Transcript Technical Rescue Awareness Program

Technical Rescue Awareness
Program
I like to call this TRAP training
It is designed with all Firefighters in
the State of Illinois in mind.
Course Effective Date
01January 2001
• This course will replace, Confined space /
Trench Awareness 01/2002
• This course will replace Structural Collapse
Awareness 01/2002
• This course will be a prerequisite for all
RESCUE COURSES 01/2002
• Any questions?????????
A Little about me
•
•
•
•
Robert Bush (BOB)
Full time Firefighter – Naperville Fire
Safety / TSO – Roselle Fire
Member of the Technical Rescue AD HOC
Committee.
• I have been in the fire service for 13 years
• I am prior service “ARMY”
• Certified in numerous areas within the state
of Illinois, OSFM.
• If you ever get a chance, please call Mitzi in
Springfield. She spend many hour typing
and correcting our mistakes for the past year
• 815/###-####
1-1 Definitions
(See Objectives)
(See Objectives)
You will need to know all of
these.
Start Date 01/01/2001
2-1 General
This Technical Rescue Awareness
course has been developed by fellow
firefighters within the State of Illinois
in conjunction with the Office of the
State Fire Marshals Office. The
members of the steering committee
followed the guidelines of the OSFM
and NFPA 1670.
Technical Rescue Awareness
Program
This course is meant to provide you a
means in which to identify and
properly react to uncommon,
dangerous and difficult rescue
situations. Further training is
required for actual rescue operations
and practices.
• This course does not contain hands on
training. The AHJ is responsible for
training per NFPA 1670, Operations and
Training for Technical Rescue Incidents.
NFPA 1670 refers to Emergency Medical
Services (EMS) and Basic Life Support
(BLS). It is the AHJ’s responsibility to
properly instruct members in emergency
medical care.
Technical Rescue Awareness
Program
EMS cannot be taught at this level due to the
vast number of systems within the State of
Illinois, the lack of uniform policies and
procedures / guidelines with the separate
regions in Illinois, and the training
requirements as established by the Illinois
Department of Public Health (IDPH).
Technical Rescue Awareness
This course will cover basic and general knowledge
on the following topic areas:
Structural Collapse. - Various types of building
collapses.
Rope Rescue - Various rescue situations require
rope work.
Confined Space - Rescues in confined spaces,
Vats, Sewers, silos, etc.
Vehicle and Machinery - Roadway extrication and
Industrial rescue/ extrication.
Water. - Ice, surf, dive and swift water.
Wilderness Search and Rescue - Search patterns
and situation analysis.
Trench and Excavation.
OSFM Requirements for certification:
Certified Firefighter II.
100% attendance of the 8 hours awareness
course.
Passing the state written exam by 70%.
Each AHJ needs to have an action plan
and policies in place to handle
technical rescue incidents.
The AHJ has complete and total
control over all resources requested.
Given this, they also have the
authority to stop any rescue attempts
if warranted.
A hazard analysis and risk
assessment will provide the AHJ
with the information needed to
make an informed decision on
the likelihood of an incident,
where it might occur, and the
effects on the community.
AHJ are required to establish
written standard operating
procedures/guidelines
consistent with one of the
following operational levels:
1. Awareness – Basic initial company response.
Responders at this level have the basic
information to identify the type of incident and
start initial company operations.
2. Operations – This is a basic technical response.
Individuals at this level of training are able to deal
with most non-complex situations.
3. Technician – Individuals at this level are
considered expert in the specific field. They are
trained to deal with complex and difficult
incidents.
F. Awareness level personnel are those who
may be first on the scene through the
course of regular job duties of a technical
rescue incident. Generally, they are not
considered “rescuers” as such. The AHJ
should ensure these people know the
hazards that are in their jurisdiction.
Elements of safety at a technical rescue
Personnel accountability system (PAS)The AHJ must be accountable for all
members operating at an incident.
Elements of safety at a technical rescue
Evacuation Procedures/guidelines. Every member operating at the incident
must know these procedures /
guidelines. Each sector must know what
its’ action will be in the event an
evacuation order is given.
Elements of safety at a technical rescue
Personnel Protective Equipment
- Each AHJ is responsible for
determining personnel
protective equipment.
Hazard and Risk assessment (SIZEUP).
The need for continuous size up
must never be over looked. Every
technical rescue, no matter what
magnitude, can change in a given
second. The initial assessment and
hazard analysis will set the
groundwork for the entire incident.
Size-Up
1. Size-Up, Scope, magnitude, and nature
of the incident.
2. Location and number of victims.
3. Risk / Benefit analysis. – Will the end
result justify the means?
4. Pre-plans - will address more then one
way to get to the area.
5. Environmental Factors. – Loss of life
can be expected to rise in time of extreme
heat and cold.
Size-Up
6. Patient Contact. – Your safety is
paramount. Can you see or hear
the patients? Hailing, tags lines,
radios, and con-space systems
can be used. Does the victim
know you are there?
HELP
Availability / necessary resources. –
What resources do you have
available?
Incident Management System /
Incident Command System. – In
order to manage the incident,
command and control must be
established.
SECTORS
For the technical rescue incident the
following sectors are a minimum that
must be established.
1.Command
2.Safety
3.Rescue
4.Optional sectors
SECTORS
1. Command – Responsible
for the entire incident.
2. Safety – Safety sector
should be trained to the level
of the incident.
