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Biologically-Based Nursing Research
Leslie Kramer Pejic, Ph.D., C.N.S., R.N.
April 11, 2008
1
What is Nursing?
Nursing is “the diagnosis of human
responses to actual or potential health
problems.” (American Nurses’ Association)
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Human Response Viewed From
Four Perspectives
• Physiological regulatory
responses
• Pathophysiological responses
• Experiential responses
• Behavioral responses
3
Human Response Model
These perspectives are used in other disciplines; however, nursing science synthesizes
them explicitly considering their linkages in clarifying human response phenomena.
4
Memory Deficits From
Stressors
STROKE
EPILEPSY
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
CARDIAC DARREST
HYPOGLYCEMIA
ALCOHOLISM
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE
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Memory Deficits
Neurodegeneration in the hippocampus
 Stress receptors very prevalent in
hippocampus
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EINSTEIN
7
Human Hippocampus
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Subfields of The Hippocampus
Hippocampus
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Layers of The CA1 and Dentate
Gyrus of The Hippocampus
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BCO Model of Memory Disorder
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Balance of Stress Receptors
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Think Outside The Box!
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Apoptosis of Neuron
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Apoptosis of NEURON and GLIA
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Biologically-based Nursing Research
Training Objectives
1. Apply theories and methods of the
biological sciences in the identification of
problems arising from human responses to
acute and chronic diseases (stressors)
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OBJECTIVES continued
2. Integrate theories and methods of the
basic sciences, nursing, and related
theories regarding human response to
acute and chronic illnesses (stressors)
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OBJECTIVES continued
3. Demonstrate skill in the biologic approaches to
measurement.
4. Demonstrate proficiency in design, data
generation and analysis of biologically-based
nursing research
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Examples Of Biologic Research
• Neurologic impact of diabetes
• Nutrition and gut mobility
• Gender differences in cardiac function
• Mechanisms of wound healing
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Translational Research
(Bench To Bedside)
Effective translation of new knowledge,
mechanisms and techniques generated
by advances in basic science research
into new approaches for the prevention,
diagnosis and treatment of disease
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Translational Neuroscience
Accomplishments
•Retinitis pigmentosa: gene therapy
•Parkinson’s disease: deep brain stimulation
•Stroke: cooling brain, TPA for clots
•Depression, bipolar disorder and
schizophrenia: pharmacology
21
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
• Tesla discovered the
rotating magnetic field in
1882. (Invented the radio)
• In 1956, the “Tesla Unit”
was proclaimed as unit of
measurement of the strength
of a magnetic field.
• All MRI’s are calibrated in
Tesla Units.
• The strongest MRI is 9.4
Tesla units.
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Molecular Imaging
1. Measuring neurotransmitters
• GABA
• GLUTAMATE
2. Quantifying blood-brain permeability
3. Observing brain activation and perfusion
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Practice-based Evidence for
Clinical Practice Improvement
Examines three sets of factors and the
interaction among them:
•PATIENT (CASE MIX CLASSIFICATION ; SEVERITY OF
ILLNESS)
•PROCESS (TREATMENTS, INTERVENTIONS,
MEDICATIONS)
•OUTCOMES (CLINICAL, COST, LENGTH OF STAY)
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PBE: Effectiveness Research
(Attention To Details Of The Process Of Care)
1. ANSWERS THE QUESTION: does a
treatment work under usual conditions of care?
2. SEEKS TO IDENTIFY NATURAL VARIATION
IN THE POPULATION AND DETERMINE
HOW INTERVENTIONS AFFECT
DIFFERENT POPULATIONS
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PBE
Creates a comprehensive, complex databases,
that include detailed patient-specific descriptions,
severity-of-illness measures, and
characterizations of treatments for large samples
of patients.
(examples; stroke rehabilitation, sepsis evaluations for infants with
bronchiolitis, pressure ulcers)
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Biologically-Based Nursing
Research
1. Bench to bedside
2. Bedside to bench
3. Bedside to community
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