Transcript Diabetes File

By Brooke Fudge
What is Diabetes?
 Diabetes is a disease in which the body is unable to
properly use and store glucose
 Glucose is a form of sugar.
 Glucose backs up in the bloodstream causing one’s
blood glucose (blood sugar) to rise too high.
 Diabetes is a long-term condition that causes high
blood sugar levels.
What are the Types of Diabetes?
There are three types of diabetes and they are:
 Type One Diabetes
 Type Two Diabetes
 Gestational Diabetes.
Type One Diabetes
 Some people may refer to this type as insulin-
dependent diabetes, juvenile diabetes, or early-onset
diabetes.
 People usually develop type 1 diabetes before their 40
years old, often in early adulthood or teenage years.
 Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age. It is most often
diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults.
 Type One diabetes is not as common as type two
diabetes. Approximately 10% of all diabetes cases are
type 1.
Type 1 Diabetes
 Patients with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin
injections for the rest of their life.
 They must also ensure proper blood-glucose levels by
carrying out regular blood tests and following a special
diet.
 Type one diabetes often develops quickly, people are
diagnosed when they have signs and symptoms of high
blood sugar and their blood glucose level is over 200
mg. A fasting blood test can be used to diagnose type 1
diabetes. In this test, you fast overnight before having
your blood sugar tested.
High Blood Sugar
The following symptoms may be the first signs of type 1 diabetes. Or they may
occur when blood sugar is high.
 very thirsty
 hungry
 tired all the time
 Having blurry eyesight
 Feeling numbness or tingling in your feet
 Losing weight without trying
 Urinating more often
 Deep, rapid breathing
 Dry skin and mouth
 Flushed face
 Fruity breath odor
 Nausea or vomiting; can’t keep down fluids
 Stomach pain
Low Blood Sugar
 Low blood sugar can develop quickly in people with diabetes
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who are taking insulin. Symptoms usually appear when a
person's blood sugar level falls below 70 mg/dL. Watch for:
Headache
Hunger
Nervousness
Rapid heartbeat
Shaking
Sweating
Weakness
Low blood sugar is called hypoglycemia. Blood sugar levels
below 70 mg are too low and can harm you.
Type One Causes
 Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas by special
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cells called beta cells.
Insulin is needed to move blood sugar into cells. There, it is
stored and later used for energy.
With type 1 diabetes, beta cells produce little or no insulin.
Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the
bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is
unable to use this glucose for energy. This leads to the
symptoms of type 1 diabetes.
The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Most likely
it is an autoimmune disorder.
Type 1 diabetes can be passed down through families.
Type One Treatment
 If you have just been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, you
may need to have a checkup each week until you have good
control over your blood sugar. Your doctor will review the
results of your home blood sugar monitoring and urine
testing.
 Your doctor will also look at your diary of meals, snacks,
and insulin injections. It may take a few weeks to match the
insulin doses to your meal and activity schedules.
 You are the most important person in managing your
diabetes. You should know the basic steps of diabetes
management, for example how to recognize and treat low
and high blood sugar and how to give insulin.
Type One Treatment
 Insulin lowers blood sugar by allowing it to leave the
bloodstream and enter cells. Everyone with type 1 diabetes
must take insulin every day. It can be injected under the skin.
 Insulin types differ in how fast they start to work and how
long they last. Your doctor will choose the best type of insulin
for you and will tell you at what time of day to use it.
 Your doctor or diabetes nurse educator will teach you how to
give insulin injections.
 People with diabetes need to know how to adjust the amount
of insulin during.
Diet and Exercise
 By testing their blood sugar levels, people with type 1 diabetes
learn which foods and activities raise or lower their sugar levels
the most.
 This helps them adjust their insulin doses to specific meals or
activities to prevent blood sugar from becoming too high or too
low.
 There are associations that have information for planning
healthy, and balanced meals. It can also help to talk to a
registered dietitian or nutrition counselor.
 Regular exercise helps control the amount of sugar in the blood.
It also helps burn extra calories and fat to reach and maintain a
healthy weight. People with type 1 diabetes must take special
steps before, during, and after physical activity or exercise.
Managing Your Blood Sugar
 Checking your blood sugar levels yourself, and writing down the
results, tells you how well you are managing your diabetes. You
should talk to your doctor and diabetes educator about how often
to check.
 To check your blood sugar level, you use a device called a glucose
meter. Usually, you prick your finger with a small needle called a
lancet to get a tiny drop of blood. You place the blood on a test
strip and put the strip into the meter. The meter gives you a
reading that tells you the level of your blood sugar.
