2012 Wexner Medical Center Template Getting Started in
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Transcript 2012 Wexner Medical Center Template Getting Started in
The Preparticipation Physical Exam
Kelsey Logan, MD, MPH, FAAP, FACP
OSU Sports Medicine
Improving People’s Lives
through innovations in personalized health care
I have nothing to disclose.
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Overview
Why do a PPE?
History components
Musculoskeletal exam
Medical exam
Hot topics
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Published 2010
Collaboration between AAP, AAFP, ACSM, AMSSM,
AOSSM, AOASM
Endorsed by AHA, NATA
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What’s it for?
PPE Objectives
Screen for life-threatening or disabling conditions
Screen for conditions that may predispose to injury or
illness
Get adolescents/young adults into the health care system
Determine general health
Discuss health and lifestyle issues
MEDICAL HOME!
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Other Goals
Fulfillment of legal and insurance requirements
Establishing physician rapport with athletes
Providing counseling to athletes
Establishing a database and record-keeping system
Armsey et al, CJSM, 2004
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PPE Purpose
Most physicians think PPE is not meant to take place of
yearly health maintenance exam by PCP
Was never intended nor designed to replace regular
health maintenance exams
What do the athletes think?
Most consider the PPE as an appropriate alternative
to full evaluation
Parents?
Most perceive PPE as a complete medical evaluation
Greydanus et al., Med Sci Mon, 2004
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PPE Frequency
Varies
35 states require yearly exam – Ohio included
11 states require every other year exam
3 states require exam every year with interval
questionnaire in non-exam years
Wingfield, CJSM, 2004
Recommended
Every 2 years in younger athletes
Every 2-3 years in older athletes
Annual update: history questionnaire, focused exam if
needed
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Great Britain
PPE’s not widely practiced
Thought to be ineffective
Italy
Aggressive approach
Ages 12-35: annual medical clearance
Detailed H&P, ECG, EST, PFT’s
Echo required in professional soccer, boxing, cycling
Physicians can be held accountable in criminal/civil
court for incorrect/missed diagnosis
OSU Sports Medicine
Who can/should perform the PPE?
Varies by state
Ohio: MD, DO, DC (NP or PA with physician)
AAP recommends MD, DO having ultimate responsibility
Multiple consensus statements supporting
MSSE 2000, AJSM 2000, MSSE 2001
Complete screen for problems potentially affecting
participation or placing athlete at risk
Standardized forms help
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PPE Setting
The PCP has the advantage
Allows for private discussion of sensitive topics
Gives more time for patient education
Allows for comprehensive ROS, more direct
questioning regarding family history
Able to talk about psychosocial functioning/problems
? Disadvantage
Knowledge of how any history/exam findings affect
the athlete in sport
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PPE Setting
If no PCP?
Station approach
Can reduce costs for student-athletes
Fosters line of communication between members of sports medicine
team
Allows participation from athletic trainers, team medical and orthopedic
staff, subspecialists
Facilitates screening large number of athletes in relative efficiency
Optimize it!
Physician medical coordinator – needs to sign off on all
Get good history from parents
Ensure privacy in exam areas; provide area for counseling
Clear referral protocol to primary and subspecialty physicians
Help athletes with needed follow-up
Keep records
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Clearance
Clearance to play with no restrictions
Cleared to play following further evaluation, treatment, or
rehabilitation
Not cleared to play certain types of sports
Rare for athletes not to be cleared
1.9% of high school athletes ruled ineligible as result
of the PPE Smith, Mayo Clin Proc, 1998
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Musculoskeletal abnormalities
accounted for 43.4% of athletes
not cleared
Cardiac abnormalities accounted
for 18.9%
2 athletes with severe HTN
1 with syncope
6 with dizziness/near-syncope
1 after heart operation
None had family history of
cardiac death
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Vision abnormalities accounted for largest population of Cleared with
Follow-Up Recommended dispositions – 53.5%
Musculoskeletal problems accounted for 27.8%
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The Most Important Part of the PPE
History
Exam
History Wins!
