thickness burns,
nerves destroyed,
areas adjacent very
painful (2nd degree)

BURN ASSESSMENT
 Factors
influencing
seriousness of burn
size & depth of burn
 age of victim
 body parts involved
in burn
 previous medical
history
 temperature of
burning agent

SIZE & DEPTH OF BURN
 the
greater the size of the involved burn
and the deeper the burn penetrates, the
more serious the situation
SIZING UP THE BURN
 call
9-1-1 when burn involves:
 face
(possible inhalation)
 hands & feet (may result in muscle
contractures)
 genitalia area (may result in serious
infections)
AGE INFLUENCE ON BURN
RECOVERY
a
victim less than 5 years old will not
tolerate serious burns because they will
not have developed body systems mature
enough to battle serious burns
 a victim older than 60 years of age will
not tolerate serious burns, because the
advanced maturity of the body systems
may not be able to cope with the injury
PREVIOUS MEDICAL
HISTORY
 history
of cardiac problems may
compromise cardiovascular circulation
 history of respiratory problems may
reduce adequate oxygen supply to
affected areas
 history of diabetes will complicate
recovery from burns
TREATMENT/HEAT BURNS
 put
out fire (wrap body in blanket if
flames)
 manage A-B-C’s
 remove clothing unless stuck, cut around
this area to avoid pulling off body tissue
 remove all jewelry
 cool superficial & partial thickness burns
with tepid water
continued
TREATMENT/FULL
THICKNESS BURNS
 cover
full thickness burns with sterile
dressing or clean cloth
 call 9-1-1
 no ointments, butter or other home remedies
 do not break blisters
 do not wrap snug bandages over dressings
 maintain body temperature, do not allow the
victim to get cold
CHEMICAL BURNS
 most
serious are the
caustic or corrosive
actions of chemicals
that include:

alkali-(examples:
Drano - ammonia)
alkali burns faster
and deeper than acid.
Most alkali burns can
penetrate and burn
within 30 seconds of
contact
Drano
CHEMICAL BURNS
 most
serious are the
caustic or corrosive
actions of chemicals
that include:

acid-(examples:
bleach, vinegar) acid
burns are a little
slower to penetrate
and are noticed at
approximately 30
minutes after contact
TREATMENT
CAUSTIC OR CORROSIVES
 Caustic
 flush
or Corrosive:
area with gentle flow water15 minutes
minimum. Do not use pressure water source
(forces chemical into body)
 Call 9-1-1 & manage A-B-C’s
 remove clothing and jewelry
 note name of chemical for professionals
 remove contact lenses from eyes
 DO NOT TOUCH chemical yourself
TREATMENT
DRY CHEMICAL BURNS
 Dry
 do
Chemicals:
not wet (this will activate action of
chemical)
 sweep chemical from clothing, body - do not
touch with bare hands
 remove victim’s clothing
 manage A-B-C’s and call 9-1-1
 note the name of the chemical
ELECTRICAL BURNS
 industrial,
bathroom
& flooded basements
are frequent sites of
electrical burns
ELECTRICAL BURN
ACTION
 electrical
current enters, crosses, and
exits body causing an electrical heart
rhythm disturbance
PVC’s
ELECTRICAL BURN
ACTION
 after
24 hours, severe swelling develops
around affected area causing
“compartment syndrome” a condition
that disrupts circulation that deprives
cells of oxygenated blood
TREATMENT
ELECTRICAL BURNS
 consider
your own safety first
 disconnect power or call power company
 manage A-B-C’s
 Call 9-1-1 DO NOT drive victim to
hospital
 any electrical shock can lead to life
threatening problems
continued
TREATMENT
ELECTRICAL BURNS
 cover
both wounds
(entrance & exit)
with sterile dry
bandage or clean dry
cloth
 be prepared to do
CPR, patient may
experience a cardiac
arrest
burn
LIGHTNING STRIKE
 victim
will be at risk for cardiac or
respiratory arrest
 manage A-B-C’s and Call 9-1-1
 victim is not electrically charged
 if the area is a high risk area of being
struck again with lightening, get to safety
DANGEROUS LIGHTNING
SITES TO AVOID
 open
fields
 under trees
 on or near water
 on the golf course
 on a telephone
BOOM
COLD EMERGENCIES
FROSTBITE
 occurs
when temperature is below
freezing
 affects feet, hands, ears & nose initially
 severe consequences, gangrene and
amputation
 freezes tissues, causing ice crystals that
damage nerves, blood vessels, etc.
FROSTBITE
 Superficial
 skin
white, grayishyellow or flushed
 painful initially
 possible numbness,
tingling or stinging
sensation
 late sign, outer skin
layer will be hard to
touch
FROSTBITE
 Partial
& Full
Thickness
 part very hard to the
touch
 blisters appear 12-36
hours after freezing
begins
 skin pale and waxy Partial
 usually no pain after
part is frozen
full
TREATMENT
FROSTBITE/FROSTNIP
 manage A-B-C’s
 move
victim to a warm environment &
remove any wet clothing
 cover with warm/dry blankets
 handle involved part gently (no rubbing)
 seek medical attention immediately
HYPOTHERMIA
 anytime
the body’s core temperature goes
below 95 degrees Fahrenheit, the body is
too cool for normal body systems to
function
MILD HYPOTHERMIA
 Signs
& Symptoms:
 shivering
 slurred
speech
 memory lapses
 poor coordination
SEVERE HYPOTHERMIA
 Signs
 not
& Symptoms:
shivering
 stiff muscles
 cyanosis (blue)
 pupils dilated
 decreased pulse/respirations (or absent)
 appears dead (80% will die)
TREATMENT
HYPOTHERMIA
 manage A-B-C’s
and Call 9-1-1
 remove from cold environment gently
 remove wet clothing & cover with blanket
 heat packs to: head, neck, armpits & groin
 ventilate with mouth to mouth when
necessary (98.6 degrees F) starts warming
process
 be prepared to do CPR
HEAT EMERGENCIES
 Heat
Stroke:
most dangerous heat
emergency
 sweating ceases
 body has more heat
than it can handle