 Keep a record of your blood sugar for yourself and your health care
team. These numbers will help if you have problems managing
your diabetes. You and your doctor should set a target goal for
your blood sugar level at different times during the day. You
should also plan what to do when your blood sugar is too low or
high.
Checking your Blood Sugar
Preventing Complications
 Your doctor may prescribe medicines or other
treatments to reduce your chances of developing some
of the more common complications for all kinds of
diabetes, including:
•Eye disease
•Kidney disease
•Heart disease and stroke
Type One Diagnosis
 Because type 1 diabetes often develops quickly, people
are diagnosed when they have signs and symptoms of
high blood sugar and their blood glucose level is over
200 mg. A fasting blood test can be used to diagnose
type 1 diabetes. In this test, you fast overnight before
having your blood sugar tested.
Type One Prognosis
 Diabetes is a lifelong disease and there is no cure.
 Tight control of blood glucose can prevent or delay
diabetes complications. But these problems can occur,
even in people with good diabetes control.
Type Two Diabetes
 The body does not produce enough insulin for proper
function, or the cells in the body do not react to
insulin.
 Some people may be able to control their type 2
diabetes symptoms by losing weight, following a
healthy diet, doing plenty of exercise, and monitoring
their blood glucose levels.
 However, type 2 diabetes is typically a progressive
disease. To diagnose type 2 diabetes, you'll be given a
blood test. This blood test indicates your average
blood sugar level for the past two to three months.
Symptoms
People with type 2 diabetes may have the following signs
and symptoms:
 blurred sight
 decreased sensation or numbness in the hands and
feet
 dry itchy skin
 frequent bladder and infections
 frequent need to urinate
 increased thirst and hunger
 slow healing of cuts or sores
Type Two Diabetes Causes
 When you have type 2 diabetes, your fat, liver, and muscle cells do
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not respond correctly to insulin. This is called insulin resistance. As
a result, blood sugar does not get into these cells to be stored for
energy.
When sugar cannot enter cells, a high level of sugar builds up in the
blood. This is called hyperglycemia.
Type 2 diabetes usually occurs slowly over time. Most people with
the disease are overweight when they are diagnosed. Increased fat
makes it harder for your body to use insulin the correct way.
Type 2 diabetes can also develop in people who are thin. This is
more common in the elderly.
Family history and genes play a role in type 2 diabetes. Low activity
level, poor diet, and excess body weight around the waist increase
your chance of getting the disease.
Type Two diabetes treatment
 At first you lower your high blood glucose levels. Long-
term goals are to prevent problems from diabetes.
 The most important way to treat and manage type 2
diabetes is activity and nutrition.
 Learning diabetes management skills will help you live
well with diabetes. These skills help prevent health
problems and the need for medical care such as how to
test and record blood glucose.
Managing Your Blood Sugar
 Managing your blood sugar is very similar in Type 1 and Type 2
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diabetes.
Most people with type 2 diabetes only need to check their blood
sugar once or twice a day.
If your blood sugar level is under control, you may only need to
check it a few times a week.
You may test yourself when you wake up, before meals, and at
bedtime.
You may need to test more often when you are sick or under
stress.
Keep a record of your blood sugar for yourself and your doctor.
Based on your numbers, changes may need to be made to your
meals, activity or medicines to keep your blood sugar level in the
right range.
Diet and Weight Control
 Work closely with your doctor, nurse, and dietitian to learn
how much fat, protein, and carbohydrates you need in your
diet. Your meal plans should fit your lifestyle and habits
and should include foods that you like.
 Managing your weight and having a well-balanced diet are
important.
 Some people with type 2 diabetes can stop taking
medicines after losing weight. This does not mean that
their diabetes is cured. They still have diabetes.
 Very obese patients whose diabetes is not well managed
with diet and medicine may consider weight loss surgery.
Medications
 If diet and exercise do not help keep your blood sugar
at normal or near-normal levels, your doctor may
prescribe medication. Since these drugs help lower
your blood sugar levels in different ways, your doctor
may have you take more than one drug.
 Medication are either taken by mouth or injection.
 You may need to take insulin if your blood sugar
cannot be controlled with any medicines. Insulin must
be injected under the skin using a syringe, insulin pen,
or pump. It cannot be taken by mouth because the
acid in the stomach destroys insulin.