SECTORS
3. Rescue – The rescue
sector is responsible for
establishing a rescue plan,
informing all sectors of the
plan, and insuring the plan is
carried out.
SECTORS
4.Optional sectors – Logistics, Public
Information, Staging, Rehab,
Suppression, EMS, and numerous
others as outline in NFPA1561,
Standard in Fire Department Incident
Management.
Scene control/Initial
Company Operations
Control Zones – These zones will
replicate the Hot, Warm and Cold
zones established during a
hazardous materials incident.
Witness interviews – Who, what,
where, why, when must be solicited
from all individuals in the area.
SCENE CONTROL
Patient Contact – Control who talks to
the victim and what the victim hears.
Bystander Interaction – Establishing
control zones will keep all non essential personnel out of harms way
SCENE CONTROL
Police Assistance –
The Police departments are an
extremely valuable resource
at your disposal.
SCENE CONTROL
Machinery / Vehicles – With
machinery, find someone with
expertise. What are the
actions of a “full cycle
machine”? Use of apparatus
to block traffic, not
personnel.
SCENE CONTROL
Utilities Have their emergency contact
numbers available on all
apparatus.
3-1
Structural Collapse
Awareness level functions that
occur at a Structural Collapse
Incident
1. Size up
2. Triage Criteria
Destructive Forces that
effect structures
1.Earthquakes
2. Wind
3. Floods
4. Snow and Rain
5. Construction Problems
6. Explosions
7. Structural Decay
8. Fire
9. Transportation Accidents
Various roles within the Response
System
1. Initial Spontaneous response
2. Planned Community response
3. Void Space rescue
4. Technical, Urban Search and Rescue
General hazards as they relate to:
1.
Operation level response
a.
Light Frame ordinary
construction
b.
Un-reinforced and reinforced
masonry
COLLAPSE
COLLAPSE
2. Technician level response
a. Concrete tilt up
COLLAPSE
COLLAPSE
b.
Reinforced concrete
COLLAPSE
Five major types of collapse and
victim locations
1. Lean-to
2. V-shape
3. A-shape
4. Pancake
5. Cantilever
Collapse Patterns
COLLAPSE
Secondary collapse
1. Chalk
2. Spray
3. Mechanical devices
COLLAPSE
External equipment that may be
used to locate trapped victims
1. Visual
2. Verbal and / or Audible
SEARCH MARKINGS
• H. Identify and explain the procedures /
guidelines for recognition and
implementation of the Marking Systems
1. Building Marking System
2. Structure Marking System
3. FEMA Task Force Search and Rescue
Marking System
SEARCH MARKINGS
STRUCTURE / HAZARDS
MARK
• Structure relatively safe for S&R
ops. There is little chance of further
Collapse.
– Victims could be trapped by contents
– or could be unconscious
SEARCH MARKINGS
STRUCTURE / HAZARDS
MARK
• Structure is Significantly Damaged.
Some areas may be relatively safe, but
others may need shoring, bracing,
removal, and/or monitoring of hazards
– Building could be completely pancaked
SEARCH MARKINGS
STRUCTURE / HAZARDS MARK
• Structure is NOT SAFE for Rescue Ops
and may be subject to Sudden Collapse.
Remote search Ops may proceed at
significant risk. If rescue Ops are
undertaken, Safe Haven areas, & rapid
evacuation routes (with Structure
Monitoring)
Should be Created.
SEARCH MARKINGS
STRUCTURE / HAZARDS
MARK
• Arrow next to Marking Box
indicates the direction of
Safest Entry to Structure
SEARCH MARKINGS
STRUCTURE / HAZARDS
MARK
• HM indicates hazardous
material condition in or
HM adjacent to structure. S&R Ops
normally will not be allowed
until condition is better defined
or eliminated.
SEARCH MARKINGS
STRUCTURE / HAZARDS
MARK - SUMMARY
15JUN92
HM NATURAL GAS
OR-1
No entry until gas is turned off. When
it’s mitigated, should line out the HM
mark and record new date and TF
SEARCH MARKINGS
SEARCH ASSESSMENT MARK
15JUL92
1400 HR
2’ x 2’ X near
each entry
OR-1
First slash made
when entering
RATS
3 DEAD
Crossing slash made as TF exits
STREET ID
STREET ID
SIDES
QUADRANTS
MULTI- FLOOR
4-1 Rope
Rope rescue is the providing of aid
to those in danger of injury or death
in an environment where the use of
rope and related equipment is
necessary to perform the rescue
safely and successfully.
A.
Types of rope rescues
– 1 .High angle rescue
2. Slope evacuation
B.
Uses for rope rescue
High angle rescue
Slope evacuation
Confined space rescue
Trench
Water rescue
Wild land search and rescue
C. Hazards associated with rope
rescue.
Falls and Other hazards
A. Trip hazards
b. Uneven or wet ground
c. Entanglement or
pinching hazards ( i.e. hands caught in rope
equipment)
Hazards associated with rope
rescue
d.Falling objects (i.e. equipment, rocks,
building components)
e. Utilities
f. Atmospheric hazards
g.Weather
Hazards associated with rope
rescue
h.Untrained responders (misuse and abuse
of equipment)
i. Hostile by-standers / victims
j. Hazards specific to the location of the
rescue.
3. General Safety Considerations
for Rope Rescue
It is the responsibility of the AHJ to
pre-plan your response area to
identify the location and hazards of
potential rope rescue incidents and
prepare for them through training
and response procedures /
guidelines.