•88% of medical conditions identified by history alone
•67% of musculoskeletal conditions identified
Chun, CJSM, 2006
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The History is the Cornerstone…is it reliable?
Athlete’s reliability should not be taken for granted
Inaccuracies may lead to unwarranted clearance
Carek, CJSM, 1999
Examined whether discrepancies exist between information
given by parents and student athletes
Only 19.8% of histories were in complete agreement
Many discrepancies found in cardiovascular and musculoskeletal
questions
Risser, Tex Med, 1995
Showed 33% HS athlete-parent agreement, 44% junior high
If station-based physicals used, encourage parental involvement in
history form completion
In office-based physical, have parent present for review of medical
history, family history
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History Components
Medical
Recent/chronic problems
Hospitalizations
Surgical procedures
Prescription/nonprescription medications
Allergies or anaphylactic reactions to medications,
insects, foods, exercise
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History Components
Cardiac: family history, chest pain, (near) syncope
Skin: warts, fungus, blisters
Neurologic: HA, concussion, seizures
Heat Illness – heat cramps, dehydration, etc.
Use of Special Equipment
Asthma and seasonal allergies
Prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm
10-35% of athletes Mick, Dimeff, CCJM, 2004
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History Components
Eyes
Functionally one-eyed defined as having less than
20/40 corrected vision in one eye
Musculoskeletal system
Sprains, strains, fractures, dislocations
Weight concerns
Psychosocial issues
Immunizations
Menstruation – screening for female athlete triad
components
oligo/amenorrhea, bony stress injury, disordered
eating
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The Physical Exam
Important areas
Blood pressure
Vision screening
Musculoskeletal screening
Cardiovascular screening
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Orthopedic Screening
2-minute, 12 step EXAM:
Sensitivity: 50.8%
Specificity: 97.5% to
identify orthopedic
problems
HISTORY found to have 91.6%
sensitivity
Gomez et al, AJDC, 1993
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The Musculoskeletal Exam/Issues
Take a history!
Missed practice or games
Do you wear a brace?
Fracture (include stress fracture), dislocation
History of imaging, injections, physical therapy
Exam
If no previous injury or complaint, general screen
ROM, strength, muscle asymmetry
Joint specific exam may be needed
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General Musculoskeletal Screen
General posture; symmetry
Neck range of motion
Resisted shoulder shrug and shoulder abduction
Shoulder range of motion
Elbow range of motion
Forearm/wrist range of motion
Clench fist, spread fingers
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Inspection of athlete from behind
Back flexion and extension
Duck walk
Heel, toe stance/walk
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Joint Specific Exams
Low yield in asymptomatic athletes without prior injury
Indicated by history and general screen findings
Think about what sports the athlete is doing and
preparing to do – may help focus exams
Ex: shoulder, elbow in baseball player
Symmetry
Range of motion of all joints
Stability of shoulders, elbows, knees, ankles
Further joint assessment if problem found
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Examples of Problems in Joint-Specific Exams
Spine: Scoliosis, pain on extension (think about
spondylolysis)
Shoulder: decreased internal rotation, signs of rotator
cuff impingement, multidirectional instability
Elbow: pain over medial elbow (apophysitis, UCL injury)
Hip: poor hamstring flexibility, pain on rotation,
tenderness over apophyses
Knee: patellar malalignment, hypermobility
Foot: pes cavus, rigid flatfoot, severe pes planus
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Clearance Question
16 yo female sophomore soccer player, history of right
ankle sprain in club soccer over summer
What things do you want to know?
When did it happen? Prior injuries?
Mechanism of injury?
Time missed?
Current symptoms?
Use brace/tape?
Exam shows decreased balance right foot, mild laxity in
ATFL; able to run forward, backward, laterally
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What do you do?
Is she cleared for soccer? Why?
Consider severity of injury, ability to compete safely
Consider demands of sport
Cleared
Cleared with
restrictions/recommendations
Not Cleared
Further advice?
