Transcript Respiratory System Chapter 7

Pathology
Pathology
 COPD
 Asthma

Allergic disorder characterized by episodes of wheezing
 Bronchiectasis
 Emphysema

The progressive loss of lung function due to a decrease in
the total number of alveoli, the enlargement of the
remaining alveroli, and the progressive destruction of
their walls
 Smoker’s respiratory syndrome (SRS)
Pathology
 Upper Respiratory Diseases
 Diphtheria – acute infectious disease of the throat and upper
respiratory tract caused by the presence of diphtheria
bacteria. It can be prevented through immunization.
 Influenza – also known as the flu. Is an acute, highly
contagious viral respiratory infection, spread by
respiratory droplets, that occurs most commonly during
the colder months. Some strains of influenza can be
prevented by annual immunization.
 Pertussis – also known as whooping cough. A contagious
bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is
characterized by a paroxysmal cough. Can be prevented
through immunization.
Pathology
 Epistaxis

Commonly know as a nosebleed
 Rhinorrhea
 Sinusitis
 Upper Respiratory Infections
 Allergic rhinitis
 Croup an acute respiratory syndrome in children and
infants characterized by a seal-like barking cough
Pathology
 Pharynx & Larynx
 Pharyngitis – also known as a sore throat, is an
inflammation of the pharynx
 Pharyngorrhea – a discharge of mucus from the pharynx
 Laryngospasm – a sudden spasmodic closure of the
larynx
 Pharyngorrhagia - bleeding from the pharynx
 Laryngoplegia – paralysis of the larynx
Pathology
 Lungs
 ARDS
 Pneumorrhagia
 Pulmonary edema
 Atelectasis


collapsed lung
Incomplete expansion of the lung
 TB
Pathology
 Voice disorders



Aphonia – loss of the ability to produce normal speech sounds
 Laryngoplegia?
Dysphonia – any voice impairment including hoarseness,
weakness, or loss of voice
Laryngitis – an inflammation of the larynx. Commonly used
to describe voice loss caused by the inflammation.
Pathology
 Trachea & Bronchi
 Tracheitis
 Bronchitis – an inflammation of the bronchial
walls. Usually caused by an infection. May also be
caused by irritants such as smoking
 Bronchorrhea – an excessive discharge of mucus
from the bronchi
 Tracheorrhagia – bleeding from the trachea
 Bronchorrhagia – bleeding from the bronchi
Pathology
 Pleural cavity
 Pleurisy – an inflammation of the visceral and parietal
pleura in the thoracic cavity
 Pneumothorax – an accumulation of air or gas in
the pleural space causing the lung to collapse. This
may have an external cause such as a stab wound that
perforates the chest wall. May also be caused internally
by a perforation in the pleura surrounding the lung that
allowed air to leak into the pleural space.
 Hemothorax
Pathology
 Pleural cavity
 Empyema – also known as pyothorax, is an accumulation of
pus in the pleural cavity. This is usually the result of a
primary infection of the lungs. Can also be used to describe
pus in other body cavities.
 Hemoptysis

Coughing up blood
 Pleuralgia
 Pleural effusion – abnormal escape of fluid into the pleural
cavity that prevents the lung from fully expanding. (Effusion
is the escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the
tissues or a cavity.)
Pathology
 Lungs
 Pneumonia – an inflammation of the lungs in which the air sacs fill with
pus and other liquid. This fluid is known as an exudate, which means
accumulated fluid in a cavity that has penetrated through vessel walls
into the adjoining tissue.
 Bacterial pneumonia – commonly caused by Streptococcus
pneumoniae, is the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented
through vaccination.
 Viral pneumonia
 Lobar pneumonia
 Bronchopneumonia
 Double pneumonia
 Aspiration pneumonia occurs when a foreign substance, such as
vomit, is inhaled into the lungs
 Mycoplasma pneumonia
 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Pathology
 Lungs
 Pulmonary Fibrosis
 Cystic Fibrosis


a genetic disorder in which the lungs are clogged with
large quantities of abnormally thick mucus. Antibiotics
are administered to control lung infections but DO NOT cure
the disease , and daily physical therapy, known as postural
drainage, is performed to remove excess mucus from the lungs
The digestive system is also impaired by thick gluelike mucus
that interferes with digestive juices. Digestive enzymes are
administered to aid the digestive system.
Pathology
 Breathing Disorders
 Eupnea – easy normal breathing
 Bradypnea
 Sleep apnea
 Dyspnea – shortness of breath, difficult or labored
breathing
 Tachypnea abnormally rapid respirations
 Apnea – the absence of spontaneous respiration
Pathology
 Breathing Disorders




Cheyne-Stokes – (CSR) a pattern of alternating
periods of hyperpnea (rapid breathing), hypopnea
(slow breathing), and apnea.
Hypopnea is shallow or slow respiration
Hyperpnea an abnormal increase in depth and
rate of respirations
Hyperventilation
Pathology
 Lack of O2
 Airway obstruction
 Anoxia – absence of oxygen from inspired gases. If anoxia
continues for more than four to six minutes, irreversible brain
damage may occur.
 Asphyxia – also known as suffocation, is any interruption of
breathing resulting in the loss of consciousness or death. May be
caused by an airway obstruction, drowning, smothering, choking, or
inhaling gases such as carbon monoxide.
 Asphyxiation also known as suffocation
 Cyanosis – bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of
adequate oxygen.
 Hypoxia
 Respiratory Failure
Treatments
 Medications
 Bronchoconstrictor?
 Bronchodilator?
 Nose & Throat
 Septoplasty
 Sinusotomy
 Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FSS)
 Pharyngoplasty?
Treatments
 Nose & Throat continued
 Pharyngostomy
 Pharyngotomy?
 Laryngectomy – surgical removal of the larynx
 Laryngoplasty
 Endotracheal intubation
Treatment
 Trachea & Bronchi
 Tracheoplasty
 Tracheorraphy
 Tracheotomy
 Tracheostomy



An incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the
Airway below a blockage
Emergency procedure
 Stoma
Treatment
 Lungs, Pleura, & Thorax
 Pneumonectomy – the surgical removal of all or part of a
lung
 Lobectomy – the surgical removal of a lobe of the lung.
This term also is used to describe the removal of a lobe
of the liver, brain, or thyroid gland
 Thoracotomy – a surgical incision into the wall of the
chest
 Pleurectomy – surgical removal of part of the pleura
Treatment
 Lungs, Pleura, & Thorax
 Thoracentesis – the puncture of the chest wall with a
needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity for
diagnostic purposes, to drain pleural effusions, or to
reexpand a collapsed lung
 Thoracostomy – the surgical creation of an opening into
the chest
Treatment
 Respiratory therapy
 Supplemental oxygen – may be administered through a
nasal canula or rebreather mask to add more oxygen to
the air taken in as the patient breathes
 Postural drainage
Treatment
 Respiratory therapy
 Ventilator – a mechanical device for artificial
ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or
supplement the patient’s natural breathing
function. The goal is to wean the patient from the
ventilator and to resume breathing on his own
 Respirator – a machine used for prolonged artificial
respiration. For example, when a spinal cord injury
destroys the natural breathing mechanism, the patient
can continue to breathe through the use of a respirator.