D. First-Due Company Operations
It has been said that the first 5
minutes of an operation determines
the next 5 hours. That can never
be understated in rope rescue.
First-due companies, even though
not considered “rescuers”, have
many very important tasks to
ensure to overall success of the
entire operation.
1.
Size-up
Size-up must be a continuous process.
a. Scope, magnitude, and nature of the incident
b. Location of the incident.
c. Risk versus benefit analysis (rescue vs.
recovery)
d. Access to the scene.
e. Environmental factors
f. Available / necessary resources.
g. Ability to contact victim(s) can this be done
without endangering rescuers and victim(s)
2.
Secure the general area.
a.
This area will include an area within 300 ft. (or more, per
incident command)
b.
Make the area safe for rescuers
Control / limit traffic and sources of vibration in the
area, this may include shutting down vehicles and
equipment.
Control / limit access to the area by unnecessary
personnel.
Identify all other hazards and remove or reduce their
impact.
Notify a qualified rescue team to
perform the Rescue.
• These teams should be identified
by AHJ or department SOP /
SOG.
5-1 Confined Space
• A. Permit Required Confined Space
Law
1. OSHA law is 29CFR 1910.146
2. IDOL (Illinois Department of
Labor) has adopted this law
3. Law identifies two types of spaces
Confined Space- contains all of
following-(non-permit)
• i) Large enough and so configured to
bodily enter
•
ii) Limited or restricted means of entry
and exit
• iii) Not designed for continuous human
occupancy
Permit required confined space
•
i) A confined space that contains one of
the following
a) Contains or has the potential to
contain a hazardous atmosphere (Any
atmosphere that is oxygen deficient,
contains a toxic or disease-producing
contaminant, or is potentially explosive. A
hazardous atmosphere could be
immediately dangerous to life and health)
Permit required confined space
b)Contains a substance that could engulf
the entrant
c) Contains inwardly converging
walls/floors that could trap an entrant
causing asphyxiation
d) Contains any other recognized serious
safety or health hazard
Confined Space
• ii) Additionally the law allows the use of
“alternate entry procedures” with Permit
Required Confined Spaces in which the
“…only hazard posed by the permit space
is an actual or potential hazardous
atmosphere”…, when it can be
demonstrated “that continuous forced air
ventilation alone is sufficient to maintain
that permit space is safe for entry”.
Confined Space
• B. OSHA statistics regarding confined
space deaths
1. Studies show 60-80% of deaths are
would be rescuers
2. Studies also show that up to 90% of
deaths are from atmospheric problems
Confined Space
• C. Reasons for entering confined spaces
• 1. Inspections/Maintenance
• 2. Rescue
• 3. Training
Confined Space
• D. General Hazards associated with confined
space rescue operations
1. Hazardous Atmospheres
2. Falls
3. Other Hazards- as determined by the AHJ
4. Lack of specialized equipment and training to
perform rescue safely, i.e. Trying to make entry
through small openings by removing your SCBA
from your back and pushing it ahead of you. If
you can’t fit trough the opening with your SCBA
on your back you need SABA (air-line).
Confined Space
E.Initial tasks of first in companies
1. Size-up: as discussed in general
awareness
a. Determine best access to the space
b. Make contact with patients if safe to do
so
c. Attempt to determine the number of
victims
Confined Space
2. Secure general area around space
Make general area safe by the following:
i) Control/limit traffic and sources of
vibration including shutting down all
vehicles and equipment
ii) Control/limit access to general area by
unnecessary personnel
Confined Space
• Identify hazards and remove/reduce their
impact.
i) Lock out/Tag out per 29 CFR 1910.147
Notify qualified rescue team to perform
rescue. These teams should be identified
by AHJ or department SOP/SOG
Confined Space
• i) Don’t get pushed into someone else’s
emergency. The law requires the owner of
the permit required confined space to
provide for a rescue team prior to any
entry, this does not mean that we by virtue
of being the Fire Department are obligated
to provide this service. The owner of the
space if he wants to utilize the Fire
Department as his rescue team, must have
an agreement with that Fire Department,
that they will provide this specialized
service.
Initial rescue actions
• i) Monitor space for atmosphere
• ii) Ventilate space to alleviate
atmospheric problems including heat/cold
or other severe environmental hazards
• iii) Retrieve victim by non-entry
rescue/pre-rigged devices
6-1 Vehicle and Machinery
• Identify the size up that must occur at an
accident.
1. Environmental conditions are
controlled by the weather.
a. Extreme heat and cold
• b. Rain, sleet and snow darkness
Vehicle and Machinery
• 2 Patient injuries - look for the mechanism of
injury which can produce trauma to:
a. Head, face, hand and arm injuries from
windshield, air bag, steering wheel, A and B post,
rear view mirror, roof, etc.
• b. Chest, stomach and hip injuries from the
steering wheel, air bag, door, seat belts, etc..
• c. Leg and foot injuries from steering wheel,
dash board, door, etc.
Vehicle and Machinery
• 3. Scene conditions can have a wide range of
problems:
a.
Vehicle stability
• b. Hazardous materials
• c.
Electrical problems
– i)
vehicle
– ii)
utilities
– iii)
machinery power
Vehicle and Machinery
d.Fire
e. Crowd Control
f. Hydraulic bumpers
g.Survey of Scene
Vehicle and Machinery
• B. Identify and notify the resources necessary to
conduct a safe and effective operations.