100 degrees
98% humidity
Often enclosed in turnout
gear or something similar
HEAT STROKE
 Signs
& Symptoms:
 skin”
hot” to touch, “flushed” in color &
“dry” to the touch
 body temperature in excess of 104 degrees
 decreased level of consciousness
 “bounding” pulse
TREATMENT
HEAT STROKE
manage A-B-C’s
 call 9-1-1
 move victim to cool
environment
 ice packs to head,
neck, armpits & groin
 keep head &
 shoulders slightly
elevated
 a true life threatening
emergency - - - may Air Lift

HEAT EXHAUSTION
 “most
common” heat emergency
 not as serious as heat stroke
 excessive perspiration
 common when hot weather emerges rapidly
& the body has not had time to adjust
 common during hot weather sporting events
& outdoor occupational activities due to
inadequate fluid intake
HEAT EXHAUSTION
 Signs
& Symptoms:
profuse sweating
 weakness, dizziness,
headache
 rapid, weak pulse
 nausea/vomiting &
diarrhea
 pale/ashen skin color
 normal body temp

TREATMENT
HEAT EXHAUSTION
 manage A-B-C’s
 remove
victim from hot environment
 cool victim with cold packs/wet towels and a
fan
 if conscious, may give cool liquids to drink
(absolutely no alcoholic beverages should be
given)
 seek medical attention
HEAT CRAMPS
 Heat

Cramps
painful muscle
cramps in arms/legs
due to profuse
sweating
HEAT CRAMPS
 Signs
& Symptoms:
 recent
profuse sweating
 muscles cramping in extremities
 abdominal cramping
TREATMENT
HEAT CRAMPS
 manage A-B-C’s
 remove
from hot environment
 replenish fluid loss with “water”
 do not massage cramping muscle(s)
LEARNING OUTCOME
 identify
common disease emergencies
HEART ATTACK
 death
of a portion of
the heart muscle due
to an inadequate
supply of oxygenated
blood
pain
HEART ATTACK
 Signs
& Symptoms:
 chest
pressure, tightness, pain
 jaw, neck & arm(s) ache/pain
 nausea/vomiting or indigestion
 skin white, gray or bluish in color
 skin cool & wet to touch
 shortness of breath
 pulse changes (rapid, weak, slow, irregular)
 possible fainting spell
TREATMENT
HEART ATTACK
 recognize
problem & call 9-1-1
 seat patient and provide calm atmosphere
 reassure patient that help is on the way
 if Nitroglycerin is being carried by the
patient, help them use the drug
 be prepared to do CPR
STROKE
 “brain
attack” a
disruption of blood
flow to, or through
the brain
 causes:
possible burst of a
blood vessel in the
brain
 blood clot that
traveled to the brain
& became lodged