Type Two diabetes diagnosis
 To diagnose type 2 diabetes, you'll be given a blood
test.
 This blood test indicates your average blood sugar level
for the past two to three months.
 It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to
hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood
cells.
Type Two diabetes prognosis
 Some people with type 2 diabetes no longer need
medicine if they lose weight and become more active.
 When they reach their ideal weight, their body's own
insulin and a healthy diet can control their blood sugar
level.
Prevention
 You can help prevent type 2 diabetes by keeping a
healthy body weight and an active lifestyle.
Gestational Diabetes
 This type affects females during pregnancy.
 Some women have very high levels of glucose in their
blood, and their bodies are unable to produce enough
insulin to transport all of the glucose into their cells,
resulting in progressively rising levels of glucose.
 Diagnosis of gestational diabetes is made during
pregnancy.
 The majority of gestational diabetes patients can
control their diabetes with exercise and diet.
You are at greater risk for gestational diabetes if you:
 Are older than 25 when you are pregnant
 Have a family history of diabetes
 Gave birth to a baby that weighed more than 9 pounds or
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had a birth defect
Have high blood pressure
Have too much amniotic fluid
Have had an unexplained miscarriage or stillbirth
Were overweight before your pregnancy
Pregnancy hormones can block insulin from doing its job.
When this happens, glucose levels may increase in a
pregnant woman's blood.
Gestational Diabetes Symptoms
 Usually there are no symptoms, or the symptoms are mild
and not life threatening to the pregnant woman. The blood
sugar level usually returns to normal after delivery.
Symptoms may include:
 Blurred vision
 Frequent infections, including those of the bladder, vagina,
and skin
 Increased thirst
 Increased urination
 Nausea and vomiting
 Weight loss and increased appetite
Gestational Diabetes Diagnosis
Routine screening for gestational diabetes
 First you drink a syrup glucose solution. One hour
later, you'll have a blood test to measure your blood
sugar level.
 Follow-up glucose tolerance testing. You'll fast
overnight, then have your blood sugar level measured.
Gestational Diabetes treatment
 The goals are to keep blood sugar levels within normal
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limits during the pregnancy, and to make sure that the
growing baby is healthy.
Your health care provider should closely check both you
and your baby throughout the pregnancy. Fetal monitoring
will check the size and health of the fetus.
A non stress test is a very simple, painless test for you and
your baby.
A machine that hears and displays your baby's heartbeat is
placed on your abdomen.
Your health care provider can compare the pattern of your
baby's heartbeat to movements and find out whether the
baby is doing well.
Diet and Exercise
 To improve your diet is by eating a variety of healthy foods. You
should learn how to read food labels, and check them when
making food decisions.
when you have gestational diabetes your diet should:
 Be moderate in fat and protein
 Provide your carbohydrates through foods that include fruits,
vegetables, and bread, cereal, pasta, and rice.
 Be low in foods that contain a lot of sugar, such as soft drinks,
fruit juices, and pastries
 If managing your diet does not control blood sugar levels, you
may be prescribed diabetes medicine by mouth or insulin
therapy.
 Most women who develop gestational diabetes will not need
diabetes medicines or insulin, but some will.
Gestational Diabetes Prognosis
 women with gestational diabetes are able to control their blood
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sugar and avoid harm to themselves or their baby.
Pregnant women with gestational diabetes tend to have larger
babies at birth. This can increase the chance of problems at the
time of delivery, such as birth injury because of the baby’s large
size.
Your baby is more likely to have periods of low blood sugar
during the first few days of life.
Mothers with gestational diabetes have an increased risk for high
blood pressure during pregnancy.
There is a slightly increased risk of the baby dying when the
mother has untreated gestational diabetes. Controlling blood
sugar levels reduces this risk.
High blood sugar levels often go back to normal after delivery.
However, women with gestational diabetes should be watched
closely after giving birth and at regular doctor's appointments to
screen for signs of diabetes. Many women with gestational
diabetes develop diabetes within 5 - 10 years after delivery.
Gestational Diabetes Prevention
 Beginning prenatal care early and having regular
prenatal visits helps improve your health and the
health of your baby.
 Having prenatal screening at 24 - 28 weeks into the
pregnancy will help detect gestational diabetes early.
 If you are overweight, decreasing your body mass
index to a normal range before you get pregnant will
decrease your risk of developing gestational diabetes.
How Many Canadian have Diabetes?
 There are currently around 2.5 million people are
affected, expected to grow to 3.7 million by 2018-19.