1.
Police – maintain
a. crowd control
b. traffic control
c. preserve scene for
i) accident reconstruction
ii) investigation
Vehicle and Machinery
• 2.
a.
Fire department should:
Maintain scene safety
i) Extinguishing fires
ii) Preventing fires
iii) Handling spills or leaks
b. Maintain vehicle safety
i) Check fuel system
ii) Check the electrical system
Vehicle and Machinery
• 3. Emergency medical services is
responsible for:
a. Assessment of Patient
b. Packaging
c. Assess patient disentanglement and
extrication
d. Patient Handling
e. Transportation
Vehicle and Machinery
• 4. Extrication personnel is responsible for:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Vehicle stabilization
Create safe access for EMS Personnel
Safe disentanglement of the patient
Assist the EMS personnel
Vehicle and Machinery
• C. Identify the hazards associated with vehicle and
machinery rescues
1.
Air Bags
a. Identify the air bag system within the vehicle by
one of the following logos: SRS, SLR, Air Bag, Side
Air Bag, Knee Impact Bag, Head Impact Bag, Head
curtain Bag, etc.
b. Electrical drain time
1) Electrical drain time after the battery power has
been disconnected could range from 30 seconds to 25
minutes.
Vehicle and Machinery
•
c. Safety Distances, 5”, 10” and 18”
1) For safety of the rescue personnel and the
patient, the distance of 5” for side air bag, 10”
for driver’s air bag and 18” for passenger air
bag should be maintained away form the
bags.
Fuel systems
2. Fuel systems
a. Gasoline system
b. Diesel system
c. Compressed natural or liquefied petroleum gas
system
d. Electrical system
1) Electrical cars are not common but maybe seen in
industrial areas. The largest concern for electrical
cars is the presence of batteries and acid.
Hydraulic Shocks
3. Hydraulic Shocks
d.
a.
absorbing bumpers
b.
hatch back
c.
hood pistons
hydraulic suspension
Batteries and their locations
3. Batteries and their locations
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Under the hood (high)
Under the hood (low/hidden)
Under the back seat
In the trunk
Wheel wells
Vehicle and Machinery
• 4. Seat belt pretensioners have one of three
locations
a. Low and Mid B post
b. C post Low
c. Inner front and rear seat buckler area
Vehicle and Machinery
• 5. Gears, chains and pulleys
a. Power source
b. Rugged equipment
c. Chemical hazard
Vehicle and Machinery
• 6. Augers and conveyor belts
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Remote area
Time delay to the patient
Power source
Rugged equipment
Chemical hazard
D. Initial Company Actions
•
1.
Scene protection-safety of rescuer
is first priority
2.
Initial access into a vehicle or
machinery
3.
Initial stabilization
Need for control at the scene of an
incident.
• 1. Traffic needs to be controlled for the
safety of the rescue personnel.
Crowds could restrict the rescuers’ activities
at the scene
2. Machine can be controlled in two ways:
Need for control at the scene of an
incident
CAUTION: Beware of stored potential
energy or full cycle machinery.
EXAMPLE: Machinery that continues
to move after power is removed.
Need for control at the scene of an
incident
• a. Electrical power can be shut down and
locked out at the main electrical box
b. Mechanical power (hydraulic, pneumatic
or motor) can be shut down and locked out
7-1 Water
• A. Fire service need for Water Rescue
Awareness:
1. Most jurisdictions have some type of
body of water.
•
2. Most jurisdictions have the potential
for flooding.
• 3. Many water related incidents require
expertise beyond the normal capability of
some fire departments.
Water
• a. Personnel and teams trained to the
operations or technician level.
• b. Proper personal protective equipment.
• c. Proper technical rescue equipment.
Water
• B. NFPA recognizes four different water
related disciplines at the operations and
technician level: dive, ice, surf, and swift
water.
• C. Hazards that are associated with water
rescue incidents:
Human nature and the nature of fire
service personnel.
• a. Fire service personnel are action oriented.
They want to act now.
• b. Rescues are attempted without the proper
training or equipment.
2.
Environmental hazards may
include:
• a. Extreme temperatures
i) Cold temperatures causing hypothermia,
frostbite, and equipment malfunctions.
• ii) Hot temperatures causing hyperthermia
and overheating in personal protective gear.
Under water survival time is lost in hot
temperatures.
b. Weather, including rain, snow,
and high winds.
b. Hypothermia is accelerated when
personnel are wet or in the water.
c. Body heat is lost to still water 25
times as fast as to still air of the
same temperature.
c.
Aquatic environment
• i) Animal life, fish, insect
ii) Plant life, seaweed
• iii)Biohazards, bacterial, viral
3.
General hazards
• a. Utilities including electrical, gas, sanitary, and
communications.
• b.
Hazardous materials.
• c. Personal hazards including trips, falls, steep and
slippery terrain, drop offs, holes, hidden obstructions
that may cause injury or entanglement.
4.
Hazards associated with dive
operations:
• a. Baro-trauma including decompression sickness,
nitrogen narcosis, oxygen toxicity, embolism, etc.
• b. Drowning. May be related to lost diver, loss of air,
anxiety reactions.
• c. Fatigue, exhaustion, heat stress, dehydration, or
hypothermia.
• d. Pre-existing medical conditions, smoking, or use
of medications.
5. Hazards associated with ice
operations:
• a. Cold injuries including
frostbite and hypothermia.