Brace?
Rehab?
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Medical Exam
Follow up on history questions
Ever been disqualified from sport?
1-2% of athletes ever DQ’d from sport
Ever been hospitalized?
Do you have any problems you see a doctor for?
Put history in context of specific sport
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Hot Topics
Obesity
Weight alone should not disqualify
Want to get these kids moving!
66-78% more likely to be obese at age 35 if obese at
age 18 NIH, 2000
MSK exam: focus on hips, knees
Counsel on heat injury avoidance
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Supplements
Most athletes will not mention supplements on form
Ask about ‘protein drinks’, recovery aids
Good intro for energy drink discussion
Most athletes don’t know what the ingredients are
Discuss potential side effects
Some medications banned in sport
Many supplements tainted unknowingly: 15% may
contain anabolic agents Geyer et al. Int J Sports Med, 2004
NCAA banned drug list
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Sickle Cell Trait
Much press
NCAA: D1 testing mandatory, DII/III coming
No evidence screening prevents death
SCD: Avoid contact, collision sports, strenuous sports
Everyone should be asked about history of trait
Ask about history of heat illness
Appropriate counseling, individual clearance based on history
Deaths reported with strenuous activity with altitude or heat stress
Avoid exhaustive exercise while still acclimatizing
Avoid dehydration
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Concussion
History
Personal history of concussion
53% by high school Field et al., J Ped, 2003
Many don’t recognize ‘concussion’
Length of recovery period, associated problems
Not just the number of injuries
Presence of chronic headaches, academic or
learning issues
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Concussion Clearance
Never clear for contact sport if any symptoms present
Ask about school, mood, sleep, headaches
When to DQ from sport?
RARE (…Rare?)
When a concussion does not resolve (PCS)
Physical, cognitive, emotional symptoms
When concussions happen with less impact
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Cardiovascular Screening
Many questions on history section
75% of sudden death in athletes due to CV issues
80% of those in high school and college athletes
Maron, Circulation, 2006
Higher occurrence in boys, African Americans
From Maron, JAMA, 1996
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Cardiovascular History
Should ask about
Chest pain
Syncope
Exercise tolerance
Palpitations
Heart murmur history
Elevated BP in past
Family history of cardiac
problems
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CV Exam
Measure blood pressure
Listen for heart murmurs
Supine, standing
HCM murmur increases with standing, Valsalva
30-40% have murmur
Palpate radial and femoral pulses
Look for signs of Marfan syndrome
Kyphoscoliosis, high palate, pectus, arm span greater
than height, etc.
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ECG, Echocardiogram
Very controversial
AHA recommends against ECG, echo
IOC, European Society of Cardiology, support
Italian experience
Based on limited ability of History/PE to detect CV
abnormalities, adds 12 lead ECG
Indicates 77% greater power for detecting HCM
compared with AHA recommendations
Estimates 3x greater cost-effectiveness of Italian vs
US screening strategy for HCM
Corrodo et al. European Heart Journal 2005
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Obstacles to Screening with ECG/Echo
Large population of athletes
Major cost-benefit considerations
Cannot eliminate risks of competitive sports
Large number of false positive/borderline results
False negatives where subtle but important lesions go
undetected
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“Although we should continue our endeavors to identify better tests
to detect athletes at risk, I think we would do the public a service to
acknowledge that we simply cannot prevent the vast majority of
sudden cardiac deaths that will affect (high school athletes).
Giving the public an honest answer about the futility of our efforts in
this regard may help lessen some of the anger and frustration over
the tragedies that do occur.”
Karl Fields, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2002
OSU Sports Medicine
Summary
Station based PPE are efficient but may miss important
psychosocial problems
History is extremely important (may be more so) than
physical exam
Ideally, athlete should still go through office-based
evaluation, even if station-based exam was done
Drive athletes toward health care
Volunteer for sports physicals
Get to know school teams, athletes
Be involved in your community
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sportsmedicine.osu.edu
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