attack
STROKE
 Signs
& Symptoms:
 sudden
weakness/numbness of face, arm,
&/or leg on one side of the body
 speech disturbances
 visual disturbances
 unexplained dizziness, unsteady gait or falls
without cause
 sudden severe headache
 loss of bladder &/or bowel control
TREATMENT/STROKE
 manage A-B-C’s
 Call
9-1-1
 determine time of onset of symptoms
 if no injuries, turn patient onto affected side
 keep head/shoulder slightly elevated if there
are no head/neck injuries that prevent it
 give nothing to eat or drink
 keep atmosphere calm, avoid creating
greater anxiety to the patient
TREATMENT/STROKE

this patient needs
clot-busting drugs in
a timely manner. Do
not delay definitive
care
DIABETES
 an
inability of the body to properly
metabolize carbohydrates
 created by a failure of the pancreas to
produce insulin
 insulin carries sugar to body cells
 lack of insulin causes starving cells in need
of fuel (sugar) creating “crises” for diabetics
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
 (High
Blood Sugar)
 Signs & Symptoms
 slow
onset
 warm, dry, flushed skin
 decreased level of consciousness
 “sweet, fruity, acetone” breath odor
 vomiting
 intense thirst (due to dehydration)
 frequent urination
TREATMENT
KETOACIDOSIS
 (High
Blood Sugar)
& call 9-1-1
 if victim is conscious, & you are unable to
determine if victim is in ketoacidosis or
insulin shock, give them a sugar drink or
food to eat (NO DIET soft drinks)
 if unconscious or level of consciousness is
diminished, give nothing by mouth. Manage
airway until professional rescuers arrive
 manage A-B-C’s
INSULIN SHOCK
 (Low
Blood Sugar)
 Signs & Symptoms:
 sudden
onset
 behavior similar to intoxication
 skin pale, moist and cool to touch
 weak, disoriented or unconscious
 intense hunger
TREATMENT
INSULIN SHOCK
& call 9-1-1 immediately
 if conscious, give sugar drink/food (NO
DIET drinks) orange juice with extra sugar
 question about last insulin & last meal
 other illnesses? flu, diarrhea, vomiting, etc.
 extra physical activities?
 this is a life threatening emergency
 give nothing to eat or drink if unconscious
 manage A-B-C’s
EPILEPSY
a
malfunction of the brain due to
interruption of the brain wave signals,
often a result of trauma or earlier illness
that creates an uncontrollable muscle
spasm activity
SEIZURES
 Signs
& Symptoms
 often
an aura is experienced prior to seizure
 sudden rigidity & generalized muscle jerking
activity begins
 skin color is blue during seizure
 eyes appear to roll back into head during
seizure
 often drooling tinged with blood from mouth
 loss of bladder and/or bowel control
 deep drowsiness after seizure activity
TREATMENT
EPILEPTIC SEIZURES
 manage A-B-C’s
(secretions)
 protect patient from injury (move nearby
furniture & objects)
 DO NOT apply force to flailing patient
 place something soft under head
 turn on side for secretions to drain freely
 maintain privacy for patient
continued
TREATMENT
EPILEPTIC SEIZURES
NOT place anything in patient’s mouth
 call 9-1-1 if condition is new or lasts long
than a few minutes
 DO
 Most
common cause of a seizure in patient’s
already diagnosed with the condition, is their
failure to take their seizure medications as
directed
ASTHMA
 an
allergic reaction
that causes spasms
within the bronchial
airways of the
respiratory system
causing serious
breathing problems
ASTHMA CRISES
 Signs
& Symptoms
 recent
exposure to allergen
 difficulty breathing, often wheezing noise is
heard (whistling noise) with breathing
 victim sitting in upright position & leaning
slightly forward (tripod position)
 frightened patient
 history of asthma, may have an inhaler
TREATMENT
 Asthma
Crisis
 manage A-B-C’s
 allow
patient to maintain sitting (tripod)
position
 remain calm, dim lights, & keep atmosphere
quiet
 assist patient with their asthma medications
 encourage patient to drink water
continued
TREATMENT
 Asthma
Crisis
 CALL 9-1-1
IMMEDIATELY IF:
 if crisis is caused by a bee sting
 if no improvement with 30 minutes of initial
medications
 skin color begins to turn gray/blue
 when breathing is barely heard
 when evidence of dehydration is present (dry
mouth, dry skin, sunken eyes, decreasing
level of consciousness is observed, etc.)
THE END