• b. Thin ice causing sudden
emersion or entrapment under
the ice.
6.
Hazards associated with surf
operations:
• a. Breaking waves generating extreme
forces.
• b. Undertows, tides, and currents.
7.
Hazards associated with swift water
operations:
•
a. Awesome, relentless power of moving water.
•
b. Strainers and debris.
•
c. Holes.
•
d. Obstructions.
i)
Above the water surface.
ii)
Below the water surface.
(Upstream V’s and downstream V’s).
CURRENTS AND PATTERNS
e. Current patterns.
i)
Laminar flow.
ii) Helical flow (upwelling).
iii)
Eddies (back current).
8. Hazards associated with low
head dams, The Killing/Drowning
Machine.
• a. Illusion (cannot be perceived from
upstream and do not look particularly
dangerous).
• b. Hydraulic (vertical whirlpool)
• c. Aeration in the hydraulic (causes
cavitation to boat propellers).
Personal protective equipment
during water rescue incidents.
•
•
•
Firefighting helmets, boots, and turnout gear are
not typically appropriate for water rescue work.
Thermal protection including wet suits and dry
suits.
•
PFD’s (personal flotation device) should be
worn while in or near the water or while in a
boat.
Tagline or lifeline.
•
Helmet.
E.
Cold water near drowning.
• 1.
Age of the victim.
• 2.
Temperature of the water.
a.
b.
Below 70 degrees F.
The patient could be below the thermocline.
• 3. Length of submersion (under 90 minutes still in
rescue mode).
• 4.
Quality BLS and ALS patient treatment.
F. Water rescue response for
awareness level trained personnel.
• 1.
Assessment phase (size-up)
a. Scope, magnitude, and type of water rescue
incident.
b. Environmental factors and potential for changing
conditions.
i) Change in weather conditions.
ii) Loss of daylight.
iii) Water levels and current changing drastically
(flash flooding).
Water rescue
•
Assessment of hazards.
•
Location and number of victims.
•
Risk/benefit analysis (rescue vs.
recovery).
•
Access to the scene.
2.
Initial tasks.
• a.
Gain control of the scene (establish site security).
• b.
Establish an Incident Command System.
• c. Accountability and safety of personnel (This
starts with proper training and equipment).
• d. Evaluate the patient’s condition (they may or may
not be able to assist in their own rescue).
• e. Evaluate the resources available and those that
will be needed.
f.
• i)
Secure and interview witnesses.
Try to keep witnesses at the scene.
• ii) Interview witnesses separately.
• iii) Collect the witness’ personal information
(they might need to be interviewed again).
g.
• i)
Establish a last seen point.
Triangulate with more than one witness.
• ii) Use of reference object (same size as
person, vehicle, or plane that went down).
• iii) A hole in the ice is an excellent last seen
point. Don’t destroy it.
h.
• i)
Evaluate physical evidence.
Notes, clothes, and footprints.
• ii) Tire tracks, debris, oil slick, and bubbles.
G. Identifying the need for a water
rescue response beyond the
awareness level.
• 1. The AHJ should have an emergency response
system established for water related incidents. This
may include the response of:
• a. Operations and technician level trained personnel
(divers, ice divers, swift water technicians, etc.).
• b.
Police and evidence technicians.
• c. Specialized equipment (boats, tow trucks,
extrication equipment, etc.)
WATER RESCUE
• d.
EMS response.
i) An ambulance for each patient and one for dive
support.
ii) Air transport to a level I trauma facility.
• e. Rehab personnel should be considered early on
in the incident.
• f. An operational plan may include: Reach, Throw,
Row and Go.
2.
Consider requesting divers early in
an incident.
• a. Victims at the surface may slip under the
water before a surface rescue can be
executed.
• b. Divers can only last so long before they
need rehab. Keep the incident operating in
rescue mode.
8-1 Wilderness
• A. Introduction
In 1956, the National Search and Rescue Plan
was published. This plan established the
United States Air Force as the executive
agent for inland search and rescue, covering
the continental United States, less the major
navigable waterways.
B. Four core elements in
Wilderness SAR operations.
• 1. Locate the victim
• 2. Reach the victim
• 3. Stabilize the victim
• 4. Evacuate the victim
C. Seven (7) components that are
used to complete the elements of a
SAR operation.
1. Pre-planning - The Organization and Management
Guidelines. Includes call-out procedures / guidelines
and equipment
.
2. Notification - We have to be notified of a problem
before we can handle it.
3. Planning and Strategy - The process of gathering
information so that an assessment can be done.
4. Tactics - Type of response or solution to handle
the problem.
Seven (7) components that are used to
complete the elements of a SAR
operation.
5. Operations - The field phase where the
tactical solutions are carried out.
6. Suspension - Operation is discontinued.
7. Critique - Evaluation of the participants,
methods and strategies.
D. Resources that can be used for
Wilderness Search and Rescue.
1. Search dogs-cover more area in a shorter period
of time than humans
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Trackers
Aircraft
Ground air search specialist
Rope rescue specialists
Water rescue specialists
Trench rescue specialist
Collapse building search
E.
Calculating search urgency.
1.
Subject Profile
2.
Weather Profile
3.
Equipment Profile
4.
Subject Experience Profile
5.
Terrain and Hazards Profile
6.
History of Incidents in this area
7.
Bastard Search
WILDERNESS
• NOTE: The lower the value of each factor
and of the sum of all factors, the more urgent
the situation. ( See Relative Urgency Rating
Factors Sheet)
F. Three broad types of responses
used dependant on search urgency.
• 1. Emergency Response
• 2. Measured Response
• 3. Evaluative Response
1.
•
Emergency Response –
Best on information, convinced death or serious
injury could occur if help does not arrive.
Blitz or Hasty Team - minimum number of experienced
rescuers that sent out to locate the victim.
• This is followed by a support team with additional
equipment. The margin of safety is fairly narrow and
a perceptible amount of risk involved in the necessary
response.
2.
Measured Response –
• based on when appropriate information on
hand is insufficient to dictate the exact
outline of a search and rescue action plan.
3.
Evaluative Response –
• Occurs when the reported problem is
unconfirmed or seems likely to resolve itself.
G. Lost person(s) report
1. This goal of interviewing and obtaining
information from
participant(s) or witnesses is to devise an
effective course of action.
2. Each person lost receives a file.
WILDERNESS
a. Part I - Is information that is critical in
determining
decisions of the initiation phases of a search.
b. Part II - May be significant later in the
mission.
H. Four general hazards associated
with wilderness SAR operations.
• 1. Personal Hazards include blisters, scrapes,
scratches, falls, blows, bruises, dehydration, and so
forth.
• 2. Environmental Hazards include insect bites and
stings, poisonous plants, exposure injuries, snowblindness, altitude illness,lightning, sunburn,
dangerous wildlife, and so forth.
• 3. Terrain Hazards include cliffs, avalanches,
standing water (e.g., ponds, lakes), flat ice (e.g.,
ponds, lakes), moving water, caves, mines, wells, high
winds, snow, coastal white water surf, and so forth.
WILDERNESS
• 4. Man-Made Hazards include booby-trapped
stills and labs, hazardous materials dumps,
trained attack dogs and so forth.
I. There are four basic means of
establishing a probable search area.
1.
The Theoretical Method. The
probable search area is generated in this
method by using tables that express the area
as a function of distance traveled by the lost
subject. This necessitates a reliable
determination of the Point Last Seen (PLS).
The area's boundary is a circle drawn on the
map centered on the PLS. The length of its
radius is the maximum distance the victim
could have journeyed in that terrain in the
time elapsed since he was last seen.
2.
•
The Statistical Method.
Case studies of people in the wilderness
provide the data for this method.
3.
•
The Subjective Method.
Historical data, intuition , the location of the
natural barriers and clues, and consideration
of the physical and mental limitations of the
victim are taken into account.
4.
•
The Mattson Method.
Balances subjective and objective
information and uses individual personnel to
view their probable search area
independently, then combining their
percentage of where he/she thinks they are to
the rest of the group. The total percentage
from all personnel involved is added and the
greatest percent is where the search will be
started.
J.
• 1.
Three types of search tactics.
Type I (Detection Phase) - Hasty Teams
• 2. Type II - Open Grid is relatively fast, efficient
search of locales of high probability using methods
that produce the highest results per hour using
search dogs, wide search patterns flow by aircraft,
and open grid sweep searches This is three to seven
searchers widely spaced at approx.. 300-600 feet.
• 3. Type III - Close Grid is compromised of approx..
thirty searchers walking in a line approx.. 15 to 20 feet
apart. May be less for evidence recovery.
K. Initial Tasks of a First-in
Company
• 1.
Establish Incident Management System
• 2.
Evaluate Search Urgency
• 3.
Obtain Lost Persons Report
• 4.
Determine Type of Response
• 5.
Determine Available Resources
• 6.
Determine Probable Search Area
Relative Urgency Rating Factors
• Factor Value
• Numeric Rating
• Subject Profile
Age
Very Young
Very Old 1
Other
2-3
1
Medical Condition
Known or suspected injured or ill
Healthy 3
Known Fatality 3
1-2
Number of Subjects
One Alone
1
More than one (unless separation suspected)
2-3
Weather Profile
Existing hazardous weather 1
Predicted hazardous weather (<8 hours)
1-2
Predicted hazardous weather (>8 hours)
No Hazardous weather predicted3
2
Equipment Profile
Inadequate for the environment 1
Questionable for the environment
Adequate for the environment
3
1-2
Subject Experience Profile
Not Experienced, does not know area 1
Not experienced, knows area
1-2
Experienced, not familiar with the area2
Experienced, knows the area
3
Terrain and Hazards Profile
Known hazardous terrain or other hazards 1
Few or no hazards
2-3
History of Incidents in this Area 1-3
Bastard Search 2-3
SUM
Appropriate Response to Urgency
Ratings
Factor Sum
Response
8-12
Emergency Response
13-18
Measure Response
19-24
Evaluated Response
25-27
Search Situation or Missing Person
9-1
Lost Person Check List
• NOTE: File separate report for each person.
Detailed answers are needed to identify clues
when found in the field.
• Place “none”, “NA”, or “unsure” in blanks as
appropriate.
Part I:
• Information critical to immediate decisions and the
initiation phases of a search. Record all of Part I
information at the time of first notice of a lost or
overdue person.
Incident Number: Date: Time:
Report Taken By:
Name of Missing Person:
Hours Overdue
Local Address
Home Address:
Nicknames:
Physical Description
• Age:
DOB:
Race:Color:
Height: Weight:
Build:
Hair Color:
Hair Length:
Sideburns:
Facial Hair:
Straight/Curly/Wavy
Balding:
Eye Color:
Facial Features
Shape:
Complexion:
Any distinguishing marks, scars, tattoos:
General Appearance:
Clothing
• Shirt, Sweater Style Color
Coat
Style Color
Rain Gear
Style Color
Pants
Style Color
Gloves Style Color
Glasses Style Color
Shoes Style Color
Other Clothing
Equipment
Pack
Style Brand Color
TentStyle Brand Color
Sleeping Bag
Style Brand Color
Food
What Brands
Amount
Water
Canteen Style
Amount
Flashlight Matches
Knife Map
WILDERNESS
Compass
Ropes/Hardware
Fishing Equipment
Firearms
Type Brand Ammo.
Camera
Brand
Money Amount
Snow Shoes Type Brand Binding Type
Ice Axe
Brand Cover
Skis Brand Length
Color
Trip Plans
• Going to Via
Purpose
How Long How many in group
Group Affiliation Transportation
Started at When
Car located at
Type of Car
License
Verified
Alternate car at Type of Car
License
Verified
Pick up/Return Time
Where
Last Seen
•
When
Where
By whomPresent
If not present, location
Phone
Going which way
How long ago
Special reason for leaving
Unusual comments before leaving
How long overdue
Contacts Person Would Make Upon
Reaching Civilization
• Home address
Phone Anyone home
Friend
Home Address
Phone
Friend
Home Address
Phone
Health
• General Condition Physical Handicaps
Medical Problems
Psychological problems
Any known external factors that could affect
subjects behavior.
Medications
•
Consequences without medication
Eyesight without glasses
Actions Taken So Far
•
By (Friends, Family)
Actions Taken
When
Part II:
• Information that may be significant later in
the incident. Can be obtained after initial
actions are taken and further information on
the subject is necessary.
Personality Habits
Smoke How often Brand
Drink
Brand
Drugs
Type
Hobbies, interest
Work
Outgoing or quiet
Evidence of leadership
Religion Serious
Feeling towards adults
What does the person value most
WILDERNESS
Who is person closest to in the family
Status in school/work
Any recent letters
Give up easy or keep going
Where was person born and raised
Any trouble with the law
For Children
• Afraid of what animals
Afraid of Dark
What training regarding to do when lost
What are persons actions when hurt
Talks to strangers; accepts rides
Active type or lethargic
For Groups Overdue
• Any person clashes in the group
• Any strong leaders
• What is the competitive spirit of the group
• What would actions be if separated
• Any persons especially close
• What is the experience of the leader and rest of group
Family
• (To Prevent Media/Press Complications)
Father’s Occupation
Parents separated/Divorced
Families desire to employ special assistance
Name, relationship, address, phone of contact relative
if in good condition:
• Name, relationship, address, phone of contact relative
if in poor condition or dead.
9-1 Trench and Excavation
•
A. A trench is an excavation that is deeper than it is
wide and less then 15 feet wide. OSHA has published
regulations dealing with trenches in 29 CFR Part 1926.
This standard regulates the construction and
occupation of trenches over 5 feet deep and shallower
trenches with special hazards. Illinois Department of
Labor (IDOL) has adopted 29 CFR 1926 as the state
regulation.
B. OSHA
• OSHA requires that Escape routes, Air quality
monitoring and other protective measures be
utilized at all trench excavations.
C. Trench Hazards
• Secondary collapses are by far the most
lethal hazard in trench rescues. Studies have
shown that trench walls often collapse in less
than 1/10th of a second and as many as 65%
of all deaths in trench cave-ins are of wouldbe rescuers. This is because virtually all of
the hazards associated with trench rescues
are hidden from the untrained rescuer. Also,
trench rescues are not common occurrences.
Trench Hazards
• 2. The four types of collapses are:
• a. Slough-in
• b. Sidewall-in
• c. Shear-in
• d. Spoil-in
Trench Hazards
• 3. Trenches dug too deep or too wide, OSHA
provides guidelines for the general
construction of trenches up to 20 feet deep
and 15 feet wide. Excavations beyond these
dimensions require special engineering by a
Registered Professional Engineer (RPE).
Trench Hazards
• 4. It is easy to get fooled into entering an
unprotected trench to rescue a worker who
has fallen, or is ill. Just because the fire
department is there doesn't mean that the
trench will remain intact while you make the
rescue.
Trench Hazards
• 5. Rescues are usually long-term operations.
Most rescues require as much as 4-10 hours
to complete. Victims cannot merely be pulledout from under the dirt, therefore, the victim
must be completely uncovered before he can
be removed from the trench. Equipment
needed may be extensive and not commonly
available.
Trench Hazards
• 6. Many other factors must be considered which will
effect trench stability. In some cases the following
factors must merely be taken into consideration, while
others require specific remedies by OSHA.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
i)
ii)
Exposure to the elements
Superimposed loads
Underground utilities
Unsupported structures (surface encumbrances)
Water
Undermines trench walls causing collapse
drowning hazard
Trench Hazards
• D. Soil Classification
OSHA classifies soils as Class-A through
Class-C. Class-A soil is the most stable, and
will include some form of clay. Class-C soil is
extremely unstable and will be comprised of
either granular soils like sand, or wet soil of
any type.
Trench
• 1. Trenches should be analyzed immediately
after they are excavated, and should be reanalyzed periodically for any changes which
have occurred.
Trench
• 2. Wet soils of any type are dangerous due
to the added weight of the water, the loss of
friction due to the moisture, and the
mechanics of the movement of the water
through the soil.
• 3. Layered soils. Trench walls will often
expose layers of different soils.
Trench
• 4. Fissured soil. Fissures (cracks) which are visible
in the trench walls or in the soil surrounding the
trench can indicate soil which is likely to cave-in
shortly.
• 5. Previously disturbed soils. The most stable soils
are those which have gone undisturbed for thousands
of years. Once the earth has been disturbed, it is
impossible to return it to its original stability.
Trench
6. Vibration is extremely destructive to trench stability.
Vibration will speed-up the collapse of the walls, and
will magnify any other factors, which are effecting he
trench.
• 7. A single cubic foot of dirt can weigh as much as
145 lbs., and will average about 100 lbs. per square
foot. A typical small cave-in involves about 1.5 cubic
yards of dirt, or about 4,000 lbs.
E.
PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS.
• 1. OSHA provides three methods for
protecting workers in trenches, sloping,
shielding, and shoring. No worker is to enter
a trench greater than 5 feet deep unless one
of these protections is in place.
a. Sloping.
a. Sloping involves cutting back the sides of a
trench to an angle at which the earth will no
longer slide. The angle, which is sought, is
referred to as the "angle of repose" and is
merely the angle at which the soil will no
longer slide.
•
Shielding
• Shielding involves the use of extremely
strong metal boxes, which have been
engineered to withstand the pressure of the
earth for the size trench that is being worked
in. Shield will protect against moving dirt as
long as they are properly in place. The
shields must be above or even with the
trench lip, and no more then 2 feet off the
bottom.
Shoring
• c. Shoring is a method of protecting the
worker by constructing a support system
within the trench, which will pressurize the
trench walls, enough to create "arches" of
support, which will support the trench walls.
These systems are NOT strong enough to
stop moving dirt. They will only hold up dirt
supported by the “Arch” effect.
Shoring systems
• 2. Shoring systems may be constructed with
a variety of materials and may be constructed
in a variety of configurations. System
contains crossbraces and uprights.
Additional elements are added to strengthen
the system, these beam-like members are
called walers. Most of these materials are not
available at your local lumberyard.
Timber
• 3. OSHA provides charts for timber shoring
and hydraulic shoring for dry trenches up to
15 feet wide and 20 feet deep. Beyond these
dimensions, or when special conditions exit,
the shoring system must be designed by a
registered professional engineer, or the
system must be constructed in accordance
with the manufacturer’s tabulated data.
TRENCH
• 4. In general, the weaker, deeper and wide
the trench is the stronger and more
numerous the shoring members must be.
TRENCH
• 5. Additional regulations for worker safety.
In addition to the regulations for insuring
trench stability, OSHA also regulates many
other conditions, which may pose hazards to
workers.
F.
INITIAL COMPANY
OPERATIONS
• 1. The typical first-in company will not have
trained trench rescue personnel on-board,
much less the proper equipment to perform a
rescue. Initial response personnel can still
perform vital tasks, which will serve to speedup the rescue, protect the victim, or eliminate
the need for rescue or recovery operations.
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS
• 2. Some non-entry options that are available
are:
a. Place a ladder into the trench for the
victims to get out themselves.
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS
• 3. Activate a trench rescue response plan as
soon as a trench rescue request has been
received. Time is of the essence, as
secondary collapses are likely to occur
shortly after the initial collapse, and will likely
eliminate the chances for a rescue.
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS
• 4. As in all emergency responses, an
Incident Command System or Incident
Management System must be put into effect.
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS
• 5. Do not allow personnel into an
unprotected trench. Don't let tunnel vision
risk your personnel. Remember that
secondary collapses are likely to occur
quickly potentially trapping any rescuers.
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS
• 6. Stop sources of vibration. Vibration
contributes significantly to the likelihood of
further collapses. Eliminate sources of
vibrations by stopping traffic for at least 300
feet. Do not allow the use of heavy
equipment.
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS
• 7. Set-up control zones limit access to the
trench.
8. Set up ground pads to ensure that the
rescuers are standing on stable ground.
9. Move to spoil pile from the trench area. (2
feet or more) If any hazards are present, do
not place any rescuers in harms way just to
move some dirt.
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS
• 10. Try to locate the victim's position.
Approach the trench from the ends to
perform a reconnaissance of the victim’s
location and condition. As soon as possible,
one or more ladders should be placed in the
trench to provide a “quick exit” should
someone accidentally fall in.
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS
• 11. If the victim is visible, mark his position in
relation to the trench walls by scoring the
ground on either side of the trench.
• 12. If the victim cannot be seen, get the best
information you can from his co-workers
regarding his last position. Mark this
position.
INITIAL COMPANY OPERATIONS
• 13. Prepare for expected injuries. Many types of
injuries are found in victims who have been trapped in
cave-ins. Be prepared to handle the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Open and closed fractures
Lung injuries
Head injuries
Spinal injuries
Injury due to lack of oxygen
Hypothermia
Crush syndrome
10-1
Overview of all rescue
situations
• A.
Structural Collapse
• B.
Rope
• C.
Confined Space
• D.
Vehicle and Machinery
• E.
Water
• F.
Wilderness
• G. Trench and Excavation
NOW FOR A SHORT TEST
• You have completed all the requirements as
established by the OSFM and the steering
committee.
• I congratulate you taking this course to
better yourself and the entire fire service.
• Thanks for being here.